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Basic Safety Procedures in Computer Hardware Servicing

Be Passionate About Fixing Or Troubleshooting a Computer It's just like having a girlfriend. If you are not dedicated and passionate with her, you will be throwing stones at each other by the morning! You see if you love what you are doing, you can do things right and makes you genuinely happy. If you feel that troubleshooting computers is not the thing for you, then quit. Do other stuff that you feel you love to do and you surely will be good and happy with it. Be passionate to troubleshoot and learn computer hardware servicing. You can only be a good computer hardware technician if you are passionate on what you are doing. Doing things right with eagerness to improve is the key to be a successful learner. Tinkering And Being Curious About The Insides Of An Electronic Device If you love to open electronic devices or just anything you are curious at, is a good sign that you are an eager learner. It also shows that you have interest in the inner workings of a machine and wants to analyse how a thing works. In troubleshooting computer hardware, it is important that you can analyse how the parts are positioned or being attached to. Computer hardware servicing may seem difficult, very technical, and boring but it is actually easy, handy, and exciting! Be Resourceful, Not Everything You Got Is Enough Learning really takes time. You just can't just click any links from the web and expect to learn something. Sometimes you must choose those which are worth knowing and reading. Sometimes clicking some links in a site brings you to good pages and will take away your blues trying to learn. So be resourceful, don't just get stuck with few resources. Research and don't be afraid to learn. Experience will also bring more knowledge. Try to apply what you have learned and you will surely thank yourself. Be Patient At All Times Patience has something to do with time. In troubleshooting computer problems, there will be times when you can't fix the machine right away. You need to give yourself a time to regroup and think of a better solution. Have you thought of these things? If you think you have or able to develop the attributes discussed above, then you already becoming a good computer technician in the process. Learning is a process, it takes enormous effort and time. So let me give you a draft on what things you should be learning to become full fledged computer hardware servicing technician.

Safety Is A Priority Working with computers may seem harmless. You can't be sure though because even if you are just sitting and browsing the web with your computer, radiation is already softly cooking you. Your monitor emits small amounts of radiation tolerable by own body but radiation is still radiation. Wonder why your eyes gets tired and sores a little when using computers for some prolonged usage of your computer. Safety must be observed. Now how about if your are to fix a computer? Accidents may happen like electrocution, cuts, dropping and damaging the tools and equipment, blowing or frying the motherboard and other peripherals if safety is disregarded. To make things short, computer safety must be followed. I Know You Can Operate A Computer This might be a silly statement but what I am trying to imply is different. Of course I know you can operate a computer that is why you are reading this article. But sometimes, what we think we already know isn't enough. Keyboard shortcuts, using process names to open programs, use of batch files and the command prompt, tweaking using the registry editor, and so many things are some of the operation that you should be familiar. And I am not saying that you must know everything about operating the computer first before learning how to fix it, you must somehow "learn" by process. Learn more computer terms by reading ebooks. We will soon be providing ebook downloads soon or just email me to ask for a copy. Fear Not For Electricity Is Your Friend During my years as a freelance computer hardware serviceman, I often see students having On-the-Job Trainings (OJT)in computer shops just standing by the corner and watching seasoned computer technicians doing something. And when a seasoned technician asks for assistance from the trainee, it is evident that the trainee shows hesitation with plugging into sockets and molex power connectors. It is not good to hesitate in doing things because uncertainty surely leads to disaster. Fear of electrocution is common among newbies. I could remember during my college days when my Building Wiring and Electricity instructor tried to have us touched a 220 live wire just to let us feel electricity. I never touched when he said so but when we were asked to do our practical examination by building a two-way switch on a large dashboard, I accidentally touched a bare live wire! A shock was sent up to my armpit and I was so careful about electricity ever since. You can't fix a computer without electricity, just be very careful in using it.

What You Should Learn About Computer Hardware Servicing 1. Occupational Health and Safety Procedure 2. Basic Computer Operation 3. Understanding Binaries and Logic Gates 4. Introduction To Computers - Components of the IT System 5. The System Unit - Hardware Component Functions and Description - Motherboard - Central Processing Unit - Random Access Memory, Read Only Memories, and Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) - Storage - Operating Systems, Tools, and Utilities - Installation - Networking - Troubleshooting Techniques

components by the edges; and regularly (once a minute or so), touch a grounded object.). The case metal of your PC's power supply will usually be a suitable grounded object. As noted above, touch it every few minutes while you are working on your PC if you havent got a wrist strap. 3. Turn off your computer and switch off your Power Supply at the wall before installing or removing any components - if power is flowing to components as they are installed or removed, they can be seriously damaged. In order to have a computer properly grounded, you need it plugged in at the wall but turned off at the power supply and at the wall. The neutral line may be earthed 4. Never cut the grounding pin off your power cord. This "safety ground" stands between you and potentially lethal voltages inside the power supply. 5. Be wary of sharp edges! Many lower-end PC cases have sharp, unfinished edges. This is especially so on interior surfaces, and where the case has been cut or punched-out. Use care and take your time to avoid cutting your hands.If your case has this problem, a little time with some sandpaper before you begin construction can spare you a lot of pain. 6. Dismantling discrete electronic components such as your Power Supply or Monitor is dangerous. They contain high voltage capacitors, which can cause a severe electric shock if you touch them. These hold a charge even when the unit is not plugged in and are capable of delivering a fatal shock.

Safety Precautions
1. Static electricity is the biggest danger to the expensive parts you are about to assemble, even a tiny shock, much too small for you to feel, can damage or ruin the delicate electronic traces, many times smaller than a human hair, that make up your CPU, RAM and other chips. Its important to use your anti-static wrist strap to prevent damage to these components. Once you have the power supply installed in the case, clip the end of the wrist strap to the outside of the power supply. (Never plug your computer in while you are connected to it by a wrist strap.) This will ensure that you, the case and the power supply are all connected to a common ground, in other words there will be no inequality of charge that will allow a spark to jump from you to the case. Its also helpful to have an anti-static mat to set the case and other components on. 2. Nobody but you is at fault if you shock your components with static electricity. Make sure that you take the precautions in the previous paragraph to ground yourself from static electricity. (Note: if you really must work on a computer and have not got proper anti-static equipment, it is usually OK if you make sure that you do not move about much; are not wearing any static-prone clothing; handle

Tools for Troubleshooting

digital data. Data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers. SWIT CH is a local area networking dev ice which serv es as a central connection f or all network equipment and handles a data type known as f rames. Frames carry your data. W hen a f rame is receiv ed, it is amplified and then transmitted on to the port of the destination PC. ROUTER role is to route packets to other networks until that packet ultimately reaches its destination. One of the key f eatures of a packet is that it not only contains data, but the destination address of where it's going. Commonly, a router is connected to at least two networks, two LANs or W ANs. Router could be wired or wireless. Net work Interf ace Card is commonly known as LAN card. This is an expansion board insert into motherboard PCI slot so the computer can be connected to a network. NIC could be wireless which popularly known as wireless LAN card. NET WORK CABLE A common network cable is made up of UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) or STP, (Shielded Twisted Pair) crimped with RJ45 (Registered Jack).Net work cable is used to connect computers together. RJ 45This is a standard physical Network Interf ace used f or connecting telecommunications equipment commonly , a c o mput er n etwor kin g equi p m ent.

Screw drivers (assorted) - A screwdriver is a tool


for driving screws and often rotating other machine elements with the mating drive system.

Pliers (assorted) - Pliers are a hand tool used to hold


objects firmly, for bending, or physical compression.

Soldering iron - A soldering iron is hand tool most


commonly used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt the solder so that it can flow into the joint between two workpieces.

Wrenches - A spanner or wrench is a tool used to


provide grip and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objectsusually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and boltsor keep them from turning.

Utility software - Utility software is system


software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer. A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool.

Computer system - Using the computer, system or


network in ways that do not interfere with or disrupt the normal operation of the computer, system or network;

Crimping Tool - are used to create telephone cables


and network patch cables. Network crimping tools allow a user to trim the network or telephone cabling to size by means of an attached cable cutter.

Materials for Troubleshooting

Connectors - Every part of a standard computer and


the most common kinds of peripheral devices are defined with specific requirements. Systems and devices that meet the specification should be automatically recognized and configured by the operating system.

y Equipments for Troubleshooting


Multi-meter - A multimeter is an instrument used to check for AC or DC voltages, resistance or continuity of electrical components and small amounts of current in circuits. Oscilloscope - are commonly used to observe the
exact wave shape of an electrical signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal, an oscilloscope can show distortion, the time between two events (such as pulse width, period, or rise time) and relative timing of two related signals.

Adaptors - interfaces a computer to a network. Diskettes - A floppy disk is a disk storage medium
composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic carrier lined with fabric that removes dust particles.

CD ROM - is a pre-pressed compact disc that


contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback.

Network cable tester - is a device that is designed to


verify whether or not an Ethernet computer network cable is capable of successfully transferring data from "point A" to "point B."

Computer Storage Media - Computer data


storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components and recording media that retain

Ethernet Hubs - is a small, simple, inexpensive device that joins multiple computers together. Many network hubs available today support the Ethernetstandard. Other types including USB hubs also exist, but Ethernet is the type traditionally used in home networking.

improves computer performance, and prolongs computer life.

Using Windows System Tools -There are several


free tools that come with Windows that you can use to keep your computer in good shape. You can access some of these tools by clicking "Start," "All Programs," "Accessories" and "System Tools." You should run "Disk Cleanup" about once a week. This Windows tool can remove temporary files, downloaded program files, files in the recycle bin, offline webpages, hibernation files and thumbnail images from your hard drive. Run "Disk Defragmenter" once a month.

y Other Tools (Software)


Installing Tools - When you use the operating system CD to install Windows XP Professional, Setup installs several tools with the operating system. You can install additional tools from the CD or by downloading them as needed. Built-In Tools - Setup installs built-in tools as part of the default setup. For each built-in tool, Windows XP Professional Help and Support Center provides an overview, and usage and syntax examples (if applicable). Support Tools - Windows Support Tools are optional tools that you might find useful for troubleshooting. Setup does not install these tools; instead, use the Support Tools setup program. Tool Interface Types - Windows XP Professional tools typically implement a command-line interface or a graphical user interface (GUI). The interface type determines how you interact with the tool. Command-line interface tools - These tools use a character mode user interface and typically accept only keyboard input. Compared to GUI tools, command-line tools typically require less disk space and fewer system resources to run. In many cases, you can use additional features or change the default behavior of a commandline tool by specifying optional parameters when starting the tool. File name extensions of command-line tools include .vbs, .exe, and .com. For inexperienced users, command-line tools might be more difficult to use than GUI tools. Graphical user interface tools - GUI tools accept mouse input and have graphical controls such as windows, dialog boxes, and menus. Typically, GUI-based tools require more disk space and system resources than command-line tools. Most GUI tools also accept optional parameters that change default behavior. File name extensions of GUI tools include .exe and .msc. For many users, GUI tools are easier to use than command-line tools. Starting GUI Tools - You can start GUI tools from the Start menu, by using shortcuts provided by the operating system and software installation programs.

Creating Data Backups - You must create regular


backups of your data if you wish to guard against data loss. The Windows backup utility comes with Windows operating systems such as XP Professional and Vista. However, it is not included by default with Windows XP Home Edition. To install the backup utility in this operating system, insert your Windows XP CD in the drive and navigate to the "Valueadd" folder." Find the "Msft" and then the "Backup" folder. Double-click the "Ntbackup.msi" file and click "Finish" when the program installation is complete.

Mechanical Maintenance - The benefits of cleaning


your computer periodically are not limited to merely improving its performance. Regular cleaning is also important for prolonging your computers life and enhancing its performance. By removing dirt, dust and other particles that can interfere with connections in computer circuits, the efficiency of your computer is increased, and the chances of overheating lowered.

Electrical Maintenance - a brief description of the


electrical aspect of maintenance, specifically surge protection, which involves safeguarding computer components such as the monitor, hard drive, and processor from voltage variations, i.e. spikes and surges. Spikes occur when lightning strikes a transformer, whereas surges occur when high-powered electrical motors are shut off, subsequently releasing extra voltage into the line.

Software or Hard Disk Maintenance - emphasizes


the importance of removing unused and unnecessary programs from your hard disk. By removing files you dont need, such as files in the trash or recycle bin, temporary files, and cached web pages you dont use, you are freeing up space for programs you will actually use.

Troubleshooting Guidelines for the following:


1. No Display - The problem is always due to the
graphic card failure. I have a lot of experience with this problem. Its simple as this. 1. If you have an external graphic card and you get this problem. Then probably your graphic cards busted.

Preventive Maintenance Tips for PC Preventive maintenance refers to carrying out measures to prevent problems from occurring, in contrast to corrective maintenance, which seeks to solve an already existing problem. In the long run, preventive maintenance saves time and money, protects your data,

2. If you have an integrated graphic card and you get this problem. Well, Sorry but its about time you replace your motherboard. Integrated graphics are not fixable. 3. If its the external problem. Then switch to the integrated graphic card (Thats if you have one) or get a new graphics card either with your warranty (if its valid) or buy one. Other Solutions 1. (Only for external graphic card holders) This problem is very common due to dust residing on the graphic card/graphic card slot. Just take out the graphic card, and with a paint brush clean the metal parts and the graphic card slot. Be very careful when doing so as this slot are very delicate. Do so at your own risk.

Power switch on the back of the computer Power switch on the power strip, surge protector, orUPS (if you have one) Verify that the power supply voltage switch is set correctly. If the input voltage for the power supply does not match the correct setting for your country, your computer may not power on at all. Check for disconnected computer power cable connections. A loose or unplugged power cable is one of the top reasons why a computer doesn't turn on.

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Replace the computer's power cable. This is the power cable that runs between the computer case and the power source. Perform a "lamp test" to verify power is being provided from the wall. Your computer isn't going to turn on if it's not getting power so you need to make sure that the power source is working properly.

2. Printing Problem
1. Restart the computer and try printing again. 2. Turn off the printer, turn it back on, and then try printing again. 3. Create a new document, draw a box on the page using the Rectangle tool, and print the document. 4. Print from another application. 5. Print to another printer.

5. Booting-up Problems
Last known good. Restores the HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet portion of the registry its version during the last successful logon to the system. Safe mode. Starts Windows with a minimal set of drivers and creates a record of which drivers load in %windir%\Ntbtlog.txt. System Restore. Windows XP only feature to restore system to previously saved configuration. Recovery Console. Boots to a command line that allows you to run various commands, see this article by Johannes Helmig for more info. Automated System Recovery (ASR). Restores the boot volume from backup, see this article by Johannes Helmig for more info. Repair. Run Windows Setup from your product CD and select the option to try and repair your installation.

3. Keyboard/Mouse Problems
To begin, a computer mouse is a consumable hardware device. Youre not supposed to keep the same tired mouse for the life of your PC.

Switch The Primary Mouse Buttons - If you left-click the mouse button and the options screen appears, you probably have your left and right buttons switched. You can fix this by unchecking the Switch primary and secondary buttons box. Click Apply and the settings will change back to default.

System Unit Parts


Mouse Is Jittery If your mouse is jittery, you probably have a hair or other debris partially obstructing the laser of the mouse. Look into the laserbut not directlyand if there is something in there, try blowing it out. y M OT HE R B O AR D is als o c alled t h e " S ys t em B oar d, " it is th e m ain pr int ed c irc u it b o ar d in an el ectr on ic d ev ic e, w h ic h c ont ain s s oc k ets or slots th at ac c ept ad d it ion al b oar ds.

Mouse is Not Detected If your mouse is no longer detected, and if you turn the mouse upside down and there is no light, you might be having issues with your USB port. Unplug the mouse and try rebooting the computer.

CP U, or t h e C en tr al Pr oc ess in g U n it, is t h e br ain of t h e c om p ut er an d on e of t h e m os t imp ort an t c h ip in t h e c om p ut er. N ew C PUs ar e sm all an d sq u ar e an d c ont ain mu lt ip le m et allic c on n ec t ors or p ins on t h e un d ers id e.

4. No Power
1. Believe it or not, the number one reason why a computer won't turn on is because it wasn't turned on! Before starting a sometimes time consuming troubleshooting process, make sure you've turned on every power switch and power button on your computer: T h e C PU r es id es on t h e C P U s oc k et. T h er e ar e tw o t yp es of C P U h old er w h ic h y ou m ay en c ou nt er n ow ad ays: LG A - L an d Gri d Arr a y (L G A). T h is s ock et h as n o h oles , b ut ins t ead p ins ar e loc at ed fr om t h e C P U s ock et

Power button/switch on the front of the computer

th at m ak es c on t ac t w it h p oints on th e u n d ers id e of th e CP U. PG A - S h ort f or p in gr id arr a y, a pr oc ess or s ock ets th at us e a p in gr id arr ay ( PG A) w h er e p ins on t h e u nd ers id e of t h e pr oc ess or c on n ect t o h ol es in t h e pr oc es s or s ock et. y 3.

the monitor an d st art re a ding ne w im a ges at th e s am e t im e without bum pin g. Svid eo - S epa rate Video or S upe r Video is the te chnolo g y us ed to conne ct c o mput er, Te le visi on, g a m e consol e, DV D p la y er etc. To us e S Vid eo, th e d ev ic e s endin g th e si gna ls must sup port S -V id e o out put or port and th e d ev ic e r ec ei vin g the sign als must ha v e an S -Vi d eo in put j ac k. Th en you n e ed a s p eci al S - Vi de o c a bl e to conne ct the two d e vic es. 4. DVI - Digital Vis ual I nter fa ce is used for di git al d ev ic es li k e a LCD proj ect or an d n ew LC D monitors with the DV I conn ect or. DVI brin gs mor e higher reso lution th an V GA t echn olo g y. 5. VGA -Video G rap hi cs Ar ra y, a gra phi cs d ispl a y s yste m for PCs which uses an al og s ign als r ather th an di git al signa ls. All P C s t od a y su pp ort V GA. y SOU ND CA RD is als o c all e d as audi o c ar d ad a pt er. This is a co m put er e x p ansion c ar d used for th e in put and output of aud io si gn als from a co m puter using a s p eci fic co m puter pro gra ms. N ew moth erb o ard co m es with bui lt in aud io ad a pt er. y MODE M co m es fro m t wo wor ds me anin g mo dul ator o f ana lo g c arri er si gnal to enco d e di git al inf or mati on, an d also d e mo dul atoro f a carri er si gna l to d ec od e th e trans mitt e d infor mati on. Be c ause co m puters m a de conne ctions thru t el eph one lin es whi ch uses ana lo g d at a, dat a co min g fro m co m puters which is consi d ere d di git al must be con v erte d with the use of MODE M. y FLO PP Y DIS K DR IVEor FDD for short was th e pri mar y m e ans of s a vin g an d r etri ev ing d at a to a c o mput er. Bas ic all y, a f lo pp y dis k dri ve re a ds and writ es d at a to a s m all, circu lar pi ec e of m eta l-co at ed p lasti c si mil ar to au di o c assett e tap e. y CD- RO M /DVD- RO M D RIVE uses photo d io des to d et ect r efl e cting li ghts on o pti c discs an d uses a las er to re a d or write d at a. C om m only, it uses the s a m e c a bl es as har d driv es t o c onne ct to the moth er bo ard.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is als o k n ow n as


h ard dr ive. T h is is t h e c om p ut er's m ain s t or ag e d evic e us ed t o st or e all d at a on t h e c om p ut er p erm an ent ly. C om m on ly, h ar d dr ives ar e p erm an ent ly p lac e in an int er n al dr iv e b ay at th e fr ont of t h e s yst em c as e an d ar e c on n ec t ed w ith eit h er A T A, SC S I, or a S A TA c ab l e an d p ow er c ab le. S om e H ard dr ives n ow ad ays ar e p ort ab le wh ic h us e U S B p orts an d U S B c ab le f or c on n ect ion.

R AN D OM AC C E SS M EM OR Y : T h e p ers on al c om p ut er m em or y m od u le als o k n ow n as R an d om Ac c es s M em or y ( RA M) is a p iec e of h ard w ar e th at all ows st or ed d at a t o b e acc es s ed r an d om ly. Its m ain f u nction is t o s t or e th e d at a t em p or ar ily.

T h e t y p es of R AM ar e t h e f oll ow in g: SD R AM, s ync hr on ou s d yn am ic r an d om acc ess m em or y DD R SD R AM, d ou b l e- d at a-r at e s ynchr on ous d yn am ic r an d om acc ess m em or y R D R AM, r am b us d yn am ic r an d om ac c es s m em or y DD R 2 SD R AM, d ou b le- d at a-r at e 2 s ync hr on ou s d yn am ic r an d om acc ess m em or y DD R 3 SD R AM, d ou b le- d at a-r at e 3 s ync hr on ou s d yn am ic r an d om acc ess m em or y T h e D DR ar e larg ely us ed n ow as t h ey ar e f ast er, an d d em an d less p ow er t h an S D RA M VIDEO CA RD is c om m only kn own as gra phi cs ac ce ler ator car d, dis pl ay a d apt er, or gr aphi cs car d. This is a h ard war e co mp onent whos e m ain function is to gen er ate an d dis pl ay th e output im a ges t o a c om put er monitor. 1. Video Car d GP U ( Gr ap hic s Pro ces sin g U nit) is a n ew f eatur e o f tod ay s vi d eo car d wh er e that ren d er possi bl e gra phi cs ren d ering an d it is the eff ici enc y of th e micr ochi ps th at will d eter min e th e gra phi c ac ce ler ation. 2. Video RA M -(V RA M) is att ach e d at the gr a phic c ard an d its m ain f e ature is the c a pa cit y o f dual- portin g. This m eans it c an si mult ane ously b e written and r e a d. It gi ves the a d vant ag e of cal cul ating an d s end scr een im a g es to

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