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Kאאאאא .٣
K٪٩٠אא Wאאא
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אא אא
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Kאאאאאאא
א אא א א א E NormalF •
Kאאא
א אא א א א E Relays F •
אא א ،א א א א א
KEאאאFAbnormal אא
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Inverse-definite time Relay
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Kאא K٢
Kאאאאאאא K٣
Kאאאא אK٤
Kאאאא א אK٥
א
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Circuit Breakers אא• א
Relays• א
Lightning Arrestorsאא •
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٪٢ ( I )אא(Cos Φ)
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( Sensing element)
א א א K ( Control element) א
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(auxiliary switch)אא (Trip Coil t.c.)אאאא
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b
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- ١٢ -
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Selectivity א١K٦K١
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אאאE٤١F
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Sensitivity א٣K٦K١
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א א א א K אא א א
K(Back – up protection)אאאא
Reliability א٤K٦K١
א א א א
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Kא
א א א א א א
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Stability אא٥K٦K١
EF א א אא
Kא א א א
Kאאאאא
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Wאאאא
אאאא K١
Kאאאא אK٢
Kאאא אK٣
Kאאאאאא אK٤
Kאאאאא אK٥
Wאאא
K٪٩٠אאא
KELFWאא
Wאא
א א א א א אא
א א אא אא
Kאאאאא
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- ١٩ -
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١K٢
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א אא א K١
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KאאאאאEא
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- ٢٠ -
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١K٣K٢
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( Interruption Capacity)אKאא Recovery Voltage)
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Fuse holder א •
Fuse base א •
Fuse carrier א •
Fuse link א •
Kאאא
Kאאאא
- ٢١ -
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- ٢٢ -
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א K٨
א א א א א
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אHאZאאא
אאא٢K٣K٢
Wא
אאאאא K١
Kאא
Kאאאאאאאא K٢
K(Recovery voltage)אאא K٣
Kאאאא K٤
Kאא K٥
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Powder Filled Fuses אאאK١
אאאאאאא
K
- ٢٣ -
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- ٢٥ -
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tm ta
tc
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( High א א אא Kא
KRupturing Capacity – HRC- Fuses)
אאאא
א K E אF
א א א א ،אא
Kאאאאאאא
K ( Dual Element) א א א א
אאK אאא
אא א Kא א E٢ ٢F א
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- ٢٦ -
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אאאאKאאאKאא
Kאאאאאא
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אאאא Kאא
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- ٢٧ -
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אאE٣٢Fא
א،אא אאאא،א
K א אא א א א א א א
א א א א
אאא אאאא
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אאא אאא• א
Kאאאאאאאאא
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KאאאאאIEC – ٢٨٢ אאאKאאא
א א א א א • א
Kאא
Kאאאא
אאאא٤K٣K٢
א א א ID א א א א א
א א KE٤ ٢F א אא א
אא א F א א א א א א א
אאאאאאKאאאאEא
א א E٤ ٢F א ، ١٠٠ A א א ٢٠ kA
- ٢٨ -
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אאאאE٤٢Fא
אאא E٦ ٢FE٥ ٢Fא
אKאאאאאאאא
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- ٢٩ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
E٦٦٠FאאאאאE٥٢Fא
- ٣٠ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
( ١١ kV)אאאאאE٦٢Fא
( ± ٥ to ١٠ אאאאאאW
אא אK% )
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א ( ٢{٥ to ٣{٠)א ( Imin)א
Kא
- ٣١ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאא٥K٣K٢
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אא ٢ ( I٢tc) אא ،E٧ ٢Fא
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tm
tc
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א א ١ א א א Kא א Tables)
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Kאאאאאא
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אאאאKE٨٢Fא٢
K
t ٢ ١
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ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻹزاﻟﺔ
I
אאאאאאE٨٢Fא
- ٣٣ -
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אאאאאא אא
E١٢F
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I
Nmax EF INminEF EkVAFא
١٦ ١٦ ٥٠
٤٠ ٢٥ ١٠٠
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٦٣ ٢٥ ٢٥٠
١٠٠ ٦٣ ٤٠٠
١٠٠ ٦٣ ٥٠٠
١٦٠ ٦٣ ٦٣٠
٢٠٠ ١٠٠ ٨٠٠
٢٠٠ ١٠٠ ١٠٠٠
E٢٢F
E١٠ – ١٢ kVFאאE٤٠٠ VFאאאאאא
١٠٠٠ ٨٠٠ ? ٥٠٠ ٤٠٠ ٢٥٠ ٢٠٠ ١٦٠ ١٢٥ ٨٠
EF
٢٠٠ ١٦٠ ١٦٠ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ ٦٣ ٤٠ ٢٥ ٢٥ ٦٠
EF
Kאאאא
א א א E٢ ٢F א W Ea ٩ ٢F •
אE١٢FאK١٠٠٤٠٠
Kאא
- ٣٤ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
١٦٠אאE٢٢FאWEb٩٢F •
אE ١٠٠Fאא ١٦٠ E١ ٢FאK
Kאאאא
K٢٠٠אאאאאWEc٩٢Fא •
אאE١٢Fא٤٠אא
٢٥٠ א א א א KE ٦٣ F א א
Kאאא٦٣אאא
١١kV ١١kV
٥٠٠kVA ١٠٠٠kVA
x=٠٫٠٦ pu x=٠٫٠٦ pu
Ip =٢٦ A Ip =٥٢٫٥ A
Is = ٧٦٠ A Is = ١٥١٩ A
٣٨٠V
E٩٢Fא
אאאאא٦K٣K٢
Wאא
אאאאאE١٠٢F K١
KEאFאאא J
- ٣٥ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
Kאא١٠٠א J
WאאאE١١٢FK٢
Kאאא J
Kאא٧٠א J
ﻗﺎﻃﻊ
≥ ١٠٠ ms
אאאE١٠٢Fא
- ٣٦ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
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≥ ٧٠ ms
I
אאאE١١٢Fא
KE١٢٢FאאאאאאW
٢٠٠A
١١kV
٥٠٠kVA
Ip =٢٦ A
Is = ٧٦٠ A
٣٨٠V
Isc=١٢kA
E١٢٢Fא
אאאאא
אא אא KE١٣ ٢Fא
K٣٠אאאאאKאאא
- ٣٧ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
١٢٢אאאאאE١٣٢F
- ٣٨ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
K٦٣, ١٠٠אאאאE١٢Fא
א א א א א א
א א א א א Kא א
K١٠٠א١٠٠א
- ٣٩ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאאWאא
אאא٤K٢
١K٤K٢
(Switchgear)אאאא
K אא א
אאא אאא א
WאאKא
Wא K١
( Disconnect Switches)א Ea
K(Load – Break Switches)א Eb
(Circuit א א K٢
KBreaker)
אאאאא א א
Kאא
Wאאאא
א אא א א א א א Ea
Kאאאא
א א א א א Eb
K
Kאא Ec
Kא
אאא א
אאאKאאא
Kאאא
- ٤٠ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
א،אאאאא
אKאאא
Kאאאאאאא אא
Kאאאאאאא
א K א E F א א
Eאא Fאאא
Kאא
- ٤١ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאא٢K٤K٢
Wאאאאאאאא
Rated Voltage אאK١
KEאאאFאאאא
א א Kא א א
Kאא
Rated Frequency אאK٢
Kאאאאאא
Rated Insulation Voltage אאK٣
א Kא א אא א א א
אאאאאאאאא
Kאא
Rated Power Frequency Withstand VoltageאאאK٤
Kא ( ٥٠ or ٦٠ Hz) אאאא
א א א א א א
א ،א א א א א א א K
Kא
Rated Impulse Withstand Voltage אאאK٥
Kא א אאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאא
Kאא،אאא
Rated Continuous Current אאאאK٦
אאא
אאאאאא
KEאFאא
- ٤٢ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
- ٤٣ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
Kא א א א א א א א
א،אא
EאFאאאא
Kאאאא
אאאאא א
אאKאאאא
א א א א א א א אא אא
Kאאא
אאאא
א E א אא אא F א א
אא אא
Kא
- ٤٤ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאEF
אאKאאE١٤٢Fא
א אאKאאאא
א א א אא Kא א
(Blow-Out Coil)אא
X X
اﻟﺘﻼﻣﺴﺎت
אאאאאE١٤٢F
אאEF
אK (Arc Splitters)א אאא
KE١٥ ٢Fאאאאאא
א אא א א א א
אא אאא Kאא
אאKאא
Kאאאאאאאאא
- ٤٥ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
E١٥٢Fא
אא٤K٤K٢
Wאאאאאאאא
Air Circuit Breakers אא K١
Minimum – Oil Circuit Breakers אא K٢
Vacuum Circuit Breakers א K٣
Sulpher Hexafluoride (SF٦) C. B. אא K٤
Air – Blast Circuit Breakers אא K٥
Wאאאא
Low Voltage C.B. E١٠٠٠ VFא Ea
Medium Voltage C.B.E٣٣kV١kVFאאא Eb
High-Voltage C..B E٢٤٠kV٣٣kVFאאא Ec
Extra High Voltage C.B. E٢٤٠ kVFאאא Ed
- ٤٦ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאא٥K٤K٢
אאאאאאKאאאאא
K אא א א
Wאאא
(Moulded -Case Circuit Breakers) אא K١
K א אא
אא Kא אא אא
١٢٠٠ A אא א K א
E١٦٢FאKאאא ١٠{٠٠٠ Aא
Kאאאא
EFאE١٦٢F
- ٤٧ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
EFאאE١٧٢F
KאאWאאא
(Current – Limiting Breakers) אא אEa
،א אא אאאא
אאKE١٨ ٢F א א
(Cut - off Current)א Icאא
- ٤٨ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאאKאאאא
אאאK ١٠אאאא
א א אא Eא אא F
Kאאאאאאא
I
ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺤﺪد
ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎر
ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﺎدي
אאE١٨٢F
(Non-Current Limiting Breakers) אא אEb
אKאאא
Kאאא٥٠א
אא Total Breaking Time (Tb)אא
Wא
אאא Tripping Time (Tt)א K١
KאאאאKא
אא Operating Time (to) א K٢
Kא
אאא Arcing Time (ta) אאא K٣
Kאאא
- ٤٩ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
א אאא
WאKאאאא
אא ( Delayed Thermal Release) א א K١
Kא
(Short – ( Instantaneous) K٢
KTime Delay)
אאאאאא
א Kא א ( ٣٠ – ٧٠ %) א א
אאאאאאא
Kאאא
(tripping Characteristics)אא E٢٣ ٢F E١٩ ٢Fא
א א א Kא א
Kאא
إﻋﺘﺎق ﻓﻮري
اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ
ﻟﻺﻋﺘﺎق اﻟﺤﺮاري
HאE١٩٢Fא
- ٥٠ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
اﻟﺰﻣﻦ
اﻟﺰﻣﻦ
٠٫٥ sec
٠٫٠٣ sec
אHאE٢١٢Fא
- ٥١ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
اﻟﺰﻣﻦ
٠٫٥ sec
٠٫٠٣ sec
HאHאE٢٢٢Fא
اﻟﺰﻣﻦ
אFHHאE٢٣٢Fא
Eא
- ٥٢ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאא٦K٤K٢
אא א אא אא
אאא אאKא
Kא א א
אאאאאKאאאא
Kאאא
E٢٤٢Fאאא
אאאאא א E٢٤٢Fא
א א א K א א א
Kאאאאאא
- ٥٣ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
E٢٥٢Fאא
אא ٢٠EaFאא
٢אא٢ and ٣ אאאא
Kא
א א
א א
X X ١
X X ٢
X X X ٣
אאאאE٢٤٢Fא
- ٥٤ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאE٢٥٢Fא
אאא٧K٤K٢
Wאאאאאאא
Oil Circuit Breakers אאאEF
Wאאא
Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers אא J
Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers אא J
אאאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאE٢٦ ٢FאKא
K
- ٥٥ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
EFאE٢٦٢Fא
אאאaE٢٧٢Fא
אKא אK
אאאK
Kאאאאאאאאא
אאאאא
א א א אא א
- ٥٦ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאאKאאאא
KאאWK
אא،א אא
٢FFאאאאאאאא
KאאאאאKEb٢٧
א א א א ، א
אא אאKאא
E٥FאאאEC٢٧٢Fא
אאאאאאK ٤{٦ אא
Kאא
אאE٢٧٢F
א אא
E٢٨ ٢FאKא אאKאא אא
١٢ אאאאאא
א ١٠{٠٠٠אאאא kV, ٣١{٥ kA
Kא
- ٥٧ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאאאE٢٨٢F
Vacuum Circuit Breakers אאאאEF
KאאאאE٢٩ ٢Fא
، ١٠ ٧ א
אאאאאאKא
אאאאKא
אאאאאאאאאK
א א א א K א
Kאאא
، א א א
אאאE٢٩ ٢Fא
٢F K אאאא
KאאE٣٠
- ٥٨ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
EFאאE٢٩٢F
- ٥٩ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
EFאE٣٠٢F
אאאKאאא
Kאאאא ٢٠{٠٠٠אאא ١٠٠א
٣٠{٠٠٠אא א אאאא
אאE٢٨ ٢FאKאא
K١٢ kV, ٣١{٥ kAאאאא
Eא F א אא א א א אא
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF٦)אFאא
Kאא
- ٦٠ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאSF٦אאאאE٣١٢F
( electro-א א אאא
א א א Kא א negativity)
אאאאאאאאא
Kאאא
א א א א א אא
Kאאאאאאא
א א
אESF٤ , SF٢ , SF٢ ,….Fאא
SF٦ אאאאKאא אאא אאא
Kאאאאאאא
- ٦١ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
( SF٦) א
אאאKאא SF٦ E٣٢ ٢Fא
אאאאK٣{٥א
Kאא
אE٣٢٢F
אאאEaFאKאE٣٣٢Fא
K (٦) א א (٤),(٥) א א (٣) א א (١),(٢) א
אא (٣),(٤)אאאKאא (b)א
(١٠)אא (٩)א א SF٦ א (٧),(٨) אא
Kאאאא
- ٦٢ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאE٣٣٢F
א(c)،א(b)،א(a)
٢٠٠٠ – ٤٠٠٠ א א ١٠ – ٢٠ אא א א
אאאE٣٤٢FאKאאאא
K١٢ kV, ٢٥ kA אאא
- ٦٣ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
SF٦אאאאE٣٤٢F
- ٦٤ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אWאא
א٥K٢
١K٥K٢
،אאא א
א Kאא א א
אKאאא אא
א א א א א אא א א
KאאאאאE٣٥٢FאK
WאאאאE٣٥٢Fאא
Kא K١
Kאא K٢
Kא K٣
Kא K٤
Kא K٥
K K٦
K K٧
Kאא K٨
٢ ٣
٥ ١
٧ ٦
E٣٥٢F
- ٦٥ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאא٢K٥K٢
אאKאאא אא
א א K א א א
Kאאא
Wאאאא
Kא K١
א אאאא K٢
Kאא
א ٧אאא א
א K א א אא
א א אא א א (interlock)
Kא
- ٦٦ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
א
K א א א א א א
WאאאKאאאא
Kאאא،א K١
K(VI cosΦ)א، K٢
V/Iאאא،א K٣
KEFאאאאא،א K٤
אא٣K٥K٢
Wאא
Thermal Relays אא אK١
Electromagnetic - Attracted - Relaysאאא אK٢
Electromagnetic Induction Relaysאאאא אK٣
Static Relays א אK٤
א א א א א א א
Kאאאאאאאא
Induction relaysאאEF
א א א א אא א א א
،אאאא
Kאאא
Φ٢ وΦ١ א א א א
א Kא א א א אא אא
W α אא Φ٢ وΦ١Tא
T α Φ١ Φ١ sin α
- ٦٧ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
.αא
(shaded – אאאW אא
KאאאKPole)
אKאאאאE٣٦٢Fא
Kאאאאאאא
אא _אKא
אאאאאאא
K٤٠º – ٤٥ º אαא
E٣٦٢Fא
א،E٣٧٢Fא
א א K א אא א E٣٨ ٢F
Kאאאא αא א
א א א א א ،א
K
- ٦٨ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
E٣٧٢F
E٣٨٢F
- ٦٩ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אא
Wאאא
T١ = k١I٢ א،T١א K١
T٢ = k١ I٠٢ ،T ٢א K٢
KאI٠
T٣ = k٢ (d/t) אT٣א K٣
א E tF אא אE d F
KEאF
Wאאאא
T = k١ I٢ – k١ I٠٢ – k٢ (d / t)
W،T = ٠ אא
K١ ( I٢ – I٠٢) = k٢ ( d / t)
W
T = k d ( I٢ – I٠٢)
א I٠ and d א א
א א KE٣٩ ٢F א א
K(Inverse – Time Relays) אאא
- ٧٠ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
I٠ I
אאאE٣٩٢F
אא
אאאאאא
א Kא א א א
אאאאאא
WאאאKאאאא
Kא אא א K١
א ( Time Multiplier Setting)אאא
KאאאאK٠{٥ & ١١
אאKאא K٢
KאKא
אאאא
אK،אאא
א א א א א א א
א אE٤٠ ٢FאKאא אא
אאאאאאא
Kאאאא
- ٧١ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאאE٤٠٢F
EF
אאEF
א א א א א
K
אאאאאאא
אKא אאאא
א א א א
א א אא Kאא
Kא א א א א א
אאאאא،א
Kא
- ٧٢ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אאאא
א Kא א א E٤١ ٢F
Kא א E١Fאאא
אא E٣Fאאא
אאאKE٤Fא
אE٥FאKא
אKאא אא אאE٧Fא
אא אKE٨Fאא
KאאE٩F
٢
٦
١ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٧
إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺨﺮج.٦ داﺋﺮة ﻗﻴﺎس.١
٨
ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ. ٧ إﺷﺎرات اﻟﻘﻴﺎس.٢
ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ.٨ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ.٣
١ ﻣﺼﺪر ﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ.٩ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس.٤
ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ داﺋﺮة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس.١٠ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺨﺮج.٥
٩
אE٤١٢F
- ٧٣ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
אא
Kאאאאאא אE٤٢ ٢F
אא אEBאאF V١א
אאא VEא V١Kא
אא VE V١אאK Cא Eאא
Kאאאאאא
C
B
+
V١ E
- VE
+
داﺋﺮة إﻋﺘﺎق اﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ
אE٤٢٢F
אאאEF
Wאאאאאאאא
א א א K١
٢Fאא Kאא
KE٤٣
אFאא K٢
KEC – L
KER – C אFא K٣
- ٧٤ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﺮج
אאאאאE٤٣٢F
אאאEF
אאאאאאE٤٤٢Fא
F א א א א
KEC١ & R١ א אא א א א א א
K C٢ אאאא R٢ א T١ אאא
אא P אא T١
KTR אאT٢ אאאא T١ אא
Kא Dאא Th אאאאאא
Kאאאא
+Vc
T
R١
اﻟﺪﺧﻞ D
ﻣﻦ C١ T١ TR
اﻟﻤﺤﻮل P
اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ R٢
C٢
اﻟﻤﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ
אאE٤٤٢F
- ٧٥ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة.٢
ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ.١
אEaF
- ٧٦ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
EbF
אE٤٥٢F
- ٧٧ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
א
א אKא
KE٤٦٢F
ﻗﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة
اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻲ
אאE٤٦٢F
אאא
Kא א א א
Wאא
KE١٠٠٠Fאאאא K١
אE٥٠٠ kVA Fאאאא K٢
K(differential Protection) א
K(Impedance Protection)אאא K٣
Kאאאאא K٤
- ٧٨ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
א
Kאאאאא K١
אKאאאאאאא K٢
Wאאא
Time grading אאK
Current grading אK
(IDMT א א א א א א אK
KRelays)
Components of Induction Type O/C Relay אאא
K א א א א א א E٤٧ ٢F א
Wאאאאא
א אאאאW Tap Blockא •
KאאאאKEאF
אאא EFאW Shading Ringא •
אאKאא אאא
Kאא
אאW Damping Magnetא א •
אאFאאאאא
KEאאא
KאאWTime Dialא• א
אא، אW Spring • א
א א Kא א אא א א
Kאאאאא
אא W C.T.א •
Wא
- ٧٩ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
١A or אKאאא K١
K٥A
א א א א א א K٢
Kאא
אאאE٤٧٢F
א ١٢٥ % ١ A W
٤٠٠٠ Aא ٤٠٠ : ١ אK T.M.S = ٠{٦א
KאאKE٤٨٢F
F
٤٠٠٠ A
C.B.
R
E٤٨٢F
- ٨٠ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
Wא
I = ٤٠٠٠ / ٤٠٠ = ١٠ A אא
I٠ = ١ * (١٢٥ / ١٠٠) = ١{٢٥ A אאא
I / I٠ = (١٠ / ١{٢٥) = ٨ אאאאאאא
t = ٢ Seconds אE٤٩٢Fא
E٤٩٢F
Distance Relaysאא٥K٥K٢
אאאאאא
אא אאאאKא
אאאKאאא
k\ V٢ F א א E k I٢ F
KאאאאK אE
- ٨١ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
2
k I f k′ V 2
2
V k
p
I k′
k
Z p
k′
k
k′ אאאאאא
אאKאE٥٠ ٢Fאאא
אאא K
k
Kא k , k′ k′ אאאK
k
k′ r=
-R اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ R
ﻳﻌﻤﻞ
اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ
ﻻﻳﻌﻤﻞ
-X
אאE٥٠٢F
- ٨٢ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
T = V I Cos (φ - θ)
VאIאאא φ
Kאφאאθ
اﻟﺠﻬﺪ
٩٠- θ
θ
اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ ﻻ
ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر
اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﺰم
ﻳﻌﻤﻞ
אאEF
- ٨٣ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
-R R
-X
اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ
ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ
אEF
אאאE٥١٢F
Directional Over Current Protection אא
א א א א א א
אאאאאאאאאאא אא
אאאאKאאאא
Kאאא
Method of Operation for Directional Relays אא
EF Induction Relayאא
KאE٥٠٢F
- ٨٤ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
Φv
T+ve
Φc
Ir
Vr
Vr
Φr
ψ
α
Ir ,Φc
Iv ,Φv
אE٥٠٢F
φc Ir א φv Vrא
Wאא
T = k١ φv . φc. Sin ( φ)
- ٨٥ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאאאאא אא
T = k١ φv . φc. Sin ( ٩٠ – ( φr + α)
Wאאאאאאאφr
T = k١ φv . φc. Cos ( φr + α)
- ٨٦ -
אאא
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
אאאא
אא
אא
אא
٣
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאWאא
Wאא
Wאאאא
Kאאאאא K١
Kאאא K٢
Kאאאאא אK٣
Kאאאא אK٤
K٪٨٠אא Wאאא
ELF٤Wאא
Wאא
Kאאאא אK١
Kאא אK٢
Wאא
אאאאאא
אא
- ٨٦ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאWאא
١K٣
א א א א א א
א ( Parallel Circuits)אאאא (Ring Systems) אא
( Single Source א אא א א אא א אא
א א א א א KRadial Circuits)
Kאא
א٢K٣
J Wאאא
אאאא١K٢K٣
Protection of Double Source Radial Networks
א E١ ٣F א
א A & E א
אאאא D, C, B
אאאאאא
KאKא
Circuit Breaker
A B C D E
C.B
אאאאE١٣F
אאאאאאאא
אKאאאאא
Kאאאא
- ٨٧ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאאאEa٢٣F
B C D E
אאאאEb٢٣F
- ٨٨ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
א
A B C D E
١٫٤ ٠٫٢ ١٫٠ ٠٫٦ ٠٫٦ ١٫٠ ٠٫٢ ١٫٤
אאEc٢٣F
- ٨٩ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
- ٩٠ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאאאא٢K٢K٣
Protection of Single In-feed Ring Systems
אאאאאאאE٣ ٣F
אאא،א אאאKא
KEb٣٣FEa٣٣F
B١ B٢
B
C١
C
C٢
Infeed A٢
A
A١
D D١
E
E٢ D٢
E١
E٣٣F
A B C D E
١٫٨ sec ١٫٤ sec ١٫٠ sec ٠٫٦ sec ٠٫٢ sec
A٢ B٢ C٢ D٢ E٢
אאאאEa٣٣F
- ٩١ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
B C D E A
B١ C١ D١ E١ A١
אאאאEb٣٣F
٠{٢, אאאא ٠{٤ sec אא
٣Fאאא٠{٦, ١{٠, ١{٤, and ١{٨ sec
א Eא F א א A א KEc ٣
אאאאאאKA١ & A٢ אא
Kאא
B١ ٠٫٦ sec
B٢
C١
١٫٠ sec
١٫٨ sec C٢
Infeed A٢
A١
١٫٨ sec
D١
E٢
D٢
١٫٠ sec
E١
٠٫٢ sec
٠٫٦ sec
١٫٤ sec
אאאאEc٣٣F
- ٩٢ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
KאE٤٣Fא
١ ٢ FאאאאאKאאAא
E٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨F א אא א א E ٣
AKאאא א אא
١{٠ sec ٣א٠{٦ sec ٤אא
Kאאאא
١٫٤ sec A
٢ ٣
١
Load ١ ٤ ٠٫٦
Infeed sec
Load ٣ ٥ ٠٫٦
١٫٤ sec
Load ٢
٧ ٦
אE٤٣F
Protection of Parallel Lines אאאא٣K٢K٣
אKאאא E٥ ٣F
K B,D א א Kא
אאKאאאאא
D אC אBאA אKA, Cא
K٠{٤ sec אאא
- ٩٣ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
A B
C D
אאאE٥٣F
אאא٣K٣
A, B, C FאאאאKE٦٣FאאאW١
KאאאאאE& D
Wא
אא א
KאאאאאKEAאFאאא
א ٠{٣ to ٠{٤ secא
Kאא
Kאא٠{٢ secAאF١
E٧٣FאKאאKKKKKKKK٠{٥ sec BאF٢
Kאאאא
א א א א
א אKאאKאא
Kאאאא
- ٩٤ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١
D C B A
X X X X
F٤ F٣ F٢ F١
אE٦٣F
اﻟﺰﻣﻦ
١٫١ sec
٠٫٨ sec
٠٫٥ sec
٠٫٢ sec
ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ
אאE٧٣F
אאאאאאאאא
א א
Kא
- ٩٥ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
W٢
٦٦ kV א א KE٦ ٣F א א א א
Wא
X٢٣ = ٠{٠٥ XG = ٠{٨ X١٢ = ٠{٠٥
٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١
D C B A
x x x x
F٧ F٥ F٣
F٨ F٦ F٤ F٢ F١
٢אE٨٣F
IF٨ = ٦٦٠٠٠ / ( √٣ *(٠{٨)) = ٤٧٦٣٣ A.
- ٩٦ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
- ٩٧ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
Wא
F١ & F٢ A• א
KEIA = IF١ = ٣١١٠٧ AFא
F٣ & F٤ B• א
KEIB = IF٣ = ٣٢٤٣٢ AFא
F٥ & F٦ C• א
KEIC = IF٥ = ٣٣٨٧٢ AFא
F٧ & F٨ D• א
KEID = IF٧ = ٣٨١٠٦ AFא
AאאF٢Kאא
K Bא IF٢ & IF٣
KCאBאאF٤
א א א א א
Kאאא
אא٤K٣
א א א K א א
אKאאKא
א א א א א
Kאאא
אא א א W א א א
KאKאא
אאא אאאאאא
אאאאאא
Kא
אKאאE٩ ٣Fא
אKא
- ٩٨ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאאאאאאא אאא
Kאא
١ اﻟﻤﺤﻮل ٢ اﻟﻤﺤﻮل
١٣٫٨/٠٫٤ kV I I ١٣٫٨/٠٫٤ kV
ﻣﻐﺬﻳﺎت
אאEF
١ اﻟﻤﺤﻮل ٢ اﻟﻤﺤﻮل
١٣٫٨/٠٫٤ kV I ١٣٫٨/٠٫٤ kV
ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﻣﻐﻠﻖ
ﻣﻐﺬﻳﺎت
אא١אא٢אWאEF
E٩٣F
א אא אא א
Kא א אא
אאאאאאאא
،אאאאאKא
אאאKאאאא
א אאאא אאאK
א אאאאKאאא
Kאא
- ٩٩ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאאא
אאאאאא
KאאאאEאF
אא
Kאאאאאאאאא،אא
Wאאאא
אא •
א• א
Kאאאאאאא• א
אKא א אא،אא
Kאאא
א אאKאאא
KאאאאאK
אKאאא١א
Kאאאאא
KאאאKאאאאא
אאאאKא אאאKא אא
Kאאאא
Wאאאאא
א אJ
אאאאאא J
אאאא אJ
Kא J
- ١٠٠ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאאא٥K٣
א Kא א א א
אאא אKאא
Kאאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
א אאאאא
(Arcing Faults)אאK אאא
Wא
א K١
K٢
אא K٣
א אK٤
K אK٥
EFאאא١K٥K٣
א אא אאא E١٠ ٣Fא
אאאאKא
א א א א א א א
אאאאאKאאאאא
K א K א
Kאאאא
- ١٠١ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
ﻣﺮﺣﻞ اﻷرﺿﻲ
אE١٠٣F
א א א א א
Kאאאאאאא
אאאאא١١٣Fא
Kאאא
א א א א א
אאאKא
Kאאאא
ﻣﺮﺣﻞ اﻷرﺿﻲ
אאאE١١٣F
- ١٠٢ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאא٢K٥K٣
א א א א א א א א א
אאאKאאאאאא
אאאא אא
אאאKאא
K א א א א א א
F אאא אKE١٢ ٣Fא
٠{٢ א אאא ١٥٠٠
٤٠٠٠ אאK٠{٣٣ א٤٠٠٠
K٥ אאא٣٣ א
E١٢٣F
אאאאא
אאאאאK(Core Balance Transformer) אאא
- ١٠٣ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאאאאא
א א א אא אא א א
א א א K אא אא
אא אא Kא
אאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאKאא
א א א K א
Kאאאאאא
- ١٠٤ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאאא٦K٣
אא אא א א א א
R١ א S١ א K א א אא E١٣ ٣F א K
K R٢ א S٢ אKא
Kאאאאאאא
L١
F١
S١
υ
ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﺮوﺣﺔM
M١
S٢
R١ R٢
N
אאE١٣٣F
- ١٠٥ -
אאא
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אאאא
אא
אא
אא
٤
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
KאאאאאWאא
Wאא
Wאאאא
KKאאאאא K١
Kאא K٢
אאא K٣
K٪٨٠אא Wאאא
ELF٤Wאא
Wאא
Kאאאא אK٣
Kאא אK٤
Wאא
א אא אא א K١
Kאא
Kאאאא K٢
- ١٠٤ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאאE١٤F
Differential Protection אא٣K٤
Kאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאא
אא א א א
א א Unit protection א Kא אא
Bus א א א אא Differential protection
Kbars
- ١٠٦ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
I١ I٢
I١
R I١ – I٢ =٠
I٢
EאFאאE٢٤F
If
C.T C.T٢
١
If
اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ
I١ I٢
I١
R I١ – I٢ ≠٠
I٢
EאFאאאE٣٤F
- ١٠٧ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
- ١٠٨ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאאא٤K٤
Differential Protection of Power Transformer
Wאאאא
Separate winding differential protection אא אK١
Overall winding differential protection אא אK٢
Separate winding differential protectionאאא١K٤K٤
אKאאאא
אאאאאאאאKא
אאאKE٤ ٤Fא
א אKאאאא
Wא
Kאאא •
Kאאאאאא •
Kא •
Kאאאאא •
C.T١ , C.T٢אאאאKאE٤ ٤F
R٢ אR١אאא
CT٣ S١
P١ CT١ IP IS
IP
IS ﺣﻤﻞ آﻬﺮﺑﻲ
CT٤
CT٢
P٢ S٢
R١ R٢
IR١ = ٠ IR٢ = ٠
אE٤٤F
- ١٠٩ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
im
CT٢ CT٤
P٢ S٢
im
R
R
IR٢ = ٠
IR١ = ٠
אאE٥٤F
אאאא E٦ ٤F
אאאא CT٣ , CT٤ א
KאאR١אאK( IR٢ = ٠) R٢
- ١١٠ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
P١ CT If CT٣ S١
IP
١
CT٢ CT٤
P٢ S٢ If
R٢
R١
IR١ = ٠ IR٢ = ٠
אE٦٤F
אאKEאFX אאאאE٧٤F
אKאא CT١ , CT٢ אאאאאא
Kא א א I١ I٢ Z א
KאאR١אI١ , I٢ א
P١ S١
i١
i١
x ﺣﻤﻞ
آﻬﺮﺑﻲ
i٢
P٢
Z S٢
i٢
R١ R٢
i١+i٢
אאאאE٧٤F
אא אאא
Kאאאאאאאא
٤Fאאאאאא
KE٨
- ١١١ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אLאאE٨٤F
אאאאא
א א א Kא א א א א
Kא
Wאאאא
Kאאאאא •
Kאאא •
Kאאאא •
Wאא
Kאאא •
א א א א •
K
Overall differential protection אאא٢K٤K٤
אא א א
٤FE١١ ٤F،E١٠ ٤F،E٩ ٤Fאאא
KE١٢
- ١١٢ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אE٩٤F
אאE١٠٤F
- ١١٣ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אאאאE١١٤F
אאE١٢٤F
Wאאא
אאאאאאאא אא •
KאKKKKKKKאאאא
א א א א א אא א א א •
K
CT١, -אאאא •
KאCT٢
- ١١٤ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
KאאאאאE١٣٤F
אאאאאאא אא
אאאאKאא
אאאK
Kאאאאא
- ١١٥ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
W
אא ٥٠٠ MVAאא אE١٣ ٤Fא
WאK٥٠٠ kV אא٣٤{٥ kV
CT ١ , CT٤ אא K١
KאאAאאאאא אK٢
א
Wאאא
500 X106
= 577.35∠ 0
3 X 500 X1000 =
Ia
EA אFאא
500 X 106
= 8367.165 ∠30 o
3 X 34.5 X 1000 Ia∆ =
٩٠٠٠ / ٥WCT١אאא
8367.165
= 4.65 A
1800 CT١ אאא
CT١ א א א א
- ١١٦ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
א א א א א
K = ١٠ ٥{٤ % Kאא،אא
K%
- ١١٧ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אא٥K٤
E١٤K٤FאKאאאא
אאא
אאאE١٤٤F
Bucholoz Relay א٦K٤
Oil – filled transformers אא
א א conservator א א א א E١٥ ٤F
KאאAlarm אא
אאאאא ،אאאאאאא
אאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאאא
W
K א א א א א א K١
H٢ א אא
א א א K CO א
א א אא א K א א
- ١١٨ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
אא א KE א אF אא א א
Kאאאאאא
א א א F א א K٢
אאאאאEא
Main circuit א א א א א א אא
FאאאאKbreaker
אאאKEO/C relay אאאא
Kאאאא
א אא אא אא
אאאאאאא
אא K Preventive maintenance א א א
א H٢ א א א א א א א אא
KCO٢ א C٢H٢ אC٢H٦ אCH٤ אCO א
אאKאאאאא
CH٢ , C٢H٤ , א Kא אא Arcing א א
KאאHot spotsC٢H٦, CO٢
- ١١٩ -
אאא ٢٥٥ א
אא אא
E١٥٤F
- ١٢٠ -
אאא
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אאאא
אא
אאא
אאא
٥
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
אאאאאאWאא
Wאא
Wאאאא
Kאאאאאא K١
Kאאאאא K٢
Kאאאא K٣
K٪٨٠אא Wאאא
ELF٤Wאא
Wאא
Kאאאאא K١
Kאאא K٢
Wאא
Kאאא K١
Kא K٢
Kא K٣
- ١٢١ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
אאאWאא
١K٥
(prime Mover) א א אא א אא
Wאאא
١٠kVA – ١{٧ MVA א •
١٠MVA – ١٥٠ MVA אא •
١٠٠ MVA – ٦٠٠ MVA א •
٥٠ MVA – ٣٠٠ MVA א •
א א א אא
אאאאאKE١ ٥F
א א אאאא
KE٢٥F
CB
G١
CB
إﻟﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ
G٢
G٣
אאאאE١٥F
- ١٢٢ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
∆ Υ
G
١٣٫٨ kV ١٣٨ kV إﻟﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ
אאאאE٢٥F
Generators Faultsאא٢K٥
Mechanical Faults אא١K٢K٥
Wאאאאא
Kא •
Kאא •
Kא •
Kאאא •
Kאאא• א
Kאאאא
Electrical Faults אא٢K٢K٥
Stator Faults אאW
Kא א א א א אא א
אKאאאאא א
אאKאאאא
Wאאא
Kאא• א
א א א אא א אאא א •
Kאאאא
Kאא •
- ١٢٣ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
- ١٢٤ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
אא
CT١ Ia CT٤ Phase A
CT٦ Phase C
CT٣ Ic
KאאאאאE٣٥F
אאEא אFאא
E٣ ٥F א א א K split winding
א אא Kאאא
KE٤٥F
- ١٢٥ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
N:١ ٢N : ١
Ia / ٢ Phase A
Ib / ٢ Phase B
Ic / ٢ Phase C
إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ
إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ
اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ
אאאאאאאE٤٥F
אאאאא٢K٣K٥
Stator Protection by Earth Fault Relays
אאאאא
Kאאאאא
K High resistanceאאא אאא
،א אאאא
אאKאאאא CTא
KE٥٥Fאאא
א אא
א٥, ١٠ kVAאאKpotential transformer
אאא א K ١٠٠, ٥٠٠ Vא
אאאאא K ١٠٠, ٢٠٠ Ωא
K١٠ Aאא
- ١٢٦ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
אאאאא
E٦٥FK١٠ V אאאאKא
Kאאא
אInstantaneousאאאאW
Kאאא
ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ Phase
A
Phase
B
Phase
Ig C
CT R
Ig
אאאאאאE٥٥F
R R٢ ﻣﺮﺣﻞ زﻳﺎدة
اﻟﺠﻬﺪ
ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺗﺄرﻳﺾ
R١
אאאא٤K٥
אאאא א
אאK Voltage controlled O/C Relay אא
אKאאאא א
Kא אאאא
אאאא
KE٧٥F
א אא א א
אאאאאאאKא
אא KEא ٨٠ %Fא
א ٨٠ % א א א א
א אKאא
Kאאא
אאE٧٥F
- ١٢٨ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
אאא٥K٥
אאא
Kאאאאאאאא
Thermal Relay אאאאא
K
א אא א אא א א
אאאאKאא Thermo - Couples
Kאאאאא Recording Devices
אאא אאאאא
Kאאאא
- ١٢٩ -
אאא
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אאאא
אא
אאא
אאא
٦
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
אאאאאWאא
Wאא
Wאאאא
Kאאא K١
Kאאאא K٢
Kאאאא K٣
K٪٨٠אא Wאאא
ELF٤Wאא
Wאא
Kאאאאא K١
Kאאא K٢
Wאא
Kאא K١
Kאאאאאא K٢
- ١٣٠ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
אאWאא
١K٦
א א א א א
אאאKאאאא
Kאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאא
אאאאאא
א ٧ – ٨ אאאאאאאKאא
א א א אא א K א א
٨٠ % א אא א א ٥ – ٦
אאא אאא
Kאאאא
Possible Motor Faultsאאאאא٢K٦
Wאאאאא
Kאאאאא K١
Kאאאאא K٢
Locked rotor אאא K٣
Unbalanced power supply אא K٤
Under Voltage א K٥
Under current א K٦
- ١٣١ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
אאאא٣K٦
Protection of medium size motors (٣٠٠ HP – ١٠٠٠ HP)
١٠٠٠ HP אאא
٦FK ١٣{٨ kV אא ٦٠٠ V
K١٠٠٠ HP אאאE١
٣-Φ
supply
start
Fuse Fuse
stop
O/C
Fuse
O/C
R
ﻣﺮﺣﻞ زﻳﺎدة ﺟﻬﺪ
ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﺣﺮاري اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﺮﺣﻞ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ
M
١٠٠٠ HPאאE١٦F
אאא١K٣K٦
over FאאאאE١٦Fא
א heating element אאEload
Kא
אאאאאא
א ١٠٥ % אאKE٢ ٦F
אאאאE٢ ٦FKא
- ١٣٢ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
אאאאE٢٦F
אא אא
אאאאאאאKא ٤٪ אא
אKאא אאאאא
אאאאאאאא
א א א א Kא א
- ١٣٣ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
אאאKאאאא
Kאאאאאא
אאאאאא
Kא א א א א אא אא א
א א אא א אא אא
אאאאאK ٢ – Φ
אאK אא ٢٥٠ %
Kאאאאאא
א F א א א א א א
אאאאאאאאאאKEאאא
W
אKאאאאא K١
Kאא
א א א א א א contactors K٢
K(High rupture capacity fuse (HRC))אא
- ١٣٤ -
אא ٢٥٥ א
אאא אא
٣-Φ
supply
R R
R Fuse
R
R
R
اﻟﻤﺤﺮك
ﻣﺮﺣﻞ زﻳﺎدة
ﻣﺮﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺗﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻔﻮري
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• Electrical Machines Devices and Power Systems, ٣rd edition Prentice Hall,
١٩٩٧.
• Electrical Power Systems, J. M. Harison, Prentice Hall, ١٩٩٦.
• Application Guide for Industrial Generator Protection, GEC Company, ١٩٩٥.
• Transformer Protection Application Guide, Basler Electric Company, ١٩٩٦.
• Application Guide Lines for Protection of Industrial Three Phase Motor,
GEC Company, ١٩٩٥.
• A.R.Van C. Warrington, Protective Relays; Their Theory and Practice,
Volume Two, Third Edition, London, ١٩٧٧.
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