A Heat Chapter 2 Change of State

2 Change of State

Practice 2.1 (p. 55)

1 B 7 A control is needed because ice absorbs energy
2 A from the surroundings and melts at room
Energy provided by the heater temperature. The mass of water that melts
= Pt would be higher.
= 1000 × (10 × 60) If the energy absorbed from the surroundings is
= 600 000 J (= 600 kJ) ignored, by E = ml, the specific latent heat of
Energy for heating up the water from 20 °C to fusion of ice found would be smaller than it
100 °C should be.
= mc∆T 8 Let T be the final temperature of the mixture.
= 0.5 × 4200 × (100 − 20) By conservation of energy,
= 168 000 J (= 168 kJ) energy loss by the coke
By E = ml, = energy needed to melt the ice
the max. amount of water that can be boiled + energy needed to raise the temperature of
E 600 000 − 168 000 water from 0 °C to T
away = = = 0.191 kg
l 2.26 × 10 6 (mc∆T)Coke = (ml)ice + (mc∆T)water
3 65 °C 0.3 × 5300 × (25 − T)
4 Incorrect. = 0.1 × 3.34 × 105 + 0.1 × 4200 × T
5 The energy needed to change ice at 0 °C to T = 3.16 °C
water at 50 °C ∴The final temperature is 3.16 °C.
= ml + mc∆T
T is lower in reality.
= 0.2 × 3.34 × 105 + 0.2 × 4200 × (50 – 0)
9 The energy required to melt the iceberg at
= 1.088 × 105 J 0 °C and bring the resulting water to 4 °C
6 The energy needed to change water at 0 °C to = ml + mc∆T
water at 100 °C = 108 × 3.34 × 105 + 108 × 4200 × (4 – 0)
= mc∆T = 1 × 4200 × (100 – 0) = 420 000 J = 3.508 × 1013 J
Let m be the amount of 100 °C steam needed.
Energy lost by steam = energy taken up
by water
msteamlv = mwatercwater∆Twater
msteam × 2.26 × 106 = 420 000
msteam = 0.186 kg

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A Heat Chapter 2 Change of State

10 The energy released by the fruit juice when it is (j) lf

cooled down from 68 °C to 15 °C Practice 2.2 (p. 63)
= mc∆T = 0.3 × 4000 × (68 – 15) = 63 600 J 1 A
The energy absorbed when changing 1 kg of 2 C
ice at 0 °C to water at 15 °C 3 C
= ml + mc∆T 4 When we get out of a swimming pool, water on
= 1 × 3.34 × 10 + 1 × 4200 × (15 – 0)
5
our bodies would absorb energy from our
= 397 000 J bodies to evaporate. Therefore, we lose energy
∴By proportion, it requires and feel cold.
63 600 If it is windy, the evaporation rate, and hence
= 0.160 kg of ice.
397 000
the rate at which our bodies lose energy, would
11 The energy absorbed when 0.17 kg of ice at be higher. We would feel much cooler.
0 °C is changed to water at 0 °C 5 When vapour comes to a surface which is
= ml = 0.17 × 3.34 × 105 = 56 780 J cooler than its surroundings, vapour would
Let c be the specific heat capacity of the fruit condense on the surface and release energy.
juice. By E = mc∆T, (a) Therefore, when the glasses are cooler than
56 780 = 0.2 × c × (70 – 0) their surrounding temperature, water
c = 4060 J kg–1 °C–1 vapour in air condenses on them.
12 The energy released by cooling water at (b) The reason is similar to (a). And the large
20 °C to water at 14 °C amount of vapour enhances the
= mc∆T = 0.3 × 4200 × (20 – 14) = 7560 J condensation.
Let l be the specific latent heat of ice. 6 Vaporization.
The energy absorbed by changing melting ice Heat is absorbed in the process of vaporization.
to water at 14 °C = ml + mc∆T 7 (a) Assume all his sweat vaporizes.
= 0.02 × l + 0.02 × 4200 × (14 – 0) E = mlv
Energy lost by water = Energy gained by ice = 0.5 × 2.26 × 106
7560 = 0.02l + 0.02 × 4200 × 14 = 1.13 × 106 J (= 1.13 MJ)
l = 319 200 = 3.192 × 10 J kg
5 –1
1.13 × 106 J is removed from his body.
13 (a) None (b) 1.13 MJ is removed from his body in
(b) c 1 hour. Therefore, the rate of cooling by
(c) c sweating
(d) lf 1.13 × 10 6
=
(e) lf 3600
(f) lv, lf, c = 314 J s−1
(g) lv, c = 314 W
(h) None The rate of cooling by sweating is 314 W.
(i) lf

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A Heat Chapter 2 Change of State

Revision exercise 2 3 (a) Freezing water tends to warm the

Multiple-choice (p. 66) surroundings. (1A)
Section A (b) Since water has high specific heat capacity
1 C and latent heat of fusion, (1A)
2 B it can release a large amount of energy
3 B before it freezes. Therefore, spraying water
4 B on fruit trees can protect trees from
5 B freezing. (1A)
6 (HKCEE 2003 Paper II Q19) 4 (a) When 0.1 kg of steam at 110 °C condenses
7 (HKCEE 2003 Paper II Q21) to water at 100 °C,
8 (HKCEE 2004 Paper II Q18) energy released
9 (HKCEE 2004 Paper II Q19) = mc∆T + mlv
10 (HKCEE 2004 Paper II Q20) = 0.1 × 2000 × 10 + 0.1 × 2.26 × 106
11 (HKCEE 2005 Paper II Q33) = 228 000 J (1A)
E
P= (1M)
t
Section B
228 000
12 B =
60
13 A = 3800 W (1A)
14 (HKCEE 2001 Paper II Q18) The steam supplies energy at a rate of
15 (HKCEE 2004 Paper II Q43) 3800 W.
(b) Frying is done by conduction. (1A)
Conventional (p. 68) In steaming, large amount of energy is
Section A supplied by the steam when it condenses
1 Energy has to be removed from the water on the food. (1A)
= mc∆T + mlf (1M) Hence, cooking by steam is faster and
= 0.2 × 4200 × 30 + 0.2 × 3.34 × 105 more evenly. (1A)
= 92 000 J = 92 kJ (1A) 5 Let T be the final temperature of the mixture.
To freeze 0.2 kg of water at 30 °C, 92 kJ has to By conservation of energy,
be removed from the water. energy loss by the water
2 The water on a wet finger absorbs energy from = energy needed to melt the ice
the finger to evaporate. The finger would feel + energy needed to raise water
cold and the cooling effect increases in the (from the ice) from 0 °C to T (1A)
wind. (1A) (mc∆T)water = (mlf)ice + (mc∆T)water from ice (1A)
Therefore, from the side of the finger we feel 0.5 × 4200 × (30 − T)
cold, the wind direction can be told. (1A)

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A Heat Chapter 2 Change of State

= 0.1 × 3.34 × 105 + 0.1 × 4200 × T 0 °C, the result −13.2 °C shows that not all the
T = 11.7 °C (1A) ice melted. Thus the final temperature of the
mixture is 0 °C. (1A)
6 (a) The total energy lost in the processes
= mc water ∆T + ml f + mcice ∆T (2M) 9 (a) Energy needed
= 3 × 4200 × (30 – 0) + 3 × 3.34 × 10 5 = mc∆T + mlv (1M)
+ 3 × 2060 × [0 – (–5)] (1A) = 0.5 × 4200 × (100 – 25)
= 1 410 900 J (1A) + 0.5 × 2.26 × 106 (1A)
(b) The effective power of the refrigerator P = 1 287 500 J (1A)
E (b) Steam on reaching the cover condenses to
= (1M)
t water droplets, which may drip back to the
1 410 900
= = 392 W (1A) wok. (1A)
60 × 60
Thus more energy is needed. (1A)
7 (a) Temperature is higher on a sunny day.(1A)
The rate of evaporation increases with the
Section B
average velocity of water molecules.(1A)
10
(b) Movement of air is faster on a windy day.
(1A)
Particles that escape from the surface of
water get blown away. This makes fewer
particles in the vapour ready to return to
the liquid. (1A)
(c) In cold air, water vapour condenses to
droplets on the surfaces of a body. (1A)
Since the temperature is lower than
freezing point, droplets solidify to form
(Slopes larger than those in the old curve.)
frost. (1A)
(1A)
8 Let T be the final temperature of the mixture.
(Shorter horizontal line.) (1A)
By conservation of energy,
(Horizontal lines at the same height.) (1A)
energy lost by water = energy gained by ice
11 Energy absorber by the liquid
(1M)
= Energy supplied by the heat
(mc∆T)water = (mlf)ice (1A)
= Pt
1 × 4200 × (20 − T)
= 10 × 3 × 60
= 0.5 × 3.34 × 105
= 1800 J (1A)
+ 0.5 × 4200 × T
Let l be the specific latent heat of vaporization
T = −13.2 °C (1A)
of the liquid.
Since the initial temperature of ice is only
E = mlv (1M)

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A Heat Chapter 2 Change of State

1800 = 0.01 × l (Temperature increases at first.) (1A)

l = 180 000 (Remains steady afterwards.) (1A)
= 1.8 × 10 J kg
5 –1
(1A)

12 (a) (i) Energy from the sun increases the rate (b) Before the water reaches its boiling point,
of evaporation of sea water, forming evaporation of water can be neglected.
water vapour. (1A) Since the beaker has more water, the initial
(ii) Density of vapour is lower than air. balance reading is larger. (1A)
Thus it rises. (1A) And by Pt = mc∆T, it will take a longer
The temperature of air is lower in time for the heater to boil the water. (1A)
higher altitude. Vapour condenses Hence, the horizontal line of the new curve
back to water droplets. (1A) is longer and it is above the old curve.
Droplets accumulate as larger After the water boils, the rate of
droplets. With a higher density, larger vaporization of water depends on the
droplets fall as rain. (1A) power of the heater, which is unchanged.
(iii) Condensation of vapour releases heat. (1A)
(1A) Hence, the slope of the curve remains the
Surrounding air is warmed. (1A) same.
(b) If the temperature is low enough, water
droplets freeze to ice and fall as snow.(1A) balance reading / kg

13 (a) In heating the water, the balance reading

remains unchanged at first. This shows that
the water temperature is below the boiling
point and keeps increasing. (1A)
The balance reading then drops. It shows
that the below point is reached. Water
temperature keeps steady. (1A) time / s
0
(Longer horizontal line above the old
curve, same slope.) (1A)
(For effective communication.) (1C)
14 (a) (i) The air current brought by the fan
removes water molecules in the air
around the wick. (1A)
Hence, it is easier for the water in the
wick to evaporate. (1A)
(ii) Yes, it is true. (1A)

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A Heat Chapter 2 Change of State

As relative humidity increases, the Physics in articles (p. 73)

rate of evaporation decreases. (1A) (a) Let l be the specific latent heat of vaporization
of water.
E = mlv (1M)
It is harder to evaporate water from 4 853 000 = 2 × l
the wick. Therefore, the humidifier l = 2 426 500 J kg–1 (1A)
releases less water vapour (b) The result is larger than the standard value.
automatically. (1A) This shows that more energy is needed to
(b) (i) I would feel cooler. (1A) vaporize 1 kg of water than the standard. (1A)
It is because the water vapour in air Vapour of sweat can condense on the clothes of
absorbs energy from the surroundings an athlete and drip back to the skin. (1A)
to vaporize. (1A) Some heat lost to surroundings. Thus extra
(ii) I will feel warmer. (1A) energy is needed. (1A)
It is because the air would become (c) If the air is humid, it is full of water vapour.
more humid after using the humidifier Water particles in vapour have greater chance
for a long time. It is harder for sweat to return to the liquid. (1A)
on our skin to evaporate and we will The more humid the air, the lower the rate of
lose less energy. (1A) evaporation and the efficiency of cooling by
15 (HKCEE 2002 Paper I Q9) sweating are. Therefore, marathon runners feel
16 (HKCEE 2004 Paper I Q8) hotter if the air is humid. (1A)
17 (HKCEE 2005 Paper I Q3)

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