The Old man and the Sea and the importance of the individual.

Ernest Hemingway s literature has been strongly influenced by existentialism. So that The Old Man and the sea, through philosophies of existentialism and naturalism, stands out the importance of the individual. Individualism is part of the existentialist theories, which have given great importance to the human being not only as an individual, but as a free citizen who is the participant, not only the protagonist of his/her own life. Ernest Hemingway was a writer whose canon is filled with themes of disillusionment, futility, despair and the inevitability of death. His heroes are usually tragic ones; his exotic settings often host scenes of violence and brutality, and his spare writing style is often notable for the anguish it leaves unexpressed. Hemingway, though an adventurer, risk-taker, and world traveler, was also a philosopher deeply influenced by currents of existential and nihilistic post-World War I thinking. As such, he was an unofficial spokesperson for his Lost Generation, a group of American expatriates who came of age during the Great War and subsequently suffered profound intellectual disillusionment and dislocation because of war traumas. In the company of writers like Ezra Pound, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein, Hemingway infused his work with a sense of emptiness, disillusionment, and rebellion against patriotic ideals. In this way, his work can be considered related to novels like Ulysses and The Great Gatsby, which describe the sadness and hardship of the human condition. Having viewed death and hardship in many forms, Hemingways feeling of disillusionment was only magnified by his 10-year struggle with writing that preceded the publication of The Old Man and the Sea. Though Hemingway, dismissed the term lost generation as an overstatement, many of his fictional characters are forced to search for meaning, purpose, and happiness in the midst of depression and futility, the classic existential quest of the lost, directionless individual. Existentialism and nihilism, the twin philosophical systems that influenced Hemingways writing and that of many of his expatriate colleagues, came into vogue following World War I. It is a philosophy with roots in the 19th century writings of Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche, was championed in the postwar period by Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus and Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Existentialism posits that existence is inherently meaningless; individuals are responsible for giving meaning to their own lives by overcoming feelings of angst and despair and imposing individual value systems on themselves and their actions. Individuals who manage to live by the belief systems they espouse are termed authentic; they are existential successes. Those who do not are existential failures, and can easily drift into nihilism, a belief system that posits that life is futile and that even the individual cannot impose meaning on his or her own life but must exist in a meaningless, purposeless environment until the advent of death. Nihilism was popularized primarily by Nietzsche, who observed that traditional belief and value systems were slowly and inevitably being destroyed in the modern world. While the best-known example of Hemingways existentialist philosophy is his 1926 novel The Sun Also Rises, his short stories explore many themes relevant to his particular brand of existentialist nihilism. Since 1937, Hemingway has been increasingly concerned with the relationship between individualism and interdependence; and The Old Man and the Sea is the culminating expression of this concern in its reflection of Hemingway's mature view of the tragic irony of man's fate: that no abstraction can bring man an awareness and understanding of the solidarity and interdependence without which life is impossible; he must learn it, as it has always been truly learned, through the agony of active and isolated individualism in a universe which dooms such individualism. Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individual". Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance while opposing most external interference upon one's own interests, whether by society, family or any other group or institution.

The story underlines the power and inner strength of an old man called Santiago whom nobody in his town dare to call by his own name, except for Manolo, a friend of him from a working relationship. Yet most of the novella takes place when Santiago is alone. Except for Manolins friendship in the evenings, Santiago is characterized by his isolation. His wife has died, and he lives and fishes alone. Even so, just as he refuses to give in to death, he refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures. The flying fish are his principal friends on the ocean, and the marlin, through their shared struggle, becomes his brother. He calls the stars his distant friends, and thinks of the ocean as a woman he loves. Santiago talks to himself, talks to his weakened left hand, and imagines Manolin sitting next to him. In the end, these friendshipsboth real and imaginedprevent Santiago from pitying himself. As a result, he has the support to achieve what seems physically impossible for an old man. Youth The Old Man and the Sea is the story of an epic struggle between an old, seasoned fisherman and the greatest catch of his life. For eighty-four days, Santiago, an aged Cuban fisherman, has set out to sea and returned empty-handed. So conspicuously unlucky is he that the parents of his young, devoted apprentice and friend, Manolin, have forced the boy to leave the old man in order to fish in a more prosperous boat. Nevertheless, the boy continues to care for the old man upon his return each night. He helps the old man tote his gear to his ramshackle hut, secures food for him, and discusses the latest developments in American baseball, especially the trials of the old mans hero, Joe DiMaggio. Santiago is confident that his unproductive streak will soon come to an end, and he resolves to sail out farther than usual the following day. On the eighty-fifth day of his unlucky streak, Santiago does as promised, sailing his skiff far beyond the islands shallow coastal waters and venturing into the Gulf Stream. He prepares his lines and drops them. At noon, a big fish, which he knows is a marlin, takes the bait that Santiago has placed one hundred fathoms deep in the waters. The old man expertly hooks the fish, but he cannot pull it in. Instead, the fish begins to pull the boat. Unable to tie the line fast to the boat for fear the fish would snap a taut line, the old man bears the strain of the line with his shoulders, back, and hands, ready to give slack should the marlin make a run. The fish pulls the boat all through the day, through the night, through another day, and through another night. It swims steadily northwest until at last it tires and swims east with the current. The entire time, Santiago endures constant pain from the fishing line. Whenever the fish lunges, leaps, or makes a dash for freedom, the cord cuts Santiago badly. Although wounded and weary, the old man feels a deep empathy and admiration for the marlin, his brother in suffering, strength, and resolve. On the third day the fish tires, and Santiago, sleep-deprived, aching, and nearly delirious, manages to pull the marlin in close enough to kill it with a harpoon thrust. Dead beside the skiff, the marlin is the largest Santiago has ever seen. He lashes it to his boat, raises the small mast, and sets sail for home. While Santiago is excited by the price that the marlin will bring at market, he is more concerned that the people who will eat the fish are unworthy of its greatness. As Santiago sails on with the fish, the marlins blood leaves a trail in the water and attracts sharks. The first to attack is a great mako shark, which Santiago manages to slay with the harpoon. In the struggle, the old man loses the harpoon and lengths of valuable rope, which leaves him vulnerable to other shark attacks. The old man fights off the successive vicious predators as best he can, stabbing at them with a crude spear he makes by lashing a knife to an oar, and even clubbing them with the boats tiller. Although he kills several sharks, more and more appear, and by the time night falls, Santiagos continued fight against the scavengers is useless. They devour the marlins precious meat, leaving only skeleton, head, and tail. Santiago chastises himself for going out too far, and for sacrificing his great and worthy opponent. He arrives home before daybreak, stumbles back to his shack, and sleeps very deeply.

The next morning, a crowd of amazed fishermen gathers around the skeletal carcass of the fish, which is still lashed to the boat. Knowing nothing of the old mans struggle, tourists at a nearby caf observe the remains of the giant marlin and mistake it for a shark. Manolin, who has been worried sick over the old mans absence, is moved to tears when he finds Santiago safe in his bed. The boy fetches the old man some coffee and the daily papers with the baseball scores, and watches him sleep. When the old man wakes, the two agree to fish as partners once more. The old man returns to sleep and dreams his usual dream of lions at play on the beaches of Africa. Mr. Hemingways short novel describing in agonizing detail the struggle of Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman, to land a giant marlin precisely captures the complex relationships between fishermen, the fish they catch, and the sea that is such an important part of their lives. The old fisher man Santiago doesnt regret for the fish he lost on the way to returning but he felt proud himself for winning the battle with his courage, confidence and belief that tomorrow will be better for him if he thinks that he is better at the moment. The only things that matter in this novel are the old man, the sea, the fish, the young boy, baseball and the on-going quest for man to live within and alongside nature with integrity, and with that most fundamental of themes: courage in the face of loss. The Old Man and the Sea" can just be seen on a simplistic level as a book that shows an old man's struggle against a great fish. In addition, we the relation will be looking at how the old man's struggle is not just with the fish, but with himself and society. Through the philosophies of existentialism and naturalism we will seek to explain why the old man continues the actions that he does despite the seeming impossibility of successfully completing the task. We will also look at how the old man's struggle to achieve his own unique essence is a struggle that we still continue today in modern society. In fishing and in life, the old man serves to exemplify the efforts of the individual seeking to become unique in a society that thrives on holding up sameness and complacency as ideals. Through this book, Hemingway forces the reader to remember and acknowledge the individual, the struggle for the most basic existence, the battle with nature for survival itself. But most importantly he makes one acknowledge the importance of the individual and the magnificence of courage, skill, art and endurance. Individualism makes the individual its focus and so starts "with the fundamental premise that the human individual is of primary importance in the struggle for liberation and existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's acts. Existentialisms fundamental concern is the expression of a variety of views on the nature and significance of human existence. Existentialism focuses upon radical views of the freedom of human choice and action. In contrast to contemporary analytic philosophy, existentialism stresses the importance of the individual and how the individual must engage existence in a purely subjective manner. Existentialism views human existence not in terms of a spectator sport but in terms of each of us as actors. To act is to live authentically. To react or to live passively is to live in-authentically. Throughout The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago is given heroic proportions. He is "a strange old man," still powerful and still wise in all the ways of his trade. After he hooks the great marlin, he fights him with epic skill and endurance, showing "what a man can do and what a man endures" . And when the sharks come, he is determined "`to fight them until I die' because he knows that "`a man is not made for defeat. . . . A man can be destroyed but not defeated'. Santiago comes to feel his deepest love for the creature that he himself hunts and kills, the great fish which he must catch not alone for physical need but even more for his pride and his profession and when the sharks come, it is almost as a thing expected, almost as a punishment which the old man brings upon himself in going far out "beyond all people. Beyond all people in the world" and there hooking and killing the great fish. While individualism opposes most external

interference upon one's own interests, whether by society, family or any other group or institution For the coming of the sharks is not a matter of chance nor a stroke of bad luck; "the shark was not an accident". They are the direct result of the old man's action in killing the fish. Existentialism is a major component of Hemingway's fiction. We see the focus on the strength and perseverance of the individual, the underlying theme that we create ourselves, existence before essence. It's the responsibility of Hemingway's characters to create their essence, to make their choices, to realize that if the world is meaningless, if it doesn't mean anything to be good or bad, if there are no heavenly rewards, if all is permitted, you can curl up (usually in a drunken stupor) and do nothing, let Nature take it's obvious course, let yourself succumb to your biological trap, or you can act as if something does have meaning and create a type of moral code. Many of Hemingway's so-called heroes attempt to create such a code, one which must be practiced and upheld with intense self-discipline, the legendary "grace under pressure. The old man and the sea, through his main character, Santiago, is a perfect example of perseverance of the individual, the freedom choice and action of a human being who fights beyond his own physical limitations, alone in the sea, against all odds and who is the main actor of his life; not an spectator. Individualism has also been used as a term denoting "The quality of being an individual; individuality" related to possessing "An individual characteristic; a quirk." Individualism is thus also associated with artistic and bohemian interests and lifestyles where there is a tendency towards self creation and experimentation as opposed to tradition or popular mass opinions and behaviors. As soon as the old man kills the Marlin, he knows that he kills him for pride: you did not kill the fish only to keep alive and sell foodYou killed him for pride and because you are a fisherman. Earlier, before he had killed the marlin, Santiago had been "`glad we do not have to try to kill the stars'. It is enough, he had felt, to have to kill our fellow creatures. Now, with the inevitable sharks attacking, the old man senses that in going far out he has in effect tried "to kill the sun or the moon or the stars." For him it has not been "enough to live on the sea and kill our true brothers"; in his individualism and his need and his pride, he has gone far out "beyond all people," beyond his true place in a capricious and indifferent world, and has thereby brought not only on himself but also on the great fish the forces of violence and destruction. From beginning to end, the theme of solidarity and interdependence pervades the action and provides the structural framework within which the old man's heroic individualism. This theme of human solidarity and interdependence is reinforced by several symbols. Baseball, which the old man knows well and loves and which he thinks and talks about constantly, is, of course, a highly developed team sport and one that contrasts importantly in this respect with the relatively far more individualistic bullfighting, hunting, and fishing usually found in Hemingway's stories. Although he tells himself that "now is no time to think of baseball" (p. 37), the game is in Santiago's thoughts throughout his ordeal, and he wonders about each day's results in the Gran Ligas. Even more significant is the old man's hero-worship of Joe DiMaggio, the great Yankee outfielder. DiMaggio, like Santiago, was a champion, a master of his craft, and in baseball terms an old one, playing out the last years of his glorious career severely handicapped by the pain of a bone spur in his heel. The image of DiMaggio is a constant source of inspiration to Santiago; in his strained back and his cut and cramped left hand he, too, is an old champion who must endure the handicap of pain; and he tells himself that he "must have confidence and . . . be worthy of the great DiMaggio who does all things perfectly even with the pain of the bone spur in his heel" (p. 66). But DiMaggio had qualities at least as vital to the Yankees as his courage and individual brilliance. Even during his own time and since then, many men with expert knowledge of baseball have considered other contemporary outfielders--especially Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox-to be DiMaggio's equal or superior in terms of individual ability and achievement. But few men have ever earned the affection and the renown which DiMaggio received as a "team player"--one who always displayed his individual greatness as part of his team, one to whom the team was always more important than himself. It used to be said of DiMaggio's value as a "team player" that

with him in the line-up, even when he was handicapped by the pain in his heel, the Yankees were two runs ahead when they came out on the field. From Santiago's love of baseball and his evident knowledge of it, it is clear that he would be aware of these qualities in DiMaggio. And when Manolin remarks that there are other men on the New York team, the old man replies: "Naturally. But he makes the difference' . Through perfectly realized symbolism and irony, then, Hemingway has beautifully and movingly spun out of an old fisherman's great trial just such a pragmatic ethic and its basis in an essentially tragic vision of man; and in this reaffirmation of man's most cherished values and their reaffirmation in the terms of our time rests the deepest and the enduring significance of The Old Man and the Sea. Yet in going out too far and alone, Santiago has found his greatest strength and courage and dignity and nobility and love, and in this he expresses Hemingway's view of the ultimate tragic irony of man's fate: that only through the isolated individualism and the pride which drive him beyond his true place in life does man develop the qualities and the wisdom which teach him the sin of such individualism.