Plane truss

Prismatic truss

Prismatic truss frame

Truss and space truss

Space truss (2-way spans) Triangular space truss (3-way spans)

Truss structures

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Truss / shear wall 1 2 3 A B C D d h Isometric Roof plan Section Truss Joist (should rest on truss joints only) Roof braces (resist lateral load in roof plane) Shear walls (transfer lateral load to footing) Effective depth d = 8 at center, d = 7 at support height h = 16

Assume: Steel trusses on pilasters (column attached to wall) Gravity load DL = 20 psf LL = 12 psf (60% of 20psf for tributary area > 600 ft2) = 32 psf

Uniform load w = 32psf x25/1000 w = 0.8 klf Joint load P = 0.8 x 10 P=8k Shear V = 7 P/2 = 7 x 8/2 V = 28 k Global moment M = w L2/8 = 0.8 x 802/8 M = 640 k
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Chord forces C = T = M/d = 640/8 C = T = 80 k Top chord (KL= 10) Try DL4x4x (DL=25.60 plf) Pall = 99 k > 80 Try P6 (DL=18.97 plf) Pall = 101k > 80 Use ST4x4x3/8 (DL=17.27 plf) Pall = 89 k > 80 Bottom chord (KL= 0 - no buckling) Use 4x3x1/4 (DL=10.51plf) Pall = 85 k > 80 Vertical bar (KL = 7 @ support) Max compression C = max shear C = 28 k Use ST4x2x1/4 (DL=8.81plf) Pall = 32 k > 28 Diagonal bar (KL= 0 - no buckling) Max tension (graphic vector) T = 49 k Use ST4x2x3/16 (DL=6.87plf) Pall = 56k > 49
DL = double L

Truss structures

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Rectangular Tubing: 4 width aligns with ST4x4

Pipe

Sddeutshe Zeitung, Munich, Printing Plant Architect: Von Seidlein et all

Wind bracing

Result of a design competition, the plant consists of 2 wings, joined by a circulation spine with north light A B C D E Offices Newsprint storage (fire rated concrete) Printing Concourse gallery Processing

C
A B C D E

33.75

7.5

37.5

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L = 123 e = 38 truss spacing

Assume: Steel trusses Span L = 123 Truss spacing e = 38 Truss depth d = 7.4 Chord bar lengths Lc = 123/10 panels Lc =12.3 Web bar lengths Lw = ([12.3/2]2+7.42) Lw = 9.6 DL = 32 psf LL = 18 psf (60% of 30 psf for tributary area > 600 ft2) = 50 psf Uniform load w = 50 psf x 38/1000 w =1.9 klf Joint load P = w Lc = 1.9 x 12.3 P = 23.4 k Global shear (governs web bars) V = 9P/2 = 9x23.4/2 V = 105 k Max. web bar tension (KL=0, no buckling) Tw = V Lw/d = 105x9.6/7.4 Tw = 136 k Use ST 6x4x 5/16 Pall = 155 > 136 Max. web bar compression (Lw = 9.6) Cw = Tw Cw = 136 k Use ST 6x4 x pall = 150 > 136

Truss structures

7.4

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7.4

Span Truss depth Chord bar lengths Lc = 123/10 panels Uniform load w = 50 psf x 38/1000 Global moment M=wL2/8=1.9x1232/8 Chord bar forces T=C=M/d=3593/7.4 Top chord (KL= 12.3) Use DL8x8x1 Bottom chord (tension) A = T/Fa = 486/22 Use W12x79

L = 123 d = 7.4 Lc =12.3 w =1.9 klf M=3593 k T=C=486 k Pall=496>486 A = 22 in2 A = 23.2>22

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Joints MUST be concentric (center lines of bars meet at ONE point)

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Truss structures

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7.4

L = 217

Speed skating rink, Heerenveen, Holland Architect: Van der Zee & Ybema Engineer: Arie Krijegsman, ABT Assume: steel truss Allowable stress Fa=22 ksi Truss span L = 217 Truss spacing e = 24 Truss depth d = 19 DL = 0.6 kPa (12.5 psf) LL = 0.5 kPa (10.4 psf) = 1.1 kPa (22.9 psf)

Truss structures

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Uniform load w = 24 x 22.9 psf / 1000 Mid span point load (center truss carries round end loads r = 162.5) Tributary area A = (262.5)2/3 Load per truss (16 trusses) P= 27,639 x 22.9 psf /16/1000 Global moment (M = PL/4+wL2/8) M =40 x 217/4 + 0.55 x 2172/8 Chord bar force C = T = M/d = 5,407 / 19 Bottom chord (KL=0, no buckling) Use W8x48 Top chord un-braced length KL = 217/12 Use W12x65
Truss structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

w = 0.55 klf

A= 27,639 ft2 P = 40 k M = 5,407 k C =T = 285 k Pall = 305>285 KL = 18 Pall = 311>285

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Speed skating rink, Heerenveen Holland, 12,500 seats

Truss structures

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Centre Pompidou, Paris Architect: Piano and Rodgers Engineer: Ove Arup The Centre Pompidou has six exhibit levels 60x166 m a mechanical zone at rear and a circulation zone in Front. Steel trusses span between outriggers called Gerberettes after 19th century Gerber Beam inventor. The Gerberettes prevent eccentric column bending. Lateral load is resisted by: A-bracing between trusses in width direction X-bracing in length direction

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Assume: Max compressive stress

Fa = 207 MPa (30 ksi) DL = 3.2 kN/m2 (67 psf) LL = 4.8 kN/m2 (100 psf) = 8.0 kN/m2 (167 psf) w = 102 kN/m M = 25,590 kN-m C = T = 10,236 kN

Uniform truss load w = 12.8 m (8 kN/m2) Global moment M = wL2/8 = 102(44.82)/8 Max. chord bar force C = T = M/d = 25,590/2.5

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Assume: Max compressive stress

Fa = 207 MPa (30 ksi) DL = 3.2 kN/m2 (67 psf) LL = 4.8 kN/m2 (100 psf) = 8.0 kN/m2 (167 psf) w = 102 kN/m M = 25,590 kN-m C = T = 10,236 kN A = 24,725 mm2 2 177 mm r = 0.122 m KL = 6,4 m KL/r = 53 Fa = 165 Mpa A =0.065 m2 f = 157 MPa < 165

Uniform truss load w = 12.8 m (8 kN/m2) Global moment M = wL2/8 = 102(44.82)/8 Max. chord bar force C = T = M/d = 25,590/2.5 Tension bars (2 bars) A = T/(2Fa) = 10,236/(2x207x103) = 2(A/)1/2 = 2(24,725/)1/2 Compression bars (try 2 375x30 mm) Radius of giration r =(D2+d2)1/2/4 =(3752+3152)1/2/4 = 122 mm Unbraced length KL = 44.8m/7 Slenderness KL/r = 6,4/0.122 Allowable buckling stress (from AISC table) Fa =23.88 ksi/0.145 Cross section area (2 bars) A = 2x10-6 (3752-3152)/4 Stress f = C/A = 10,236/(0.065x103)

Truss structures

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At KL/r = 53, Fa = 23.88 ksi = 165 MPa

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Lateral bracing: length direction width direction

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Truss and space truss

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Gerberettes = small Gerber Define zones for circulation in front and ducts at rear

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Gerber beam The Gerber beam is named after its inventor, Gerber, a 19th century professor at Munich. The Gerber beam has hinges at inflection points to reduce bending moments, taking advantage of continuity, to allow settlements without axtra stress. The Gerber beam was developed in response to frequent failures, caused by unequal settlements of 19th century railroad bridges. 1 Simple beams over three spans 2 Reduced bending moment in continuos beam 3 Failure of continuous beam due to unequal foundation settlement, causing one span to double and the bending moment to increase four times. 4 Gerber beam with hinges at inflection points reduces bending yet allows unequal settlement without failure.

Truss structures

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Staggered Truss System Staggered truss systems consist of story-high Trusses that span the entire width of the building. Trusses alternate from floor to floor with trusses at each floor between trusses above and below. Staggered trusses provide story-high depth and large spaces between trusses. Mid-span truss panels designed as Vierendeel without diagonal bars provide openings to pass between adjacent spaces.

Truss and space truss

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Staggered Truss System Mystic Marriot Hotel Groton, Connecticut Architect: Brennan Beer Gorman Engineer: Wexler & Associates

Truss span Truss depth Truss spacing Chord bars Web bars Floors

~ 60 10 28 10 wide-flange 10 tubing 8 concrete planks

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PRISMATIC TRUSS AND TRUSS FRAME

IBM sports hall, UK Architect: Nicholas Grimshaw

Sainsbury Center, UK
Architect: Norman Foster Engineer: Anthony Hunt
Truss frames may consist of prismatic trusses or flat trusses. Truss frames provide both roof and wall support and resist both gravity and lateral load Prismatic trusses resist buckling

Prismatic truss graphic web bar adjustment

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Truss details 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Partial truss Gusset plate to join double L bars Gusset plate to join double channel bars Gusset plate to join pipe bars Welded tubing joint

Truss bar options: Double L-shapes Double channels T-bars (alternate chord bar with double Ls) Pipes Tubing (square or rectangular) Note: Use concentric joints to avoid bending stress

Truss structures

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Javits Convention Center New York Architect: I M Pei Engineer: Weidlinger

SPACE TRUSS
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Currigan exhibit hall, Denver Architect: Muchow, Ream, and Larson The space truss is expressed inside and along the roof edge outside. Inverted truss pyramids support define the organization. The space truss has four modules of 240x680 combined length. The truss is two layers deep to reduce buckling length of web bars. Top and bottom grids, 10x10. are offset by half a module and joined by pyramidal web bars. Truss bars consist of twin-Ls, joined by gussets. The span/depth ratio is 6.5, DL = 13 psf.

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Festival Plaza, Expo 70, Osaka Architect: Kenzo Tange Engineer: Yoshitomi Suga Six towers support the 108x292 m space truss. Pneumatic roof panels provide natural lighting. Top and bottom grids, 10.8 m square, offset by half modules, are joint by web bars, also 10.8 m, for span/depth ratios of 11.5 and 8 in length and width, respectively. Assembled at ground from 350-500 mm pipes and Mero joints, the space truss was raised by hydraulic jacks.

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Larkspur ferry terminal, San Francisco Architect: Jacques De Brer Engineer: Kaiser Engineers The Terminal for 2000 daily passengers is an equilateral triangle of 192 side length Three inverted truss pyramids support the truss Plastic roof panels provide natural lighting

Truss structures

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Olympic Arena Barcelona Architect: Arata Isozaki Engineer: Mamoru Kawaguchi The 1992 Olympic arena features a 106x128m space truss of 5 (Pentadome) units with hinged joints for assembly near ground and hydraulic lifting to final position. Hinged columns along the periphery allowed the lateral displacement needed during erection. Linear skylights accentuate the intersection of the five units.

Truss structures

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Kurilpa Tensegrety Bridge Brisbane Architect: Cox Rayner Engineer: Ove Arup Length: 430 m, span: 128 m (420)
Concept studies

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Masts and cables

Mero joint The popular Mero joint provides concentric onnections for space truss bars in any direction. Mero is an abbreviation of: the first 2 letters of Dr. Meneringhausen, the inventor, and the first 2 letters of Rohr, German for pipe. A B C D E F Node Web bar Chord bar Roof support Wall support Joint support

Truss and space truss

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Design great trusses

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