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PANITIA BIOLOGI NEGERI KELANTAN 2007

CHAPTER 15:

VARIATION

Multiple Choice Questions For questions 1 to 10 each question is followed by four alternative answer, A,B,C or D. Choose one correct answer for each question and blacken the corresponding space in your objective answer

6.1 6.2 6.3


1.

Understanding Variation In Organisms Understanding The Causes Of Variation Be Respectful Towards One Another Despite Variation Which of the following examples are continuous variation? I II III IV A B C D Hand span Fingerprints Tongue rolling Intelligence I and II I and IV II and III II , III and IV

2. Teacher Anisah Teacher : What are the causes of variations ? : Variations can be caused both by genetic factors and environmental factors . : Yes , very good .

From the dialogue above, genetic factors occur during I II III IV A B C Nutrition Mutation Random fertilisation Crossing over in meosis 1 I and II III and IV II , III and IV

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D 3.

I , II , III and IV

Type Of Finger prints Curves 12 Right Loops 16 Whorl 4 Left Loops 8

Number of students

TABLE 15.1 A class of 40 students did an investigation of variation on types of fingerprints among them. They recorded the information and gathered the result in table 15.1 . What type of variation is shown? A B C D 4. Number of chromosomes 47 ( 44 + XXY ) Chromosomes involved An extra X chromosomes Male Sex Continuous variation Discontinuous variation Genetic variation Environmental variation

DIAGRAM 15.1 Base from diagram 15.1, which of the following diseases is caused by chromosomes mutation in human ? A B C D Downs syndrome Turners syndrome Klinefelters syndrome Albinism syndrome

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5.

Diagram 15.2 shows a change in the chromosome structure caused by chromosomal mutation . a

D E

H G F

DIAGRAM 15.2 The changes in the chromosome is be due to A B C D Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation

6.

Two siblings have different abilities to roll their tongue . What is the cause of this trait ? A B C D Diet Genetic factors Environmental factors Deletion of parts of the chromosomes

7.

Which of the following events are the result of chromosomal mutation in human ? I II III IV A B C D One less chromosome in the cell Deletion of parts of the chromosomes An extra sex chromosomes in the cell Genetics recombination due to crossing over I and II I , II and III II , III and IV I , II , III and IV

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8. Which of the following variation is influenced by environmental factors ? A B C D Blood group Rhesus factor Type of earlobe Colour of the skin

9. What is meant by mutation ? A B C D Changes to the chromosomes after fertilisation Changes to the chromosomes due to crossing over Changes to the chromosomes due to recombination Sudden changes to the chromosomes because of mutagens

10.

In an investigation carried out to investigate variation , the following characteristics are obtained : No distinct differences Has intermediate characteristic Normal distribution graph obtained

An example of the variation investigated is .. A B C D Intelligence Eye colour Types of fingerprint Blood group

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Structured Items Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in the question paper.

6.1 Understanding Variation In Organisms


6.2 6.3 Understanding The Causes Of Variation Be Respectful Towards One Another Despite Variation

Group of people

Height range

151-155 cm

156-160 cm

161-165 cm

166-170 cm

Number of person 1.

10

TABLE 15.2 Ability to roll tounge Able to roll tongue Unable to roll tongue TABLE 15.3 Group of people P and R Q and T

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(a) What is the type of variation shown by the table 15.2?

Trait Height Tongue Rolling

Type of variation Continuous variation Discontinuous variation [2 marks ]

(b) Base from the investigation, what is meant by continuous variation ?


mark]

[1

There is a complete range of measurements for height from 151 cm to 170 cm (c) (i) Using results from table15.2, draw a histogram of number of people against the height range (cm). (ii) (iii) marks] Number of people 10 8 6 4 2 Height range (cm)
151155 156- 161160 165 166170

Joint the midpoint of each bar to draw a smooth curve . Using results from table 15.3, plot the bar graph of number of people against the ability to roll tongue. [5

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Number of people

14 12 10 P+R Able Q+T Unable Ability of tongue rolling

(d)

State the factor that can cause this type of variation for each trait stated.

Traits Height Tongue Rolling

Factors that cause variation Genetic and environmental factor Genetic factor [2 marks ]

(e)

Explain how the students conducted the investigation to determine the type of variation in the height of people ? -The height of each person are measured using the height measurement ruler. - The height is grouped into five classes of height range - The height range is recorded in a frequency table. - A histogram is drawn to show the normal distribution [3 marks ]

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2.

DIAGRAM 15.3 Diagram 15.3 shows a group of children with a genetic disease due to mutation . (a) State the genetic disease based on diagram 15.3 . Downs syndrome [1 mark ]

(c) What is the type of that mutation ?


mark ] Chromosomal mutation

[1

(d) How many chromosomes do the children have ?


mark ] 47 chromosomes (e) Mutation are caused by agents called mutagens . Give two examples of mutagens . Radioactives radiation , X-rays , ultraviolet light , gamma rays , chemical substances , formaldehyde , pesticides . (f) How do mutagens caused mutation ? number of chromosomes. Gene mutation -Chemical change in the structure of gene, it may also alter the DNA or genetic code.

[1

[2 marks ]

[2 marks]

Chromosomal mutation -changes in the structure of chromosomes or the

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(g)

Table 15.4 below shows genetic diseases caused by chromosome mutation. Fill in the blank by using the word given . Male Klinefelters syndrome Number of Disease Turners syndrome Klinefelters syndrome ( 44 + XXY ) Chromosomes ( 44 + XO ) Female Chromosomes involved Absence of one sex chromosome An extra X chromosomes Male Female Sex Jacobs syndrome

Turners syndrome

Male and Female

TABLE 15.4

[4 marks ]

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Essay Items. 1.

DIAGRAM 15.4

Type of finger prints Curves Right Loops Whorl Left Loops

DIAGRAM 15.5 Diagram 15.4 and 15.5 shows two different variation among human beings. (a ) (b) Determine the type of variation in Diagram 15.4 and 15.5. Give reasons. [4 marks] (i) (ii) What are the differences between continuous and discontinuous variation? State the factors that cause variation in humans .

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[6 marks]

There are three sources of genetic factors in sexual reproduction events : Crossing over during meiosis 1 Independent assortment during meiosis Random fertilisation

(c)

Base from the statement above , explain the three sources of genetic factors during sexual reproduction Answer . No. 1(a) Answer -Diagram 15.4 is (height ) continuous variation -Because the differences between individuals are slight and can be changed . -Diagram 15.5 is ( type of fingerprints ) Discontinuous variation -Because the differences between individuals are obvious and cannot be changed (b)(i) Continuous variation Discontinuous variation 1m 1m Mark 1m 1m [10 marks]

Differences between individuals are slightly with intermediates There is a complete range of measurements from one extreme to the other for a particular characteristics. (b)(ii) Genetic factors

Differences between individuals are obvious 2m

There is no gradual change between two extremes

2m

1m 1m

environmental factors or both.

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(c)

Crossing over during meiosis -During prophase I of meiosis, two homologous chromosomes are paired up in a bivalent. -The non-sister chromatids break at the chiasma. -Segment of the chromatids exchange places . -The exchange of genetic materials between the chromatids results in new , different genetic combination of genes from the parents. -The new genetic combination result in variation . Independent assortment during meiosis -During metaphase I of meiosis , homologous chromosomes arrange themselves randomly at the equator. -The random arrangement and separation of each homologous pair is independent of one another. -Independent assortment produces various genetic combinations in the gametes . Random fertalisation -Each gametes has a unique set or combination of genes . -A male gamete can fertilise any of the female gametes, . -so, the fertalisation between a male gamete and a female gamete occurs randomly. -As a result , a zygote is formed with variety of gene combination. -With random fertilasation , variations occur in the offspring. 1m ( Max: 10 marks ) 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

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