17/09/2009 PHSE102: Lecture 5 - Localised (esp.

Muscle) Adaptations to Training

Objectives (~ pp 143-152) 143Understand basic concepts of adaptation to exercise

(See also next lecture) Adaptations are anatomical, physiological & psychophysical Adaptation depends on baseline status and nature of training stimulus

Appreciate nature of adaptations at local/muscle level

Metabolic Structural Functional consequences

Basic Concepts
Nature and extent of adaptations are specific to nature of stress
Frequency Intensity Time (Duration) Type (Mode & Pattern)

Adaptation is of many types (these are interrelated)

Structural (e.g., tissue composition or quantity) Metabolic (e.g., amount of enzymes and substrates) Regulatory (e.g., hormone concentration or sensitivity) Psychophysical (e.g., motivation, tolerance)

Each with its own time course of adaptation & decay

17/09/2009 PHSE102: Lecture 5 - Localised (esp. Muscle) Adaptations to Training

Adaptation is related to initial level of capability

Athletes in higher state of adaptation, so need more stimulus (stress) to retain and/or improve further.
Intensity, time and frequency Higher absolute and relative stress

Athletes have less room for improvement/ adaptation. Following training, people have
max power or strength (absolute, & relative to body mass) (absolute, sustainable power (absolute, & relative to own max). (absolute,

Protein is expensive; we dont make or keep what we dont need.

Worth knowing what causes fatigue (so know what aspects may adapt, and how to stress them)
Exercise capability and performance limitations depend on the energy and other physiol systems & structures involved (p 144) 10 s
PCr depletion H+ accumulation Glycogen depletion Low blood glucose Blood amino acid
Muscle ion disturbances Dehydration Body Heat

1 min

10 min

100 min

17/09/2009 PHSE102: Lecture 5 - Localised (esp. Muscle) Adaptations to Training

Metabolic adaptations specific to type of training

Strength & Sprint Substrate stores
ATP PCr Glycogen Muscle Fat * ---
Explosive power Early power & capacity Exercise Capacity (incl team sports) (incl Exercise Capacity, Spares glycogen

Endurance

Provides increased:

Energy system enzymes

Phosphagen Glycolytic Aerobic * * - -Strength & sprint power & capacity
High intensity exercise capacity Endurance Power & Capacity

H+ Buffers
Ion handling (Ca++, Na+-K+)

Capacity for Intense Exercise Muscle excitability & contractility

~Tables 11.1 & 11.2

* = if sustained (~30 s) intense bouts in training

Other local adaptations also specific to type of training

~Tables 11.1 & 11.2

Strength & Sprint

- --? --?

Endurance
---? --?

Provides increased:
Aerobic power & capacity Strength & Anaerobic Power

Muscle fibres
Size Type I Size Type II Number

Motor Unit number & size --

-- More blood:muscle exchange Less/More resistance to fatigue

Blood vessels (capillaries) -Number Density (caps per fibre)

Functional
Strength Anaerobic Power Aerobic Power Endurance

Note:
*

Also due to neural adaptations Also due to central adaptations Also due to central adaptations