Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies Foreign Literature There are several types of distress that patients

are likely to experience before procedure.

Often this occurs just before the procedure but also sometimes weeks before an operation is due, patients can bulid up high levels of anxiety. Worry produces stress, tension insomnia, anxiety and depression.

These are the very things that flood the body with emotions that upset the internal chemistry. The things that patients can experience which may trigger their anxiety include fear of strange places and unfamiliar surroundings, procedure, patients fear of of dying, personal vulnerable fear of pain fear of the

loss

control people

making handle

feel

very

stress or

differently childlike (2006).

and

develop and

irritability, feelings of

anxiety panic

dependence

Chave

On the other hand Augustin (2006) describes patients undergoing surgical procedures to be often

experiencing

anxiety in anticipation of events that

will be unfamiliar or uncomfortable or possibly lead to undesirable results. The nurses role is very vital in the reduction According of to anxiety Swindale among pediatric patients.

(2004)

hospitalizations

regardless of disease is known to provoke anxiety in the patient admitted anxiety harm the in the hospital stress and unrecognized which may

prolonged subsequently

creates patients

delay

recovery.

Therefore nursing intervention is to be therapeutic. The recognition of the response to this area of

patients need should be based within the framework of a nursing model. There is a growing body of literature documenting relief in behavioral infants. physical Many or approaches of these in for acute pain are

interventions nature,

primarily

sensory

including

massage, holding and rocking, providing pacifiers, and providing skin-to-skin contact. For example, Johnston and colleagues (2002) found that having parents hold neonates against their chests and providing skin-to-

skin

contact

for

30

minutes

prior

to

heel

lancing

resulted in significant reductions in pain behavior. This technique, called "kangaroo care," is becoming a widely accepted method of providing comfort and

minimizing pain for premature infants. Hospitalization can be an extremely stressful event for many children emotions of fear, sadness, have

loneliness,

boredom,

and

helplessness

can

immediate and long-term consequences for the childs and adolescents Child physical health and emotional well programs designed to address the

being.

life

complex psychological, social, and developmental needs of pediatric patients are now considered the standard of pediatric inpatient care (American Academy of

Pediatrics, 2006). Visual and performing arts (such as clowning, storytelling, quilting, writing, drama, and artists in - residence programs) are being off red in many health care settings as a means to promote coping with the emotional impact of illness and hospitalization. Magic Vagnoli, Caprilli, Robiglio, and Messeri prior to (2005) minor compared surgery; childrens half of the anxiety levels were

children

accompanied by a clown or magician in addition to a parent while they were waiting for surgery and during anesthesia induction. Only a parent accompanied the

children in the other half. Results of the studys findings indicated that children who had a clown or magician displayed present until they less were under anesthesia anxiety

significantly

pre-operative

during the induction of anesthesia compared with the control group (F [1,38] = 14 896; P = 0.001). The therapeutic use of magic has since magician been applied 1981, David in when

rehabilitation internationally and several

settings renowned

Copperfield initiated a

occupational

therapists

program called Project Magic. Project Magic and similar programs that have evolved since its inception use magic as a vehicle to motivate often patients and due reduce to the the frustration nature they of

experience

repetitive of

rehabilitation Kaufman, 2002).

exercises Patients therapist needs.

(Healing are first

Magic,

2008; by an

evaluated

occupational rehabilitation specially

to

determine then learn work

their with a

Patients to

trained

magician

simple

magic

tricks

aimed

to

help

them

achieve

their

motor,

cognitive, perceptual, and/or mental health goals. Patients in the program have demonstrated increased concentration and improved motor, cognitive, and perceptual capabilities (Healing of Magic, 2008). In addition, Fisher and Fisher (2007) found this approach decreased process recovery more time and made for the many

rehabilitative

enjoyable

clients. The American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) unique endorsed use of Project magic as Magic, a stating that method the of

therapeutic

occupational therapy treatment which aids the patients by enhancing their and cognitive functions, skills. perception, Because of

neuromuscular,

motivational

these concepts, they support the use of magic as an authentic (Healing method of of achieving 2008). therapeutic Many goals

Magic,

counselors,

psychologists, and clinical social workers find magic to be a beneficial and tool to gain trust, decrease with

tension,

establish

rapport

when

working

children and adolescents. Levin (2007) found positive gains in 8 of the 10 items measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.

When introducing new instructional concepts to their students, magic teachers of exceptional children tricks to be effective aids in

have

found

capturing the childrens interest. The study of yoga for children, the yoga teacher brings his or her philosophy and style to the class, and should and adapt physical the style The to child in

developmental

needs.

focus

childhood is less on the perfection of postures than the cultivation of compassion, non-judgment, connection between breath and postures, and forging the

foundations of a lifelong practice. A review of 24 articles of yoga for children revealed a large variety of outcomes and measures,

lack of adverse reporting, small sample sizes, and low power (Galantino studies and et of al., yoga 2008).The in paucity of high the

quality

children of yoga the is

limits

usefulness However, with

generalizability suggests that

findings. associated physical 2008).

evidence

improved and

cardiovascular

status,

functioning, Yoga may

behavior (Galantino et al., attention and emotional

improve

control.

Jensen and Kenny (2004) studied 19 boys with attention

deficit

hyperactivity

disorder

(ADHD).

Despite

low

power, varied attendance, and lack of determination of quality and duration of home practice, there was a reported reduction of mood swings, temper outbursts, and crying fits on the Conners Global Emotional

Liability Index for the 11 boys in the intervention group compared to the 8 boys in the control group. As presented at the annual meeting of the National

Association of School Psychologists described by Peck et al. (2005), who reported that yoga promotes selfcontrol, attention, concentration, self-efficacy, body awareness, and stress reduction. Yoga may play a role in the management of chronic illness. In a study of 25 participants ranging in age from 11 to 18 years (20 girls and 5 yoga less boys) daily with for

irritable four

bowel

syndrome subjects

practicing reported

weeks,

functional and

disability,

decreased

emotion-focused

avoidance,

decreased anxiety compared with a wait list control group. The mechanism of action of yoga remains

unclear. Yoga may affect the functioning of the pre frontal execute cortex, complex including functions. the ability one to plan of and 75

After

month

minutes of daily yoga, breathing, internal cleansing practices, relaxation, meditation, 10 to 13devotional girls songs, decreased and the

year-old

time condition. The effects of yoga in children remain unsupported intervention and low power. due to small sample sizes, inconsistent varying outcome measures,

description,