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Objectives
The students will be able to Explains the principles of operation of an ADF system Recognize ADF loop and sense antenna Draw block diagram of an ADF system Explain installation considerations of ADF loop and sense antennas Explain how to flight line test of an ADF system
ADF
Introduction to ADF
It operates in LF and MF band (190-1799 KHz), thus it is based on GROUND WAVE propagation Its range is not limited to line-of sight distance It can receive on both AM radio stations and NDB (non directional beacons) Its operation is similar to listening to a transistor radio.
Introduction to ADF
As the radio is rotated signal become weaker or stronger. No signal position indicates the direction of the station. ADF system consists of two main components : - Ground stations - Aircraft component
Ground stations
They transmit omnidirectional (in every direction) signals. They are called nondirectional beacons (NDB). Stations have a vertical antenna which emits vertically polarized signal, that is magnetic field of the radio wave horizontal to the ground, electrical field is vertical.
ADF antennas
Two antennas are used for ADF: Loop antenna It indicates the direction of the ground station. Sense antenna It indicates the sense of the station (if station is in front/back or to the right/left of the aircraft)
Loop antenna
It is a directional antenna It indicates the direction of the station, but cannot determine if the station is in front/back or to the right/left of the aircraft. It is in the shape of rectangular or circular loop. It uses magnetic field component of the radio wave.
Loop antenna
Loop antenna
Loop antenna
Loop antenna
Loop antenna concentrates on magnetic field of the radio wave.
Loop antenna
The voltage induced in the loop is proportional to the rate of change of density of magnetic flux.
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Loop antenna
It is not strictly required to rotate the loop antenna to find the null position. Modern aircraft use two loops mounted perpendicularly and connected to a device called goniometer. By this way, all rotating parts are packaged in receiver box.
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Sense antenna
Its function is to indicate if the station is in front / back or to the left/right of the aircraft. It is a capacitive antenna. It couples only with the electrical component of the radio wave. It is an omnidirectional antenna, its signal strength is the same all around.
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ADF antennas
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ADF receiver
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ADF Navigation
Control head
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ADF indicator
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RMI
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Operational considerations
LF/MF band is full of atmospheric and man-made noises Courses are not related to the lines on the ground (Cross wind can cause navigation difficulty) Unlike VORs, NDB/ADFs do not provide cross wind correction. Thunderstorms and reflections can confuse the signal.
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Cross-wind navigation
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Functional test
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