6 Force and Motion: Practice 6.1 (P. 90)

B Mechanics Chapter 6 Force and Motion
6 Force and Motion
Practice 6.1 (p. 90)

1 C
2 C (c) The MTR is moving forwards at
3 (b), (e), (f) constant velocity. By Newton’s first law,
4 the man moves forwards with the same
constant velocity, so he seems to remain
at rest.
(d) The MTR is turning a corner. By
Newton’s first law, the man remains in a
state of uniform motion when the MTR
turns a corner, so he seems to move
outwards.
6 Joan moves on the ice surface with constant
velocity.
7 In space, no gravitational force acts on the
Practice 6.2 (p. 97) spaceship. When the rockets are shut down,
1 C they do not exert a force on the spaceship and
2 D hence no net force acts on the spaceship. By
3 D Newton’s first law, the spaceship is in
4 (a) No. Athletes would hit the wall of the uniform motion and can travel far out in
stadium if it is too close to the finish space.
line.
(b) The mat is used to protect the athletes if Practice 6.3 (p. 105)
they hit the wall after passing the finish 1 C
line. 2 A
5 (a) The MTR is accelerating in the forward Net force = ma = 40 × 0.5 = 20 N
direction. By Newton’s first law, the 3 C
man remains at rest when the MTR By v2 – u2 = 2as,
moves from rest, so he would move 0 – u2 = 2a(20)
backwards relative to the MTR. u2 = 40a
(b) The MTR is slowing down. By u2
a=
Newton’s first law, the man continues to 40
move forwards. u2
Friction = 1.2(– ) = –0.03u2
40
New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 43  Oxford University Press 2006

The braking distance is 113 m.
4 By F = ma,
F 800 000 8 (a)
a= = = 2 m s–2
m 4 × 10 5
When it flies horizontally, its acceleration is AB BC CD DE
2 m s–2. Acceleration 1 2 0 –3
v−u a / m s–2
5 (a) By a =
t Net force 3 6 0 –9
100 × 1000 ÷ 3600 − 0
a= = 4.63 m s–2 F/N
6
(b) His comment is correct. From the graph,
The acceleration of the car is
the velocity of the object starts to
4.63 m s–2.
decrease from t = 30 s onwards and
(b) F = ma = 1500 × 4.63 = 6945 N
becomes zero at t = 40 s. If the force
The force provided by the car engine is
continues to act on the object, its
6945 N.
velocity will become negative. That
6 (a) Thrust of each turbojet
ma 1.05 × 10 4 × 17 means it will change its moving
= =
2 2 direction.
= 89 250 N 9 (a)
1
(b) s = ut + at 2 Time / s 0–5 5–10 10–20 20–30
2
1 Acceleration 0 4 1 0
s = 0 + (17)(5) 2 = 213 m
2 a/ms –2
The vehicle can travel 213 m. (b) During 0–5 s, the object is moving at
7 (a) Take the direction of the car movement constant velocity as no net force acts on
as positive. it. During 5–10 s, the object is moving
By F = ma, with an acceleration of 4 m s–2 as a net
F −6000
a= = = –4 m s–2 force of 20 N acts on it. During 10–20 s,
m 1500
the object is moving with an
By v = u + at ,
108 acceleration of 1 m s–2 as a net force of
v−u 0−( )
t= = 3.6 = 7.5 s 5 N acts on it. During 20–30 s, the
a
−4 object is moving at constant velocity as
It takes 7.5 s to stop the car. no net force acts on it.
1
(b) By s = ut + at 2 ,
2
1 Practice 6.4 (p. 118)
s = (30)(7.5) + (−4)(7.5) 2 = 113 m
2 1 B

2 B Thrust = net force + weight of the rocket

3 B = 3.6 × 106 + 3 × 106
4 C = 6.6 × 106 N
The thrust of the rocket is 6.6 × 106 N.
5 ‘A bag of sugar weighs 10 N.’ or ‘A bag of

sugar has a mass of 1 kg.’ 9 (a)
6 (a)
(b) (i) Downwards along the slide

(ii) No net force
(iii) No net force
7 (a) Cyclists bend down when they cycle so
as to reduce the air resistance, thus to
obtain a higher speed.
(b) Ships have v-sharp at the front so as to mM
(b) The acceleration of the balloon is .
reduce the air resistance, thus to obtain a mB
higher speed. mM: mass of the mass ;
(c) The handle of a tap is not smooth and mB: mass of the balloon
round in shape because friction acting 10 (a) W = mg = 8 × 105 ×10 = 8 × 106 N
on tap can help turn the tap on/off. The weight of the rocket is 8 × 106 N.
8 Take the upward direction as positive. (b) Take the upward direction as positive.
Weight = mg Net force
= 3 × 105 × 10 = thrust − weight of the rocket
= 3 × 106 N = 1.62 × 107 − 8 × 106
Net force = ma = 8.2 × 106 N
= 3 × 10 × 12
5
The net force acting on the rocket at lift-
= 3.6 × 106 N off is 8.2 × 106 N.
Net force = thrust – weight of the rocket (c) By F = ma

F R − mg = 0
a=
m R = 20 N
8.2 × 10 6
= The reading of the balance is 20 N.
8 × 10 5
(b) By F = ma,
= 10.25 m s−2
mg − R = ma
The acceleration of the rocket at lift-off
20 − R = 2 × 1.5
is 10.25 m s−2.
R = 17 N
The reading of the balance is 17 N.
11 (a)
(c) By F = ma,
R − mg = 0
R = 20 N
The reading of the balance is 20 N.
(d) Take the downward direction as
positive.
Let R be the reading of the balance.
(b) The friction acting on the box is 3 N. By F = ma,
(c) By F = ma, mg − R = ma
F 5−3 20 − R = 2 × (−0.5)
m= = = 1 kg
a 2 R = 21 N
The mass of the box is 1 kg. The reading of the balance is 21 N.
12 (a) (i) Weight, air resistance
(ii) Weight Practice 6.5 (p. 130)
(iii) Weight, air resistance 1 D
In the above 3 cases, the net force acts 2 A
downwards. 3 C
(b) 4 B
5 (a)
Resultant's magnitude is 67.5 N and the

angle between the resultant and the
13 Take the downward direction as positive. horizontal is 13°.
Let R be the reading of the balance. (b)
(a) By F = ma,


horizontal is 12.8°.
(b) Horizontal component
= 40 + 30 cos 45° = 61.2 N
Vertical component
Resultant's magnitude is 65 N and the
= 30 sin 45° = 21.2 N
horizontal is 19°.
(c)
Resultant = 61.2 2 + 21.2 2 = 64.8 N
Let θ be the angle between the resultant
and the horizontal.
21.2
tan θ = ⇒ θ = 19.1°
61.2
Resultant's magnitude is 60 N and the angle between the resultant and the
angle between the resultant and the horizontal is 19.1°.
horizontal is 25°. (c) Horizontal component
(d) = 40 + 30 cos 60° = 55 N
Vertical component
= 30 sin 60° = 26.0 N
Resultant = 55 2 + 26.0 2 = 60.8 N
and the horizontal.
26.0
Resultant's magnitude is 50 N and the tan θ = ⇒ θ = 25.3°
55
horizontal is 37°.
6 (a) Horizontal component
= 40 + 30 cos 30° = 66 N
(d) Resultant = 40 2 + 30 2 = 50 N
Vertical component
= 30 sin 30° = 15 N
Resultant = 66 2 + 15 2 = 67.7N and the horizontal.
30
tan θ = ⇒ θ = 36.9°
Let θ be the angle between the resultant 40
and the horizontal. Resultant's magnitude is 50 N and the
15
tan θ = ⇒ θ = 12.8° angle between the resultant and the
66

7 (a)

(b)
9 For the 2-kg mass:
T = 20 N
For the mass m:
(c) R = mg cos θ = (2)(10) cos 30° = 17.3 N
8
2T cos 45° = mg
Vertical component = 5 sin θ N
2
Horizontal component 2 × 20 × = m × 10
2
= 5 − 5 cos θ = 5 × (1 − cos θ) N m = 2.83 kg
(magnitude of the resultant)2 10 (a) 2T sin 10° = 500
= (vertical component)2 + (horizontal T = 1440 N
component)2 The tension of the string is 1440 N.
52 = (5 sin θ)2 + [5 × (1 − cos θ)]2 (b) Component of force
1 = sin2θ + 1 − 2 cos θ + cos2θ = T cos 10°
cos θ = 0.5 = 1440 × cos 10°
⇒θ = 60° = 1420 N
Hence, the angle between the two 5-N forces The component of the force that pulls
is 120°. the car is 1420 N.
11 (a) f = mgsin θ = (2)(10)sin 10° = 3.47 N
Alternative method: The frictional force acting on the trolley
By tip-to-tail method, the two 5-N forces and is 3.47 N.
the resultant 5-N force form an equilateral (b) By F = ma,
triangle. It is known that each angle of an mg sin θ − f = ma
equilateral triangle is 60°. Therefore, the (2)(10) sin 30° − 3.47 = 2a
angle between the two 5-N forces is 120°. a = 3.27 m s–2
When the trolley moves down the

runway, its acceleration is 3.27 m s–2.
12 (a) 6 (a) When the roller skater exerts a force on

the wall, the wall also exerts an equal
but opposite force on the skater. Thus
the skater moves backwards.
(b) When the diver pushes the platform, the
platform also exerts an equal but
opposite force on the diver. Thus the
diver gains speed and dives.
(b) As the mass is stationary, the net force (c) When we push ourselves against the
acting on it is zero. side of the pool, the pool exerts an equal
(c) (i) y-component of F1 but opposite force on us. Thus we
= weight of mass accelerate forwards.
= (1)(10) (d) When the runner exerts a force on the
= 10 N starting block, the block exerts an equal

y-component of F1 = F1 sin 30° but opposite force on the runner. Thus
F1 sin 30° = 10 N the runner moves forwards.
F1 = 20 N 7 (a) (i) Trolley A’s weight component

down the plane
x-component of F1 = F1 cos 30°
= mg sin θ
= 20 cos 30°
= (3)(10) sin 20°
= 17.3 N
= 10.3 N
(ii) y-component of F2 = 0
(ii) The net force acting on it
x-component of F2
= 10.3 N – T (down the plane)
= x-component of F1 = 17.3 N (b) (i) Trolley B’s weight component
(d) From (c)(i), F1 = 20 N. down the plane
x-component of F2 = mg sin θ
= F2 = 17.3 N = (2)(10) sin 30°
= 10 N
Practice 6.6 (p. 137) (ii) The net force acting on it

= T – 10 N (up the plane)
1 D
(c) Trolley A moves down the plane while
2 C
trolley B moves up the plane.
3 D
4 A
5 C

= 5 × 2.5
= 12.5 N
9 (a) F = ma
= (1)(1)
=1N
The net force acting on toy car B during
collision is 1 N towards the right.
(b) By Newton’s third law of motion, the
force acting on B by A has the same
magnitude as that acting on A by B, but
their directions are opposite.
8 (a) The net force acting on toy car A is 1 N
(b) The net force acting on A towards the left.
= 20 N – the force acting on A by B (c) Take the direction towards the right as
The net force acting on B positive.
= the force acting on B by A By F = ma,
F
(c) (i) By F = ma, a=
m
F
a= −1
m =
3
20
= = –0.333 m s–2
(3 + 5)
v−u
= 2.5 m s–2 By =a ,
t
The accelerations of the blocks are v = at + u
v = (–0.333)(0.5) + 3
2.5 m s–2.
= 2.83 m s–1
(ii) By F = ma,
The velocity of toy car A after collision
20 N – the force acting on A by B
is 2.83 m s–1 towards the right.
= mAa
20 N – the force acting on A by B
Revision exercise 6
= 3 × 2.5
Multiple-choice (p. 144)
= 7.5 N
Section A
The force acting on A by B
1 D
= 12.5 N
2 A
By F = ma,
By F = ma,
The force acting on B by A
1000 – 500 = 1500a
= mBa
a = 0.333 m s–2

1 2 1 Thus, it takes more time for the block

s = ut + at = 0 + (0.333)(10) 2 = 16.7 m
2 2
on Mars to reach the ground. (1A)
3 B
2 (a) By F = ma, (1M)
1
By s = ut + at E 2 , F
2 a=
m
1
2 = 0 + (10)t E 2 30 − 10
2 =
4
tE = 0.632 s
= 5 m s–2 (1A)
On the Moon:
The acceleration of the box is 5 m s–2.
1
By s = ut + at 2 , 1
2 (b) By s = ut + at 2 , (1M)
2
1 10 2
2 = 0 + ( )t 1
2 6 s = 4 × 5 + (5)(5) 2 = 82.5 m (1A)
2
t = 1.549 s = 2.45 tE
The displacement of the box is
4 C
82.5 m.
5 D
(c) Any one of the following: (1A)
6 B
Add a layer of oil / polystyrene beads
7 A
along the path of the block.
Use air cushion.
Section B
3 (a)
8 D
9 B
10 (HKCEE 2003 Paper II Q8)
13 A
14 D
(Weight of Joan.) (1A)

Conventional (p. 146)
(Reaction from the balance on Joan.)
Section A
(1A)
1 (a) The gravitational acceleration of Mars
1 (b)
= (10)
3
= 3.33 m s–2 (1A) Reading of the Weight that
(b) The block dropped on Mars has a scale Joan feels
smaller acceleration than that on Earth. (＜, = or ＞ (heavier,
(1A) 500 N) lighter or

normal weight)
Lift > 500 N Heavier
accelerates (1A) (1A)
upwards
Lift moves = 500 N Normal weight (b)

up at
constant
speed
Lift slows < 500 N Lighter

(Correct forces.) (1A)
down and (1A) (1A)
(Correct labels.) (1A)
stops
(c) Let R be the normal reaction acting on

Joan by the balance (the reading of the
scale) and W be the weight of Joan.
Take the upward direction as positive. (Correct forces.) (1A)
(i) By F = ma (1M) (Correct labels.) (1A)
R − W = ma (c) Let T be the tension in the string.
R − 500 = (50)(3) For the 30-kg box,
R = 650 N (1A) By F = ma, (1M)
The reading of the scale is 650 N. T = 30 × 1.25
(ii) Since acceleration is 0 and, by = 37.5 N (1A)
F = ma, the reading of the scale The tension in the string is 37.5 N.
R = W = 500 N. (1A) (d) Net force F
(iii) By F = ma, (1M) = 50 − T = 12.5 N (1A)
R − W = ma The net force acting on the 10-kg box is
R − 500 = 50 × (−2) 12.5 N.
R = 400 N (1A) (e) Her statement is not correct. (1A)
The reading of the scale is 400 N. When the string breaks, the net force
4 (a) 50 N is used to pull blocks of total mass acting on the 30-kg box is zero. (1A)
40 kg. By Newton's first law of motion, the
By F = ma, (1M) box will continue to move and its
50 = (10 + 30) × a velocity will be constant. (1A)
−2 v −u
a = 1.25 m s (1A) 5 (a) By a = , (1M)
t
The acceleration of the boxes is 2 −1
a= = 20 m s–2
1.25 m s−2. 0.05

F = ma (1M) move along the plane with an uniform

= 0.5(20) = 10 N (1A) speed after pushing the box gently
The force acting on the stone during momentarily. (1A)
collision is 10 N. (c) The box will slide down the plane by
either reducing the friction acting on the
box or increasing the weight component
(b) The force acting on the can of the box down the plane.
= The force acting on the stone Any two of the following: (2 × 1A)
= 10 N (1A) Add rollers on the plane.
(c) By F = ma, (1M) Add a layer of wax/oil on the plane
F Tilt the plane more such that the weight
a=
m component of the box along the plane is
10
= greater than the friction acting on it.
0.4
(Or other reasonable answers)
= 25 m s–2
v−u 7 (a)
By =a , (1M)
t
v−0
= 25
0.05
v = 1.25 m s–1 (1A)
The velocity of the can after collision is
1.25 m s–1.
(Correct forces.) (1A)
6 (a) When the box tends to move along the
plane, friction will act on it to oppose its
motion. (1A)
Unless the net force acting on the box
down the plane is greater than zero (i.e.
when the weight component of the box
along the plane is larger than the friction
acting on it), the box will not readily (Correct forces.) (1A)
slide down the plane. (1A) (Correct labels.) (1A)
(b) Samuel assumes that the plane is The reaction of m1 (R) and the force
friction-compensated, such that the acting on pan A by m1 (R') form an
weight component of the box along the action-and-reaction pair. (1A)
plane balances the friction acting on the (b) Since masses m1 and m2 are identical
box. (1A) and pans A and B are identical, the net
Hence, the net force acting on the box force acting on the system is zero.
along the plane is zero and the box will Therefore, the pans and masses would

move up/down at constant speed (1A)

or rest. (1A)
8 (a) (i)
normal
force
tension tension
T1 from M T2 from
m1 m2
weight (Correct forces.) (1A)

(2 tensions (T1 > T2).) (1A)
(Weight and normal force (of the
same magnitude).) (1A)
(b) The weight of Jackie is constant. (1A)
(ii)
The air resistance acting on her
normal increases gradually from zero when she
force
tension T1
starts diving and her velocity increases.
tension
from m1
T2 from
When the air resistance is equal to her
M
m2 weight, the net force acting on her
friction becomes zero. (1A)
(c) Jackie will fall with constant speed.
weight (1A)
When the air resistance is equal to her
(2 tensions (T1 > T2).) (1A)
weight, the net force acting on her is
(Weight and normal force (of the
zero. (1A)
same magnitude).) (1A)
By the Newton’s second law, she will
Friction (1A)
fall with constant speed. (1A)
(b) (i) Mass m1 accelerates downwards,
10 (a) I do not agree with Gloria. (1A)
m2 accelerates upwards and M
The air resistance acting on the flower
accelerates to the left. (1A)
pot increases from zero as the pot falls
(ii) Let f be the friction acting on M.
in air. (1A)
If T1 > T2 + f, the masses will move
Since the maximum magnitude of air
in a way similar to that in (b)(i) but
resistance acting on the pot is equal to
the magnitude of the acceleration
the weight of the flower pot, (1A)
of the system will be smaller. (1A)
the downward net force acting on the
If T1 = T2 + f, the masses will
pot is always greater than or equal to
remain at rest. (1A)
zero. By F = ma, the pot will not slow
9 (a)
down. (1A)

plane as positive.
(For effective communication.) (1C) 1
By s = ut + at2, (1M)
2
(b) Take the downward direction as 1
2 = 0 + × a × 42
positive. 2
a = 0.25 m s–2 (1A)

v / m s−1
The acceleration of the trolley is
0.25 m s–2.
(iii) By F = ma, (1M)

t/s
F = 1 × 0.25
(Axes with correct labels.) (1A)
= 0.25 N
(The speed of the pot increases with
The resultant force acting on the
time and the increase in speed
decreases with time.) (1A) trolley is 0.25 N (down the
11 (a) (i)
normal plane). (1A)
reaction
(b) In order to make the runway friction-
friction
compensated so that the trolley can

move down at uniform velocity, the
weight
angle θ should be smaller. (1A)
(Weight.) (1A)
(c) The student is wrong. (1A)
(Normal reaction.) (1A)
normal reaction
(Friction.) (1A)
(ii) Take the direction down the

friction
weight

When the trolley moves up along the
runway, friction on the trolley acts

downwards along the runway and the
net force acting on the trolley is not
zero. (1A)
(Axes with correct labels.) (1A)
Instead of moving at a uniform speed, (Correct shape.) (1A)
(Correct indications of points A, B and
the trolley decelerates as it moves up
C.) (1A)
along the runway. (1A)
(Correct sign (must indicate 0 to
(For effective communication.) (1C) recognize there is no net force between
points B and C).) (1A)
12 (a) When the food parcel is thrown from
13 (a) Inertia (1A)
the plane, it accelerates at first. As it
(b) (i) The value of the gravitational field
gains speed, the air resistance acting on
strength at the orbital height of the
it increases. The net force acting on the
International Space Station is
food parcel and thus the acceleration
8.8 N / kg. (1A)
decreases (from point A to point B).
(ii) The weight of the command
(1A)
module at this height
Eventually, the air resistance increases = 8.8 × 20 × 103 (1M)
so much that it balances the weight of = 1.76 × 10 N 5
(1A)
the food parcel. The net force acting on
(iii) Its weight decreases (1A)
the food parcel and thus the acceleration
and its mass remains unchanged.
becomes zero (from point B to point C).
(1A)
(1A) v −u
14 (a) By =a, (1M)
Then the food parcel moves with a t
80 − 0
constant speed called terminal speed a= = 2 m s–2
40
(50 m s–1). (1A)
By v 2 − u 2 = 2as , (1M)
2 2
80 − 0 = (2)(2) s
(For effective communication.) (1C) s = 1600 m (1A)
The minimum length of the runway is
1600 m.
(b)

(b) Net force acting on the aeroplane

= ma (1M) (Axes with correct labels.) (1A)
= 2.5 × 105 × 2
= 5 × 105 N (1A) (Correct shape.) (1A)
(c) I should adjust the thrust to balance the
air resistance so as to obtain a constant (Correct slopes : during 0-9 s,
speed. (1A)
15 (a) 0–4 s: The object moves with an slope = 3 m s–2; then slope = 0;
acceleration of 6 m s–2. (1A) final slope = –4 m s–2.) (3 × 1A)
4–8 s: The object moves with zero (Correct velocities.) (1A)
acceleration. (1A) (Correct final speed : 0 m s–1.) (1A)
8–12 s: The object moves with an (b) The magnitude of the maximum
–2
acceleration of –6 m s . (1A) acceleration of the train is 4 m s–2. (1A)
(b) 0–4 s:
F = ma Section B
=2×6 17 (a) (i) Net force along vertical direction
= 12 N (1A) =3N–2N
The force acting on the object is 12 N. = 1 N (downwards) (1A)
4–8 s: (ii) Net force along horizontal
F = ma direction
=2×0 = 10 N – 5 N
=0 (1A) = 5 N (towards the right) (1A)
The force acting on the object is 0. (b) Net force acting on the block
8–12 s: = 12 + 5 2 (Pythagoras’ theorem)
F = ma = 5.10 N (1A)
= 2 × (–6) 5
tan θ =
= –12 N (1A) 1
The force acting on the object is –12 N. θ = 78.7° (1A)
16 (a) The net force is 5.10 N (S 78.7° E).
(c) By F = ma, (1M)
5.10
a=
2.5
= 2.04 m s–2 (1A)
The acceleration of the block is
2.04 m s–2.

18 (a)
F
weight
(2 tensions.) (1A)
(Forces, F, normal to the wings.) (1A)
(Weight.) (1A) (Weight.) (1A)
(b)
θ
F
θ
F (b) The net force acting on the picture is
zero.
θ
weight
Consider the vertical components.
Consider the forces in the vertical
direction. 2T cos θ = mg (1M)
2F × cos θ = mg (1A)
The aeroplane does not fly with uniform  80° 
2T × cos  2  = 1 × 10
velocity. (1A)  
It is because a net force, 2F sin θ, acts
on the aeroplane towards the left. By T = 6.53 N (1A)
F = ma, the aeroplane flies with
acceleration. (1A) The tension in the string is 6.53 N.
19 (a)
(c)

would be greater (longer) as the holding

force P would be larger (longer) for
greater angle / larger value of tension is
needed so that vertical component still
balances the weight. (1A)
21 (a)
If a longer string is used, θ will be

smaller. (1A)
mg
Since T = , T decreases with
2 cos θ
decreasing θ. (1A)
Therefore, the tension in a longer string
is smaller and this is harder for the (Weight of passenger.) (1A)
string to break. (1A) (Reaction from the platform to the
20 (a) The combined weight passenger.) (1A)
= 28 × 10 (1M) (b) Take the upward direction as positive.
= 280 N (1A) (i) Total distance during initial rise
(b) = 50 – 5 = 45 m
Total time = 24 s
Average speed
45
= = 1.88 m s–1 (1M + 1A)
24
The average speed of the
platform when it rises from the
ground to the top of the tower is
(A completed triangle drawn with 1.88 m s–1.
correct orientation.) (1A) (ii) Total distance during the first
(At least two labels for triangle with downward thrust
correct directions given.) (1A) = 50 – 9
force P force P = 41 m
tan 35° = = (1M)
weight 280 Total time
Force P = 196 N (1A) = 43 – 39
(c) If the swing is pulled, then tension is =4s
increased. (1A) Average speed
Refer to the triangle in (b), the tension

41 expected. (1A)
= (1M)
4
The upward net force acting on him is R
= 10.3 m s–1 (1A)
– W = ma > 0, where R is the normal
The average speed of the
reaction and W is his weight. He feels
platform during the first
heavier because the R is greater than W.
downward thrust is 10.3 m s–1.
(1A)
(iii)
(c) By Newton's first law, the sandbag
moves up at 20 m s–1 when it leaves the
balloon. (1A)
Then it slows down due to the gravity.
(1A)
After reaching the maximum height, it
changes its moving direction and
accelerates downwards. (1A)
The velocity of sandbag increases and
Let P be the pulling force. the air resistance increases. Hence, the
By F = ma acceleration of sandbag decreases. (1A)
P + mg = ma (1M) 23 (a) The net force acting on the case is
P = ma – mg = m(1.5g) – mg 2250 N. (1A)
= 70 (–15) – 70(–10) (b) Let T be the tension
= –350 N (1A) 4 T cos 20° = 2250 (1M)
During the first downward T = 599 N (1A)
thrust, the pulling force acting on The tension in each string is 599 N.
the passenger by the chain is 350 (c) It is safer to hang the case with a longer
N. string. (1A)
22 (a) By F = ma, (1M) It is because the angle between the
8000 – 5000 = 500a string and the vertical will be smaller.
a=6ms –2
(1A) (1A)
The acceleration of the balloon is Thus the tension in the string is smaller
6ms . –2 and it is harder for the strings to break.
v−u (1A)
By = a, (1M)
t 24 (a) The ball-bearing accelerates at first. As
v − u 20 − 0
t= = = 3.33 s (1A) it gains speed, the fluid friction acting
a 6
on it increases. The net force acting on
The balloon reaches a velocity of
the ball-bearing and thus the
20 m s–1 in 3.33 s.
acceleration decreases. (1A)
(b) He feels his weight heavier than
Eventually, the fluid friction increases

so much that it balances the weight of resistance which opposes its motion of
the ball-bearing. The net force acting on
it. (1A)
the ball-bearing and thus the
acceleration becomes zero. (1A) Air resistance which is a fluid friction
Then the ball-bearing moves with a
constant speed called terminal speed. increases with the speed of the moving
(1A) object. Therefore, it is difficult for an

aeroplane to travel with the speed of
sound in air. (1A)
(For effective communication.) (1C)
In order to improve the speed of an
(b)
aeroplane, the body of the aeroplane
should be streamlined so that air can
flow smoothly over its surface and air
resistance can be reduced. (1A)
25 (a) In Figure r, from t = 0.1 s to t = 0.4 s,
average value of tension is 2.44 N.
Tension T equals to the weight of the
weights.
Let m be the mass of the weights.
(Axes with correct labels.) (1A) T = mg (1M)

2.44 = m × 10
m = 0.244 kg (1A)
(The velocity firstly increases with time
The mass of the weights is 0.244 kg.
in a direct proportional way.) (1A) (b) (i) By the data in Figure r, the tension
of the string is 1.93 N
(Then the slope of the curve decreases (t = 1.1 s to 1.5 s). (1A)
(ii) The acceleration of the trolley is
continuously.) (1A)
equal to the slope of the graph in
(Finally, the velocity becomes constant Figure s.

The acceleration is 1.24 m s−2.(1A)
and the slope of curve becomes zero.) (c) According to the Newton’s second law
(1A) (F = ma), (1A)
the tension pulling the force sensor and
(c) When an aeroplane travels at a high the trolley T = ma
T = (0.333 + 0.718) × 1.24 = 1.30 N
speed in air, it experiences a great air

(1A) By v = u + at, (1M)

–1
This theoretical result is not close to the v = 0 + (0.4)(5) = 2 m s (1A)
–1
result in (b)(i). The results are not in Its speed is 2 m s .
accordance with the Newton’s second
law. (1A)
The discrepancy can be due to the
friction acting on the trolley; the friction (iii) Any one of the following: (1A)
acting on the trolley may not be Switch off fan C.
negligible. (1A) Control fan B to blow air
The student must use a friction- backwards and control fan C to
compensated runway to carry out this blow air forwards.
experiment. (1A) (c) (i) The boat still moves forwards with
26 (a) (i) a constant velocity (1A)
for some time. (1A)
(ii) Any one of the following: (1A)
Switch off fan A.
Control both fans B and C to blow
air forwards
27 (a)
(Label 2 forces: weight, force on

boat by air.) (2 × 1A)
(ii) The boat moves with a constant
velocity towards the direction it is
pushed (1A)
for some time. (1A)
(b) (i) As fans B and C blow air
backwards, an action force is acted
(Label 2 forces: weight, force on toy by
on the air by the fans. (1A)
air.) (2 × 1A)
Thus, a reaction force is acted on
(b) The powerful fan of the toy blows air
the fans by the air. (1A)
downwards. Thus, an action force is
Therefore, the boat moves
acted on the air by fan. (1A)
forwards. (1A)
Then, a reaction force is acted on the
(ii) By F = ma,
fan of the toy by the air. (1A)
0.2 + 0.2 = 1a
Such upwards reaction force is larger
a = 0.4 m s–2 (1A)
than the weight of the toy. Therefore,

the toy can go up in mid-air. (1A)

(c) (i) The minimum upward force
= the weight of the toy
50
= × 10
1000
= 0.5 N (1A)
(ii) When the toy rises by a few
(d) By F = ma, (1M)
centimeters, as there is no contact
–716 000 = 3000a
between the balance and the toy,
a = –238.67 m s–2
(1A) v−u
By = a,
the reaction force acting on the toy t
by the balance becomes zero. (1A) 6.51 − u
= −238.67
0.05
Therefore, the balance reading will
u = 18.4 m s–1 (1A)
change from 50 g to zero at that
The speed of truck Q before collision is
moment. (1A)
18.4 m s–1.
28 (a) Take the moving direction of the trucks
29 (HKCEE 2000 Paper I Q7)
as positive.
30 (HKCEE 2001 Paper I Q8)
By F = ma, (1M)
F −6000 31 (HKCEE 2005 Paper I Q13)
a= =
m 5.5 × 10 3 + 3000 32 (a) The trolley remains at rest until
a = –0.7059 m s –2 t = 0.8 s. (1A)
2 2
By v – u = 2as, (1M) Then it moves with a uniform
2
0 – u = 2(–0.7059)(30) acceleration. (1A)
v−u
u = 6.51 m s –1
(1A) (b) By = a, (1M)
t
The speed of the trucks after the 1.15 − 0
a= = 0.575 m s–2 (1A)
collision is 6.51 m s–1. 2.8 − 0.8
v−u
(b) By = a, (1M) The acceleration of the trolley is
t
6.51 − 0 0.575 m s–2.
a= = 130.2 m s–2
0.05 (c) F = ma, (1M)
F = ma = (5.5 × 103)(130.2) F = (1)( 0.575) = 0.575 N (1A)
= 716 000 N (1A) The net force acting on the trolley is
The force acting on truck P is 0.575 N.
716 000 N. (d) He is incorrect. (1A)
(c) The force acting on truck Q This is because he ignores the friction of
= The force acting on truck P (but in the road. The spring balance reading is
opposite direction) equal to the pulling force only. The net
= –716 000 N (1A) force is equal to the pulling force minus

the friction. (1A) Physics in articles (p. 155)

(a) When the air bag inflates, the air resistance
acting on the air bag and the person increases.
(1A)
When the air resistance is greater than the
weight of the person, the person will slow
down (F = ma). (1A)
It is easier for a person to land with a lower
falling speed. (1A)
1
(b) (i) By s = ut + at 2 , (1M)
2
1
4 = 0 + (10)t 2
2
t = 0.894 s (1A)
The man takes 0.894 s to fall from the
first floor to the ground without the air
bag.
(ii) 0.5 s + 0.1 s = 0.6 s
The time interval between the man
jumps and the bag is fully inflated is
0.6 s.
(iii) From (i) and (ii), the time for air
resistance acting on the man is very
short and the velocity of the man cannot
be reduced to a small value. (1A)
In this case, the man is mainly protected
by the thick special cushion of the air
bag when he reaches the ground. (1A)

6 Force and Motion: Practice 6.1 (P. 90)

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6 Force and Motion: Practice 6.1 (P. 90)

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B Mechanics Chapter 6 Force and Motion

6 Force and Motion

Practice 6.1 (p. 90)

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 43  Oxford University Press 2006

The braking distance is 113 m.

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 44  Oxford University Press 2006

2 B Thrust = net force + weight of the rocket

5 ‘A bag of sugar weighs 10 N.’ or ‘A bag of

(b) (i) Downwards along the slide

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 45  Oxford University Press 2006

Resultant's magnitude is 67.5 N and the

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 46  Oxford University Press 2006

Resultant's magnitude is 67.7 N and the

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 47  Oxford University Press 2006

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 48  Oxford University Press 2006

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 49  Oxford University Press 2006

runway, its acceleration is 3.27 m s–2.

12 (a) 6 (a) When the roller skater exerts a force on

= weight of mass accelerate forwards.

= (1)(10) (d) When the runner exerts a force on the

= 10 N starting block, the block exerts an equal

F1 sin 30° = 10 N the runner moves forwards.

F1 = 20 N 7 (a) (i) Trolley A’s weight component

Practice 6.6 (p. 137) (ii) The net force acting on it

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 50  Oxford University Press 2006

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 51  Oxford University Press 2006

1 2 1 Thus, it takes more time for the block

(Weight of Joan.) (1A)

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 52  Oxford University Press 2006

Lift moves = 500 N Normal weight (b)

Lift slows < 500 N Lighter

(c) Let R be the normal reaction acting on

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 53  Oxford University Press 2006

F = ma (1M) move along the plane with an uniform

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 54  Oxford University Press 2006

move up/down at constant speed (1A)

weight (Correct forces.) (1A)

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 55  Oxford University Press 2006

a = 0.25 m s–2 (1A)

The acceleration of the trolley is

(iii) By F = ma, (1M)

compensated so that the trolley can

(ii) Take the direction down the

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 56  Oxford University Press 2006

When the trolley moves up along the

runway, friction on the trolley acts

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 57  Oxford University Press 2006

(b) Net force acting on the aeroplane

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 58  Oxford University Press 2006

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 59  Oxford University Press 2006

would be greater (longer) as the holding

If a longer string is used, θ will be

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 60  Oxford University Press 2006

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 61  Oxford University Press 2006

(1A) object. Therefore, it is difficult for an

(Axes with correct labels.) (1A) T = mg (1M)

(Finally, the velocity becomes constant Figure s.

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 62  Oxford University Press 2006

(1A) By v = u + at, (1M)

(Label 2 forces: weight, force on

New Physics at Work (Second Edition) 63  Oxford University Press 2006

the toy can go up in mid-air. (1A)