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NORWICH

Great Yarmouth

PETERBOROUGH

Lowestoft

East


CAMBRIDGE

 Bedford

IPSWICH

Dunstable

COLCHESTER

Stevenage
 LUTON

Clacton-on-sea

OXFORD

WATFORD

 Chelmsford

High Wycombe 

 Basildon

SLOUGH 

London

 READING

 Basingstoke

 Guildford  Reigate

South East
PORTSMOUTH


 Ashford

 CRAWLEY

 SOUTHAMPTON


 Margate

 Chatham
 Maidstone

BRIGHTON

Worthing
Bognor Regis




Hastings

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')

Total property count with


significant likelihood of flooding

CZiHZVAZkZaG^hZbb$ngGZaVi^kZid&..%

< 25,000
25,000 - 50,000
50,000 - 75,000
75,000 - 100,000
>100,000

&..%"'%'*

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Regional Planning Body Boundary


EA Water Management Region
Total property count with
significant likelihood of flooding

EA Water Management Area

< 25,000
25,000 - 50,000
50,000 - 75,000
75,000 - 100,000
>100,000
Regional Planning Body Boundary
EA Water Management Region

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HdjgXZ/V[iZgIVWaZ7#&!EEH'*#&.

EA Water Management Area

EVgVbZiZg

This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with


the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller
of Her Majestys Stationery Office (c) Crown Copyright.
Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may
lead to prosecution or civil proceedings.
Environment Agency, 100026380, 2006

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