INDUCTION GENARATOR

Instructed By : H.A. De Silva Name Index Number Department : Wijendrasiri H.K.G.M : 090570 C : EE

Date Of Performance : 30/08/2011 Date Of Submission : 14/09/2011

Calculations : Part a: i) Voltage Vs Magnetizing Current Magnetizing Current(A) 2.1 2.2 2.35 2.8 3.4 235 240 246 270 284 Voltage(V)

Voltage Vs Magnetizing Current

300

280

260

Voltage/V 240 220 200 1.5 2.5 Magnatizing Current/A 3.5

ii)

Voltage Vs Capacitance Capacitance( F) 60 62 65 70 75 235 240 246 270 284 Voltage(V)

Voltage Vs Capacitance
300

250

200

Voltage/V

150

100

50

0 0 20 40 Capacitance/106 F 60 80 100

y y

The capacitance required to obtain the rated voltage of 240V = 62 F At 240V the Im= 2.2A.But Steady state Im = Ic. C= C= C = 29.18 F


Part b: i) Voltage Vs Speed Speed(rpm) 2400 2460 2512 2590 2652 200 220 240 260 280 Voltage(V)

Voltage Vs Speed
290

270

250

230 Voltage/V 210 190 170 150 2200 2300 2400 Speed/rpm 2500 2600 2700

i)

Frequency Vs Speed Speed(rpm) 2400 2460 2512 2590 2652 39.4 40.8 41.7 43 44 Frequency(Hz)

Frequency Vs Speed
45

44

43

Frequency/Hz

42

41

40

39 2350 2400 2450 2500 Speed/rpm 2550 2600 2650 2700

ii) 2400 2460 2512 2590 2652

Magnetizing Current Vs Speed Speed(rpm) 1.7 1.95 2.2 2.45 2.7 Magnetizing Current(A)

Magnetizing Current Vs Speed

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.2

Magnatizing Current/A

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700

Speed/rpm

Part c : i) Voltage Vs Load Current(With speed regulation) Load Current(A) 0 0.5 0.96 1.4 1.76 Part d : i) Voltage Vs Load Current(Without speed regulation) Load Current(A) 0 0.48 0.92 1.3 1.64 Voltage(V) 284 270 256 240 226 284 280 268 258 246 Voltage(V)

Voltage Vs Load Current

290

280

270

260

250 Voltage/V 240 230 220 210 200 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Load Current/A 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Part c : ii) Frequency Vs Load Current(With speed regulation) Load Current(A) 0 0.5 0.96 1.4 1.76 Part d : ii) Frequency Vs Load Current(Without speed regulation) Frequency(Hz) 41.4 41.3 40.8 40.6 40.3

Load Current(A) 0 0.48 0.92 1.3 1.64

Frequency(Hz) 41.5 40.7 40 39.6 39.2

Frequency Vs Load Current

42

41.5

41

Frequency/Hz

40.5

40

39.5

39 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Load Current/A 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Part c : iii) Generator Current Vs Load Current

Load Current(A) 0 0.5 0.96 1.4 1.76

Generator Current(A) 3.2 3.2 3.15 3.2 3.25

Generator Current Vs Load Current

3.3

Genarator Current/A 3.1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Load Current/A 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Part d : iii) Torque Vs Speed

Speed(rpm) 2500 2475 2454 2440 2434

Torque(Nm) 1.6 2.5 3.2 3.7 4

Torque Vs Speed
4.5

3.5

3 Torque/Nm 2.5 2 1.5 1 2430 2440 2450 2460 2470 Speed/rpm 2480 2490 2500 2510

2. Grid Connected Induction Generator i) Power Output Vs Speed Power Output(W) 80 220 340 400 520

Speed(rpm) 3025 3043 3060 3075 3095

Power Output Vs Speed

600

500

400

Power Output/W

300

200

100

0 3020 3030 3040 3050 3060 Speed/rpm 3070 3080 3090 3100

ii)

Line Current Vs Speed Speed(rpm) 3025 3043 3060 3075 3095 Line Current(A) 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.25

Line Current Vs Speed

2.4

2.2

1.8 Line Current/A 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 3000 3020 3040 Speed/rpm 3060 3080 3100

iii)

Efficiency Vs Speed 

  Calculation : = 3025 rpm = 1.6 Nm

 

Output Power (wattmeter reading) = 220 W  = 

= 15.8 %

Speed(rpm) 3025 3043 3060 3075 3095

Efficiency(%) 15.8 32.88 40.81 44.36 48.62

Efficiency Vs Speed
55

50

45

40

35 Efficiency/% 30 25 20 15 10 3000 3010 3020 3030 3040 3050 Speed/rpm 3060 3070 3080 3090 3100

iv)

Power Factor Vs Speed Calculation :    = 220 W =V =324W   = 0.247    

Wattmeter reading Apparent power

Speed(rpm) 3025 3043 3060 3075

Power Factor 0.247 0.637 0.874 0.966

Power Factor Vs Speed

1.2

0.8

Power Factor

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 3020 3030 3040 3050 Speed/rpm 3060 3070 3080

Discussion : 1. Why the no-load test was designed to result in a lower frequency than the rated frequency of 50Hz ? When the load is absence the output active power of the generator is at its minimum value. Thus the slip of the generator is also at a very low value, close to zero. So the generator will reach its rated voltage before 50Hz occurs. If the generator works under this condition continuously it will tend to a voltage higher than it. To work under rated voltage the generator should be worked below 50Hz at no load. Because when load is added to a generator its slip increases causing frequency to drop . 2. The cause of variation of the voltage and the current waveforms of the generator when loading. Voltage Waveform When load is increased on a generator if the speed is not regulated, its frequency will decrease. So the voltage waveform will expand in the time axis as the rotor speed reduces. Current Waveform It is general that, if the load becomes very high more power it draws from the generator. So when load on is increasing the amplitude of the current waveform will increase and besides that it will expand along time axis too. 3. The importance of induction generators both self-excited and grid connected in power generation of Sri Lanka Self Excited Owing to its many advantages, the self excited induction generator has emerged from among the well known generators as a suitable candidate to be driven by wind turbine. Some of its advantages are small size and weight, robust construction, absence of separate source for excitation and reduced maintenance cost. When the induction generator is connected to an infinite power net, the analysis becomes simple, since the voltage and frequency are determined by the driving network. Self excited induction generators are good mainly used in wind powered electric generation application especially in remote areas. An external power supply is not needed to produce the magnetic field. Therefore in remote areas of Sri Lanka this is the ideal solution for need of electricity. They do not inherit the weakness of permanent magnet generators where the magnetic field deteriorates as time elapses causing the generated voltage to drop by big numbers. These are gradually replacing synchronous alternators in standalone power generation due to low unit cost and ease of maintenance and operation. They satisfactorily cope with dynamic loads under low speed operation. Grid Connected Grid connected systems are normally between 10kW and 100kW. The power must be conditioned using an inverter before fed to the grid. Self-commutated inverters, due to their own oscillators need a reference from the utility grid to hold synchronization. When linked with a battery they may become part of an uninterrupted power supply, which is important in the event of a blackout. Line-commutated inverters are actuated by utility- line power. Both types of inverters produce sinewave grid quality output, but act differently in the event of a grid blackout. Line commutated version may fail to operate in blackouts.

4. Description of plotted graphs a) Self Excited Induction Generator a. No Load characteristics for varying capacitance and constant prime mover speed. i. Line Voltage Vs Magnetizing Current The curve gives a parabolic shape. As Magnetizing current increases the gradient of Voltage curve decreases .

ii.

Line Voltage Vs Capacitance Line voltage increases with Capacitance closely in linear manner .

b. No Load characteristic for varying prime mover speed and constant capacitance. i. Voltage Vs Speed Voltage increases with the Speed nearly in a linear manner

ii.

Frequency Vs Speed Frequency increases with the Speed closely in linear manner.

iii.

Magnetizing Current Vs Speed Magnetizing Current also increases with the Speed in a linear manner.

c. Performance of loaded generator with constant speed. i. Voltage Vs Load Current Voltage decreases as Load Current increases by giving a curve of parabolic shape.

ii.

Frequency Vs Load Current Frequency decreases when the load current increases , but it does not give a linear

combination .

iii.

Generator Current Vs Load Current Load current increases with generator current.

d. Performance of the loaded generator without speed regulation.

i. Voltage Vs Load Current Voltage decreases as Load Current increases by giving a curve of parabolic shape.

ii. Frequency Vs Load Current Frequency decreases when the load current increases , but it does not give a linear combination .

iii. Torque vs. Speed Torque decreases as the Speed rises in a linear manner.

b) Grid connected Induction Generator

i. Power Output Vs Speed Power Output is increasing with Speed somewhat linearly .

ii. Line Current Vs Speed Line Current increases with Speed by giving a parabolic shape ,the gradient of the graph is increasing .

iii. Efficiency Vs Speed Efficiency increases with as Speed increases

iv. Power Factor Vs Speed Power Factor is increasing with Speed giving a parabolic shape ,and gradient of the graph is increasing.