Respiration

Human Breathing Mechanisms

Breathing gas exchange in lungs.
Involves taking in and letting out air.

Human Breathing Mechanisms (contd)

Human Breathing Mechanisms (contd)

Human Breathing Mechanisms (contd)

Air enters the respiratory system through the nasal cavity.
Dust is trapped by the hairs. Air is warmed and moistened.

Then, air enters trachea.

Wall of trachea is supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage

The trachea branches into two bronchi. (singular:bronchus)

 Each bronchus branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli. (singular:alveolus) The lungs are made up of alveoli, bronchioles and blood cappilaries.

Human Breathing Mechanisms (contd)

The lungs:
are located in a space called the thoracic cavity. protected by the rib cage which consists of ribs and intercostal muscles.

Diagraphm sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen

Human Breathing Mechanisms (contd)

Alveolus
Large surface area for gas exchanges Thin walls for gas diffusion Moist inner surface A lot of blood cappilary to transport gases

Human Breathing Mechanisms (contd)

Breathing consists or two phases inhalation and exhalation.

Human Breathing Mechanisms (contd)

Inhalation Contracts Flattens Moves upwards and outwards Increase Decrease Diaphragm Rib cage Volumes of thoracic cavity Air pressure Exhalation Relaxes Curves upwards Moves downwards and inwards Decrease Increase

Air is pushed into the Air movements lungs

Air is pushed out of the lungs

Human Breathing Mechanisms (contd)

During inhalation
Air movement : nostril nasal cavity trachea bronchus bronchiole alveolus

During exhalation
Air movement : alveolus bronchiole bronchus trachea nasal cavity nostril

Human Breathing Mechanisms (contd)

Composition of air in respiration
Content Inhaled air Exhaled air

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Water vapour Temperature

21%
0.03% 78% less less

16%
4% 78% saturated 34C

The Importance of a Healthy Respiratory System

Harmful substances and its effects on the respiratory system
Subtances Nicotine Effects Cause rapid heartbeat, increase blood pressure Cause emphysema, heart disease, stroke Carcinogenic (cause cancer) Irritation of the respiratory system Damage to the lungs

Tar Sulphur Dioxide

Carbon monoxide Dizzines, headaches, fatigue, death Suffocation

The Importance of a Healthy Respiratory System (contd)

Disease of the respiratory system
Disease

Asthma
Bronchitis Lung cancer

Narrowing of the fine airways (bronchus and bronchioles)

Inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles Tumors inside the lungs 90% of lung cancer patients heavy smoker

Emphysema
Heart disease

The broken down of alveoli structure Reduce the oxygen intake

Can cause heart attack and pressure