TENDERING, ESTIMATING AND QUANTITY SURVEYING PRINCIPLES

Bidding Methods & procedures: Methods of Contractor Selection: - The selection of a contractor to carry out construction works in a project is a very important matter. - A wrong choice may lead to an unhappy client / contractor relationship. - It also may end up with dissatisfied client and sometimes even with an insolvent contractor. - The clients professional advisers should find a contracting company; o That is financially stable / and has a good business record. o For which the size of project is neither too small nor too large. o That has a reputation for good quality workmanship and efficient organization. There are three principal methods for choosing a contractor: (a) Open tendering, (b) Selective tendering, (c) Nomination 1. Open Tendering - Initiated by clients architect/ quantity surveyor advertising in newspapers and/or inviting contractors to apply for bid documents and to bid in competition for carrying out the work. - Usually a deposit is required to discourage irresponsible applicants, the deposit being returnable on the submission of the bid. o Advantages  There can be no favoritism.  Can get the maximum benefit from competition.  An opportunity is provided for any capable firm. o Disadvantages  There is a danger that a firm inexperienced in preparing bids may submit the lowest bid.  There is no guarantee that the lowest bidder is sufficiently capable or financially stable.  Total cost of bidding is increased. 2. Selective Tendering - A short list drawn up of contractors who are considered to be suitable to carry out the proposed work. - Names may be selected from an approved list or panel maintained by the client. - It is recommended that the number of bidders should be limited to a manageable number, depending on the size of the contract. - If the firms on the list are all reputable, well established and suitable for the proposed work, then the selection is resolved into a question of price only. o Advantages  Ensures that only capable and approved firms submit bids.  Reduce the cost of bidding. o Disadvantages  Cost level of the bids will be higher due to less competition and also due to the higher caliber of the bidders. 3. Nomination - Sometimes referred as single tendering. - It is a special case of selective tendering where the short list has only one name. 1

Used when the client has a preference for a particular firm, often because it has done satisfactory works for him before. Competition is eliminated and that will lead to a higher price. Contract sum will be arrived by a process of negotiations. When a large project is to be carried out in successive phases, a combination of selective tendering and nomination is employed this is sometimes called serial tendering.

The contractor is chosen for the first phase by means of selective competitive tendering. The accepted tender forms the basis of payment for the resulting contract. The tender is also used for the second and later phases, provision being made for so doing in the initial contract by the inclusion of a formula for updating prices. The purpose of serial tendering is to gain the benefits of continuity. The contractor for the first phase of the project will have his site organization set up, his offices and storage huts, etc., already in use and plant of various kinds on the site. When the second phase commences, these facilities will be already available. It allows smooth transition with less additional expenses. In addition, the contractors workforce will be familiar with the details of the construction after building the first phase, and it helps to work more speedily and efficiently. Negotiated Contracts: - This may be done using bills of quantities / schedules of rates. - The rates and prices are discussed and agreed until eventually a total price is arrived. - Usually negotiation will be conducted between the contractors quantity surveyor and the project quantity surveyor. - One party will usually price the tender document first of all, and then the other party goes through the rates and prices ticking off those which are acceptable. - When agreement is reached, a contract will be entered between the client and the contractor. - This process is sometimes called Single stage negotiation. - In this procedure, absence of competition usually results in a higher price. - Therefore, with a view to gaining the benefits of competition as well as the advantages of negotiation, a process of limited competition for the selection of contractor, followed by negotiation with him on the details of his tender, is used. - This process is usually known as two-stage negotiation. In the first stage tenderers are informed of the second stage intention and are asked to tender on the basis of 1) Schedule of rates consisting of the main/ significant items only. 2) Prices for the main preliminary items; 3) Construction program showing estimated times. 4) Labor and plant resources/ construction methods. 5) Details of all labor rates / material prices / discounts, etc. - Discussion with each of the tenderers may be conducted in order to clarify their proposals.

- Having selected a contractor at the end of the competition stage, negotiation will follow on the basis of a detailed tender document as in single stage negotiation. - Two-stage negotiation is the method normally used to select a contractor to carry out management contract, in which the general contractor does little or none of the construction work himself but organizes sub contractors to do the work. Bidding Document: - The number and nature of bid document will vary with the type of contract. - They will include some or all of the following; - Conditions of Contract: This document sets out the obligations and rights of the parties. - Bills of Quantities. - Specifications. - Drawings: Normally general arrangement drawings will be provided. Bidders are not normally given working drawings. Full descriptions of the work are incorporated in the bills or specifications. Bidders are informed that they can inspect drawings not supplied to them at the architects office. - Form of Bid: This is a pre-printed formal statement, often in the form of a letter, in which bidder fills in, in the blank spaces, his name and address and the sum of money for which he offers to carry out the work shown on the drawings and described in the bills of quantities or specifications. - Return Envelope: Each bidder should be supplied with a pre-addressed envelope clearly marked Bid for - name of the project. This will ensure that bids are recognized as such when received and will not be accidentally opened. Bidders should be asked to acknowledge in writing receipt of the bid document. Bidding Procedure: Preliminary Enquiry: - It is recommended practice (not always followed) to send, about a month beforehand, to each of the firms from whom it is proposed to invite a bid, a preliminary inquiry, to ascertain that they are willing to submit a bid. - This avoids the situation of contractors declining to bid, or if they prefer not to decline, submitting a cover price, i.e. a price which is high enough to be well above the lowest bid. - Sufficient information about the project should be given in the preliminary enquiry letter to enable each contractor to decide whether he is in a position to meet the terms. Period for Preparation of Bid: - It is important that bidders are given sufficient time to make all necessary enquiries from suppliers, sub-traders, etc. and the date for return of bids should be fixed so as to allow for the amount of work likely to be involved in preparing bid. - Four weeks is recommended as a minimum period, although it is possible, in exceptional cases, for less time to be adequate. 3

A time of the day should be specified as the latest time for bids to be received on the date fixed. - Any bids arriving later should be returned. Parity of Bidding: - It is important that all bids should be based on the same information. - All the bid documents must be identical. - A bidder may telephone the architect / project quantity surveyor about an item in the bills of quantities or a clause in the specification. He may question the accuracy of a quantity or unavailability of a specified material in the market. - Such queries must be answered and must be dealt with promptly. - But, whatever the reply given to the enquirer must be communicated to all other bidders, immediately by telephone and then confirmed in writing. - The same procedure must be followed if an error is discovered or if it is decided to extend the time for the receipt of bids. - The bidder should be asked to confirm in writing the receipt of every written communication of additional or varied information. Opening of Bids: - A formal procedure should be followed for opening bids to eliminate any suspicion or irregularities. - No bid must be opened before the latest time for submission. - As little time as reasonably possible should be allowed to elapse before opening bids and they should all be opened at the same time. Notifying the Bidders: - As soon as possible after opening of bids, all bidders should be informed, then each bidder will know whether his bid is successful or not and be able to judge his future commitments. - This is a duty of often falls to the project quantity surveyor. -