Module7- Data Link Layer

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Overview

Overview
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Explain the role of Data Link layer protocols in data transmission. Describe how the Data Link layer prepares data for transmission on network media. Describe the different types of media access control methods. Identify several common logical network topologies and describe how the logical topology determines the media access control method for that network. Explain the purpose of encapsulating packets into frames to facilitate media access. Describe the Layer 2 frame structure and identify generic fields. Explain the role of key frame header and trailer fields, including addressing, QoS, type of protocol, and Frame Check Sequence.

Data Link Layer Accessing the Media

Supporting & Connecting to Upper Layer Services

http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_DataLinkLayerTechnologiesandProtocols.htm

The Data Link layer provides a means for exchanging data over a common local media. The Data Link layer performs 2 basic services: 1. Allows the upper layers to access the media using techniques such as framing. 2. Controls how data is placed onto the media and is received from the media using techniques such as media access control and error detection.
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Terms

Frame - The Data Link layer PDU Node - The Layer 2 notation for network devices connected to a common medium Media/medium (physical) - The physical means for the transfer of information between two nodes Network (physical) - Two or more nodes connected to a common medium
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Media

Media is the physical copper cable, optical fiber, or atmosphere through which the signals travel. In this chapter media does not refer to content programming such as audio, animation, television, and video as used when referring to digital content and multimedia.
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Logical Networks

Logical networks are defined at the Network layer by the arrangement of the hierarchical addressing scheme.
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Physical Networks

Physical networks represent the interconnection of devices on a common media. Sometimes, a physical network is also referred to as a network segment.
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Supporting & Connecting to Upper Layer Services

The Data Link layer effectively insulates the communication processes at the higher layers from the media transitions that may occur end-to-end. A packet is received from and directed to an upper layer protocol, in this case IPv4 or IPv6, that does not need to be aware of which media the communication will use.
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Controlling Transfer across Local Media

Layer 2 protocols specify the encapsulation of a packet into a frame and the techniques for getting the encapsulated packet on and off each medium. The technique used for getting the frame on and off media is called the media access control method. The media access control methods described by the Data Link layer protocols define the processes by which network devices can access the network media and transmit frames in diverse network environments.
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Creating a Frame
Data - The packet from the Network layer Header - Contains control information, such addressing, and is located at the beginning of the PDU Trailer - Contains control information added to the end of the PDU

Control information may tell:

Which nodes are in communication with each other When communication between individual nodes begins and when it ends Which errors occurred while the nodes communicated Which nodes will communicate next
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Creating a Frame

Framing breaks the stream into decipherable groupings, with control information inserted in the header and trailer as values in different fields. This format gives the physical signals a structure that can be received by nodes and decoded into packets at the destination.
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Creating a Frame

Typical field types include: Start and stop indicator fields - The beginning and end limits of the frame Naming or addressing fields Type field - The type of PDU contained in the frame Quality - control fields A data field -The frame payload (Network layer packet)
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Connecting Upper Layer Services to the Media

The Data Link layer exists as a connecting layer between the software processes of the layers above it and the Physical layer below it. It prepares the Network layer packets for transmission across some form of media, be it copper, fiber, or the atmosphere.
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Connecting Upper Layer Services to the Media

The upper sublayer defines the software processes that provide services to the Network layer protocols. The lower sublayer defines the media access processes performed by the hardware.
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Connecting Upper Layer Services to the Media

Logical Link Control Logical Link Control (LLC) places information in the frame that identifies which Network layer protocol is being used for the frame. This information allows multiple Layer 3 protocols, such as IP and IPX, to utilize the same network interface and media. Media Access Control Media Access Control (MAC) provides Data Link layer addressing and delimiting of data according to the physical signaling requirements of the medium and the type of Data Link layer protocol in use.
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Extra: LLC-MAC sublayers

The MAC sublayer is concerned with the physical components that will be used to communicate the information. Media Access Control (MAC) (802.3): the MAC sublayer defines how to transmit frame on the physical wire. It handles physical addressing associated with each device, network topology definition and line discipline. The Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer remains relatively independent of the physical equipment that will be used for the communication process. Logical Link Control (LLC) (802.2): the LLC sublayer is responsible for logically identifying different protocol types and then encapsulating them. Layer 2 communicates with the upper layers through LLC .
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Extra: Layer1 Limitations Versus Layer 2 Solutions

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Standards

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Media Access Control Techniques

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Placing Data on the Media

The method of media access control used depends on: 1. Media sharing - If and how the nodes share the media 2. Topology - How the connection between the nodes appears to the Data Link layer
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Media Access Control for Shared Media

There are 2 basic media access control methods for shared media:
Controlled - Each node has its own time to use the medium Contention-based - All nodes compete for the use of the medium
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Media Access Control for Shared Media

When using the controlled access method, network devices take turns, in sequence, to access the medium. This method is also known as scheduled access or deterministic. Although controlled access is well-ordered and provides predictable throughput, deterministic methods can be inefficient because a device has to wait for its turn before it can use the medium.
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Media Access Control for Shared Media

Also referred to as non-deterministic, contention-based methods allow any device to try to access the medium whenever it has data to send. To prevent complete chaos on the media, these methods use a Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) process to first detect if the media is carrying a signal.
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Media Access Control for Shared Media

CSMA is usually implemented in conjunction with a method for

resolving the media contention. The two commonly used methods are: CSMA/Collision Detection In CSMA/CD, the device monitors the media for the presence of a data signal. If a data signal is absent, indicating that the media is free, the device transmits the data. If signals are then detected that show another device was transmitting at the same time, all devices stop sending and try again later. Traditional forms of Ethernet use this method. CSMA/Collision Avoidance In CSMA/CA, the device examines the media for the presence of a data signal. If the media is free, the device sends a notification across the media of its intent to use it. The device then sends the data. This method is used by 802.11 wireless networking technologies.
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Extra: CSMA/CD

listen-before-transmit

Transmitting& listening

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Extra: CSMA/CA

RTS/CTS (Request to Send / Clear To Send)

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Media Access Control for Non-Shared Media

Media access control protocols for non-shared media require little or no control before placing frames onto the media. These protocols have simpler rules and procedures for media access control. Such is the case for point-to-point topologies. In point-to-point connections, the Data Link layer has to consider whether the communication is half-duplex or full-duplex.
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Media Access Control for Non-Shared Media

In full-duplex communication, both devices can transmit and receive on the media at the same time. The Data Link layer assumes that the media is available for transmission for both nodes at any time. Therefore, there is no media arbitration necessary in the Data Link layer.
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Media Access Control for Non-Shared Media

Half-duplex communication means that the devices can both transmit and receive
on the media but cannot do so simultaneously. Ethernet has established arbitration rules for resolving conflicts arising from instances when more than one station attempts to transmit at the same time.

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Logical Topology vs Physical Topology

The topology of a network is
the arrangement or relationship of the network devices and the interconnections between them. Network topologies can be viewed at the physical level and the logical level. Logical and physical topologies typically used in networks are: Point-to-Point Multi-Access Ring

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Logical Topology vs Physical Topology

The physical topology is an arrangement of the nodes and the physical

connections between them. The representation of how the media is used to interconnect the devices is the physical topology.
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Logical Topology vs Physical Topology

A logical topology is the way a network transfers frames from one node to the next. This arrangement consists of virtual connections between the nodes of a network independent of their physical layout. These logical signal paths are defined by Data Link layer protocols. The Data Link layer "sees" the logical topology of a network when controlling data access to the media. It is the logical topology that influences the type of network framing and media access control used. The physical or cabled topology of a network will most likely not be the same as the logical topology.

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Extra: Network Topology

Network topology defines the structure of the network.

Physical topology, which is the actual layout of the wire or media. Logical topology, which defines how the media is accessed by the hosts for sending data. The logical topology of a network is how the hosts communicate across the medium. The 2 most common types of logical topologies are broadcast and token passing.
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Point-to-Point Topology

A point-to-point topology connects 2 nodes directly together. In data networks with point-to-point topologies, the media access control protocol can be very simple. In point-to-point networks, if data can only flow in one direction at a time, it is operating as a half-duplex link. If data can successfully flow across the link from each node simultaneously, it is a full-duplex link.
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Point-to-Point Topology

In some cases, the logical connection between nodes forms what is called a virtual circuit. A virtual circuit is a logical connection created within a network between two network devices. The two nodes on either end of the virtual circuit exchange the frames with each other. Virtual circuits are important logical communication constructs used by some Layer 2 technologies.
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Multi-Access Topology

A logical multi-access topology enables a number of nodes to communicate by using the same shared media. Data from only one node can be placed on the medium at any one time. Every node sees all the frames that are on the medium, but only the node to which the frame is addressed processes the contents of the frame.
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Multi-Access Topology

The media access control methods used by logical multi-access

topologies are typically CSMA/CD or CSMA/CA. However, token passing methods can also be used. The Data Link layer protocol specifies the media access control method that will provide the appropriate balance between frame control, frame protection, and network overhead.

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Ring Topology

In a logical ring topology, each node in turn receives a frame. If the frame is not addressed to the node, the node passes the frame to
the next node. This allows a ring to use a controlled media access control technique called token passing.
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Ring Topology

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Extra: Topology

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Extra: Topology

Ring Topology

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Extra: Topology

Token Ring Operation using a Hub

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Extra: Topology

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Extra: Topology

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Extra: Topology

Star Topology

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Extra: Topology

Extended Star Topology

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Extra: Topology

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Media Access Control Addressing and Framing Data

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Data Link Layer Protocols- The Frame

Remember that although there are many different Data Link layer protocols that describe Data Link layer frames, each frame type has 3 basic parts: Header Data Trailer

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Framing- Role of the Header

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Addressing- Where the Frame Goes

The data Link layer provides addressing that is used in transporting the
frame across the shared local media. Unlike Layer 3 logical addresses that are hierarchical, physical addresses do not indicate on what network the device is located.

The need for

Data Link layer addressing at this layer depends on the logical topology.

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Framing- Role of the Trailer

Data Link layer protocols add a trailer to the end of each frame. The trailer is used to determine if the frame arrived without error. This process is called error detection.
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Data Link Layer Protocols - The Frame

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Data Link Layer Protocols - The Frame

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Data Link Layer Protocols - The Frame

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Data Link Layer Protocols - The Frame

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Putting it All Together

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Follow Data Through an Internetwork

In the WAN connection between the two routers, we are assuming that PPP has already established a physical circuit and has established a PPP session.
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Follow Data Through an Internetwork

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Lab- Frame Examination

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Summary

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