Solution: Homework 2

1.2.2 u = b1 + b2 , v = b2 b3 , w = b3 . Then u(1, 0, 0) + v(1, 1, 0) + w(1, 1, 1) = (b1 , b2 , b3 ).

1.2.4 No solution; zero right sides produce 3 lines through origin; right sides 1, 1, 0 give x = 1 and
y = 0; 2, 1, 1 will give x = 0 and y = 1; any combination is solvable.
1.2.10 The conditions for a straight line can be written as y1 y2 = 1, y1 y3 P
= 2.
n
4(a) Let, A = [aij ]1im,1jn and B = [bij ]1in,1jp . (AB)Tij = (AB)ji = k=1 ajk bki . (B T AT )ij =
Pn
Pn
Pn
T
T
T
k=1 [B ]ik [A ]kj =
k=1 [B]ki [A]jk =
k=1 bki ajk = (AB)ij .
4(b) (ABC)(C 1 B 1 A1 ) = AB(CC 1 )B 1 A1 = A(BB 1 )A1 = AA1 = I. (C 1 B 1 A1 )(ABC) =
C 1 B 1 (A1 A)BC = C 1 (B 1 B)C = C 1 C = I.
4(c) Any linear function can be written as f (x) = Ax, where A is a matrix of appropriate dimension. So
f(

k
X

i xi ) = A(

k
X

i x i )

i=1

i=1

= A[x1 x2 . . . xk ]diag[1 2 . . . k ]
= [Ax1 Ax2 . . . Axk ]diag[1 2 . . . k ]
=

k
X

i f (xi ).

i=1

1.3.6 Singular system if b = 4, because 4x + 8y is 2 times 2x + 4y. Then g = 2 16 = 32 makes the system
solvable. The lines bacome the same: infinitely many solutions like (8, 0) and (0, 4).
1.3.12 Subtract 2 time row 1 from row 2 to reach (d 10)y z = 2. Equation (3) is y z = 3. If d = 10
exchange rows 2 and 3. If d = 11 the system is singular; third pivot is missing.
7(a) aT b = 6 (3) + 1 (7) + (2) 5 = 35.
7(b) bT a = (aT b)T = 35.
7(c) aT a = 62 + 12 + (2)2 = 41.

6 (3)
6 (7)
6 (5)
1 (7)
1 (5) .
7(d) abT = 1 (3)
2 (3) 2 (7) 2 (5)


1 1
, b = [0 18]T .
8(a) A =
3 6




 

1 1 0
1 1 0
x
2
R2 3R1 R2
8(b)i. [A|b] =

. This gives the answer

=
.
3 6 18
0 9 18
y
2



 



1/9(R2 3R1 )R2
1 1 0 R2 +R1 R1 1 0 2
1 1 0
1 1 0
.

8(b)ii. [A|b] =
0 1 2
0 1 2
0 1 2
3 6  18

x
2
This gives the answer
=
.
y
2

1 0
0 1
det(
)
det(
)
3 18
18 6

= 2, y =
= 2.
8(b)iii. x =
1 1
1 1
det(
det(
)
)
3 6
3 6




 

x
6 1
0
2
1
= A1 b = det(A)
=
.
y
3 1
18
2
1.4.14 Row 1 of EA = row 1 of A + 7(row 2 of A), and row 2 of EA = row 2 of
column 1 of A, and column 2 of AE = 7(column 1 of A) + column 2 of A.
2
1.4.18 Every (AB)
(ABC)
ij = n. Every

il = 2n .

1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1.4.22 E21 = 5 1 0 , E32 = 0 1 0 , P = 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 1
0 7 1
0 1 0
0 0 1

1
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1.4.24 4 1 0 , 0 1 0 , 0 1 0 , M = E32 E31 E21 = 4
10
0 2 1
2 0 1
0 0 1
8(b)iv.

A. Column 1 of AE =

0 1 0
= 0 0 1 .
1 0 0

0 0
1 0 .
2 1