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Martin L. Perl, Valerie Halyo, Peter C. Kim, Eric R. Lee, Irwin T. Lee, and Dinesh Loomba Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University Stanford, CA 94306
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f to denote
Accelerators: Straightforward but limited in mass and uncertain in production cross section. Cosmic Rays : Worth trying but limited in mass and uncertain in production process. Bulk Matter : General method, dependent upon production in early universe. Very large mass range. Our preference.
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f f early universe
fX f fY space
solar system
*K. S. Lackner and G. Zweig, Phys. Rev. D 28, 1671 (1983); K. S. Lackner and G. Zweig, Novel Results in Particle Physics (Am. Inst. Phys., New York,1982)
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Earth: Accessible now but geochemical processing must be considered. Some ancient minerals of great interest. Meteorites from asteroids : Great interest because come from most primitive material in solar system. Moon : Some special interest but samples scarce. Asteroids: Best search material, either bring back large samples or carry out searches on asteroid.
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Liquid Drop: The method we use; based on the original Millikan oil drop method. The material may be a liquid, a solution, or a suspension of a mineral or other powder in a liquid. Will describe next. Levitometer: Suspend a ball of material using ferromagnetism or superconductivity. Measure charge by oscillation in 7 electric field.
Lens Lower electric plate CCD face of video camera. Area of CCD sets field of view of drops
Use drops with diameters from 5 to 15 m Once drop generator is set, diameter is constant to 0.1 %
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r = drop radius q =drop electric charge g = acceleration of gravity Eup = electric field when pointed up Edown = electric field when pointed up
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No fractional charges claimed except by LaRue et al. Their claim NOT confirmed by Smith et al. 1 mg = 6_1020 nucleons
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The silicone oil results will be repeated with a larger sample. But the major next step is to study unrefined materials particularly meteorites. We have samples of the Allende meteorite. We will also study fluoraptite, a mineral that collects fluorine-like elements. Sample sizes will be increased.
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Laminar air flow to reduce vertical terminal velocity of large drops so that they remain in the measuring region
qE = 6rVterm,horizontal
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Consider very massive particle: t produced in early universe, t stable, t charged or bound to charged particle, and t present in solar system.
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1 GeV/c2 = 1.8 10-24 grams Mass of 5 m diameter drop = 10-10 grams therefore Mass of 5 m diameter drop is about 5 1013 GeV/c2
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Drop of mass m falling containing an elementary particle of mass M falling in air: Vterm(m+M) = (m+M)g/(6r)
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drop generator
stroboscopic light source drop imaging lens CCD face of video camera used to measure terminal velocity and drop radius via imaging
log dN/dV
v
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v(m)
v(m+M)
The lower mass search limit is set by the mass of the smallest mass drops that can be used in a practical search and by the extent of the tails on the v(m) peak. The lower mass search limit is between 1013 and 1014 GeV/c2
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Searching for very massive particles in terrestrial minerals is chancy because of the geological history of the earth. The best materials for very massive particle searches are meteorites. We have samples of the Allende meteorite. But there is a problem with the upper mass limit when searching in meteorites. When meteorites enter the atmosphere and slow down the deceleration force may be 100g to 1000g. Therefore the more massive particles will not stay in the meteorite.
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% Develop experimental
method by searching in meteorites and other minerals on Earth. to an asteroid and search on the asteroid. There are many advantages including a larger search range since gasteroid << gearth.
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