A Perfect Booke for Keeping Sparhawkes or Goshawkes

The spelling of most words and some phrases put into modern English by Derry Argue Reproduced here for your interest only - no guarantee of a correct interpretation is given! Originally published late 16th Century Note: Although this book is easier to read in the modern form, readers should note that the methods described may be illegal or obsolete today.

A Perfect Way and Order to be observed in choosing and keeping sparrowhawks There be certain tokens whereby a man may choose them to have them strong, hardy and good, and also many things to be observed in their usage and diet whereby to maintain them always safe and sound which unskilful austringers are ignorant of, and thereby do destroy many good and lusty hawks that would show much pleasure, and then they blame the tenderness or some other thing in the hawk which when their own ignorance is the only cause of their destruction. Tokens of a Good Hawk Large: head slender: beak thick and great like a parrot: cere fair: nares wide: stalk (?) short and big: foot large, wide, and full of strength: mail thick: wings large with narrow feathers: eye of flesh and ever disposed to feed eagerly. Sore Hawks Brancher is hard to be manned and then best because she has been fed always by her dam and preyed for herself. Bowiser is soon manned, and ready to be trained to anything you like. Eyasses are worst for divers causes, but are yet ready of coming and will never be lost. Notes of Danger Always wash your hands before you feed her especially in the morning for divers considerations for which for brevity I omit, otherwise you may kill her and know not how; also handling of garlic, onions, hemp and such like will make her cast her gorge. Item. Beware you have no smell of musk, suet, or other such sweets about you: for the air thereof will poison them without recovery, especially if it come near their casting or meat. Item: Never let your hawk stand or perch in a place where any other has cast gorge or been sick, or else in any close place, near long winged hawks, except the place be first washed and well aired with bowes (bunches?) of rushes, etc. Tokens of a Surfeit

By four things it is perceived with great regard must be had always unto: viz. By eye, feeding, mutes, and casting. First the eye waxes pale and dead: the feeding is done faintly with tearing a little at once and throwing it away.: the mutes after the enseaming will be foul coloured: the casting will be loose, moist, black, or yellowish and stinking. Now when any of this afforesaid signs appear, then presently use the remedies afterwards in the title of casting, gorges, and surfeits. And most of all this, disease do grow by foul and unclean feeding, over gorging, lack of water, or by giving too often castings after she is clean with castings which will make her dry in body and stalk like a stick. Note in a mewed hawk you shall not permit a surfeit before she be clean. Meats and Diet Meats which endue (put on weight?) soonest and make the hardest panel are best, for example beef red and fair, neither slimey or filmy, clean pared and trimmed from all dry fat and strings. Likewise mutton, as the leg, heart, piece under the kidneys: venison, hearts of pig and goose: all small birds, pigeons and chickens warm or new. All this is best: marry at a shift rooks, choughs, magpies, etc. for a gorge will serve. But yet as beef is best for a flying hawk, so it is worst of all other if it be not well chosen and used, for it will soon wax moist and slimey, and so will mutton if they be in small pieces or kept long, and there of will come surfeits. But yet if your hawk be very high, you may wet it in water and wipe it dry, and so give it for a gorge without danger. Therefor look after in the title of keeping beef, and there you shall be satisfied for keeping thereof which is most excellent for a flying hawk. Note: coarse grained beef brings the cray and is as evil as slimey beef: pigeon and swallows be very drying: and too hot for a sick hawk: chickens flesh cold is nought also. Ram's mutton or flesh of any beast going to rut be it male or female will presently surfeit a hawk. Bloody flesh is better than white flesh of any beast or fowl. But certainly a change of meat is always best. With the meat above mentioned being warm new and good, and with seldom or often feeding, and the quantity, you may temper them to make them high or eager to fly at your pleasure without washed meats or unnatural diets or physicing which many in this case do use for lack of knowledge and thereby do fill them with the cray, rye, and other diseases which only come from an evil diet. Note: at the first drawing it is good for a mewed hawk to be carried in a rufter hood, and fed therein, and never off day or night for six or seven days lest she fall into the pantas by striving whiles she is fat and breathless. But sorehawks be clean of themselves without such greasiness and foulness, and therefore need nothing but two days hooding and clean feeding, tiring and plumage, castings, water and carriage to enseam them perfectly which is done in a short space of time which I accomplish in ten or twelve days. But a mewed hawk to be well used must have a month or three weeks at least to be well enseamed; for you may not offer to call her abroad until she is come to such stomach that she will not sit upon the perch in your house if she sees you, but desires to be with you: and do it by this order which I have used. Feed her with half gorge, quarter gorge, and half quarter gorge continually at all times of the day early and late, and once in two days give a good gorge, and see at all times it be well endewed; and this with such usage as is spoken of sorehawks before, will make more sinews than all the scourings and washed

meats that are used, and as high of flesh as may be. And never let her see small birds alive, nor in their feathers. Casting Castings make her clean within from all foulness and also open and sharp, and are to be used as time requires, viz. In time of enseaming every other night, until she be clean: and then after but twice or thrice a week at the most (if you feed her clean) lest you dry her too much. The best castings are these, viz. Holland or buckram (?) somewhat coarse, pulled out to shreds about an inch long, and bound like faggots, two to one casting, to keep an orderly quantity. Also plumage without bloody feathers is good, and some use a rabbit's foot which for a shift might serve. All this must be given wet and wiped dry. But I used to give it two or three hours after feeding when I go to bed which if you get her used to it she will take as fast as meat. Let your hawk stand in a chamber where fresh air is, near the window, and in the morning look for her casting, and see if it be good or bad. If good, let her stir, rouse, mantle, or warble a while (as she will do if she be lusty) and then give her a bite and set her to weather until you make ready. If the casting be naught, set her to weather fasting a long time, until you perceive her to be hungry and will not sit. Then give a quarter gorge and water half an hour after to bathe (bowse) if she will. Note: long emptiness of a sound hawk in the morning after casting makes her poor and unlusty and brings many diseases. Note: give no casting the night after she has bathed, nor after a scouring, neither at any time when she is sick. Mark this, when a hawk is once clean and also clean fed, the casting does wipe out nothing but the balm or moisture which preserves her from heat and drying which kills almost all our hawks: therefor being once clean and so fed, twice a week serves, or thrice at most. Tiring Tiring or plumage would be used after any gorge more or less (except the gorge next after her bathing) so that it be not strong for her. The best tirings are these: a rompe (sheep's tail?) of mutton with the sinews cut off,: a pig's or rabbit's foot: and for plumage use chickens, pigeons, or partridge's wings and such like, not being too strong for her: and therewith use parsley sometimes upon your tiring to cause her to fling the water out of her mouth and nares which by her labour is displaced (diftedid?). This will keep her from the rye, and also in long breath and strength. But yet always after any tiring, flying, feeding, much bating, or other heat, keep her on fist to settle and cool her body, lest otherwise the sudden cold perch do hurt her: for as a horse after travelling must be walked, for sudden cold, so must she be settled on the fist. Also this good property come thereof, she will sit still on the first after she is gorged and not strive for the perch. Bathing

Bath her every second or third day as it loses nothing, if she will. When she has (bathed) (give) but very little meat either at nine, ten, eleven, or twelve o'clock, marry the sooner the better if she fly that day. If she do bowse (drink) only, let her plume and fast long after. And in no wise give any casting the night following, lest you dry her up, for it is a sure token she is hot. Or otherwise be sure every other night when you give casting or go to bed (if she has flown or the weather hot offer her water in a poringer or dish, to bowse (drink) or play with it if she likes, and that will so moisten and cool her in such healthful sort that she will never be sick at all or dry. Note: if a hawk be dry at the fire after she has bathed or been wet with rain, she will never fly before she has bathed again and dried herself by her own kind, but yet they must not in any way be set up wet at night. Bathe not the day she has preened or oiled herself for it takes the courage away. Gorging Gorge but little especially at night in summer, when the weather is bad and she fed late, makes a sound strong and lusty hawk. Note: in times of reclaiming it is best to feed them with bechins (small pieces of meat) a dozen times a day at least whereby to have them always eager. And also to come to your pleasure, otherwise three, four, or five times a day orderly, so that she may be thoroughly empty. Between every gorge it is good to have them always flying. But you must be ruled by quantity you give, and by her endewing which is not at all times alike. Weathering Weather her always before you fly, or call her morning or night at the first handling, and that will much delight her and make her well coming. When the sun is hot the shade is best, where the wind does blow. In mist, they will never weather, nor fly well, especially in winter. If she be used to weathering she looks for it, otherwise not, being once flying. Feeding Place Feed her always upon your fist, and never take her from the perch without some bit of meat in your hand (if the rest be all or nearly over) until she has flown long. This will make her love the fist, well coming and never check and look for meat nowhere else.

Hooding Hooding is a singular point in hawking for it preserves her in strength and in rain, and other inconveniences which otherwise happen, and by this means she must be brought into it: at the first handling put on an easy rufter hood and carry her therein for five or six days at the least, if she be a mewed hawk, or otherwise two or three days: and after that be always stirring your hand about her head gently every way until she will well abide your hand, and then put on an easy hood in the dark and never draw it, and many times take off the hood and put it speedily on again before she be aware or have time to look about. At the first hooding you must have a special care that she throw it not off again,

lest she get the idea of flinging her head, and be sure the hood is easy. And if at any time you cast her to hood, let on do it gently in the dark and yourself must be ready in the light to put on the hood. There is a pretty sleight to let her tire through the hood and so nimbly while her beak is through to strike it on gently and never fail. Or when she has tired or fed presently before she be loose on the fist put on the hood and she will not stir: or if the worst happens, take her by the legs with your right hand and pull them down in your left hand close to the body and so stay her, and with your right hand put it on, and so you may hood any hawk be she never so mad. Enseaming and Reclaiming Enseaming is to take her grease and foulness away which is done by continual clean feeding, casting, tiring, water and calling, whereby she may come by breath and wind at will before in no ways you may enter her. And hereby you shall perceive when she is perfect viz. By her foote and stalk(mutes and castings?), for of certainty as long as they be blackish and rough, she is greasy and foul, and as she enseameth they wax clear, smooth, and shining. And also when she with bating does not gape showeth her breath to come , and chiefly by her stomach which comes lustily when she is enseamed, and likewise by her casting which will be clean water without slime if you nipp (squeeze) them. Then reclaim her by turning one gorge into eight or nine at least, and call her in the house for every bite to make her familiar, and know the fist, and when she come readily, let her fast with a quarter gorge at the most from morning to seven o'clock at night, then call her loose abroad two or three times before you sup her; for at that time she must be kept very eager in this sort for two days, lest she get the vice of checking which if she take not then, she will never have it. Note: use to call her from the ground first, and that will make her fall at mark in the plain field, otherwise she will to a tree. Note: when she is flying use to call her out of the hood and that will make her fly as soon as it is off which is a singular point. Note: never watch a sorehawk for then you take her stomach away, the rye cometh on so fast, and so hurt her. Note: your hawk being high, pinch her not too hastily, for then dryness will come upon her by reason of her tenderness the first month after she is fully summed. Therefor offer her water enough daily and give her castings. Note: to blow her for lice and rid her of worms, before you fly; for then she will be perfect. Call her far off and run from her to breath her. Entering with the Order Thereof Enter her in this order following, viz. The first day when she is very sharp an hour before sunset let your hawk stand loose upon a low perch in a light chamber, and secretly convey a pretty big chicken or pigeon into the chamber (or fasten one with lines to some flat thing in the chamber free from corners or posts (Beware the chicken be not too strong, for then you spoil her forever) And watch without the door until she take and kill

it, and gorge her there on or cunningly (substitute) some live bird if you like. This train is excellent to make her hardy and know her strength; because hunger forced her thereto. Second, mark a young partridge and with one crafty dog retrieve it which if she takes it in her foot, go to her softly and fasten lines to the leg that she take not the idea to carry, and gorge her thereon, and do the like with two or three after, and still if you fly not at the covey for two or three days after, mark one likewise lest you hit upon a reflush, and fly still further and further off, viz. thirty, forty, or sixty yards, to the intent she take them not in foot but fall at marke and there sit looking for it as is their manner is (which is my desire). Then come softly to her, and convey a live chicken or pigeon out of the grass or bushes where she stand that she may see it flutter and not see your hand, and she will strike it hastily, and serve her therewith in this order: pull off the head and half the neck and let her plume the body a good while, until you have dressed it finely for her, for it is drying and not kindly while life is in it: for of themselves being wild, first they kill, after plume while a feather is on, and then feed. This considered serve her with the neck and brains, but no bones, and thus serve her always your hawk after she has killed seven or eight, except now and then for her supper let her eat one, or some live bird standing thereon. While this is doing with the chicken, let your spaniels kill the partridge, or else (let it) escape, for although you lose at the first four or five by this kind of serving, it will advantage you twenty times afterwards, which will repay the live chickens or pigeons which for a week you must have in readiness in your purse to serve her if she miss. By this kind of serving until she has killed a dozen or more, and especially by flying far off, you shall make her fly ought with old or young to the very mark, and there sit while you come, and not stir for any bird at all. Beware of over flying, viz: two flights in the morning and three at night is enough: and so let her rest without weariness rousing. Note: at the first they must be well rewarded, and have time to feak, rouse and put over, and not flown long after. But a beaten hawk will fly quarter gorged, but yet that breeds sloth in her. If your hawk will fly but in the evening give her a light supper and show her again in the morning, and if she kill let her eat it, and use this twice or thrice, then both times will be alike. Note: if you gorge not your hawk with the taken prey or else with some live bird closely thereon sometimes, she will never fly lustily: for lack of good serving spoils all. The hawk that flies for pleasure is worth two that fly for the belly: therefor use them accordingly.

Turning Tail Turning tail may come from divers ways, viz. By lack of water, or weather, keeping too high, or not empty, evil dieting or sickness, growing or being too poor, etc. Then look to her mutes and if you see any change, fly no more, but proffer water, and if she bowse not, defer her times of diet and let hunger bite her, and feed her light again the next day, and steep her meat in claret wine and the yoke of an egg, and squeeze it dry and so give it, and it will bring her stomach. Casting Gorge, Holding Meat, or After any Surfeit Use Her Thus

Casting the gorge, keeping her meat long above, or other surfeit, growing in heat, foul meat, drying or otherwise be all very dangerous and sometimes the meat she does cast stinks worse than carrion. These must all be helped according to the degree of surfeit; for that some be but begun, others in the middle, and some in the highest degree. All this do make her extremely hot according to the degree of the surfeit, and will make her drink lustily, even to the death, if you use her not to discretion as follows, viz. After any of this let her fast from meat for six or eight hours, but let her drink three or four times but no more, and presently let her plume, or tire, off a bare rumpe (tiring?) or other without meat to keep her warm and to make the water go over to cool the panel. And within a while let her tire and plume a little again and so keep her on the fist, or otherwise warm. Then let her bowse again the second time an hour after the first, twice or thrice, and let her tire as before after the first, twice or thrice, and let her tire as before to put the water over. Then about two or three hours after the second bowsing, let her bowse again and tire or plume as before, and so do until her heat is quenched, although she fast eight or ten hours. Then give her the wing of a bird or the like quantity of new meat, beef or other without bone or string, cut in small pieces, and beaten with the yoke of a new egg in a spoon, and so give to her with a tiring after, for she will like it well, and take it apace and endew it of warranty if any life be in her. Then within a while, or when you perceive she has made one mute after that meat, let her bowse again after as long as she likes, and then give tiring again after as before, twice or thrice at several times, and thus continue as long as she will drink, feeding her up with a quarter gorge and half quarter gorge with tiring or plumage after every feeding and drinking, until her drinking be less and her flesh (has) risen up again. Then bathe her, and not before, and then fly her. But all this while of curing in any wise give no casting, nor of any meat the surfeited of, but change of other. I had a sore (i.e. first year) sparrowhawk that was kept high and lusty a long time, and then fell to holding her meat daily how little foeuer (hope?) I gave her, whereby her flesh abated marvellously and all the while I could not make her take any water which was very strange. Then in time (before she was too low) I gave her the scouring following: of butter, marrow, sugar, and with a little honey therein also, and this scoured and made her drink lustily, and then with the usage before in this title set down, she mended presently.

To Cause Her Cast Casting or Gorge Keeping or holding her casting, or meat, shew a great heat or drying to begin. Therefore, if either continue too long above, make her caste it by this first means following with no physic, viz. Show her a bare tiring to pull at, and what with gaping and pulling there at, it will bring up the casting within half an hour, if you set her solitary: and after she must fast, bowse and tire, as in title next before. If it be gorge or casting put a horse hair through the midest of three or four wheat corns and tie it round like a ring and give it her in a little meat, and that will so tickle her, that she will cast both gorge or casting at any time. But remember the fast, bowse, and tire, and have no more casting for four days etc. as in the next former title.

Item: take a mustard seed well beaten and then put thereto a little honey (and sugar candy if you will) and temper them with a knife in your hand somewhat stiff, and then make two pellets like sloes, and put them upon two pin's points and dip them over in melted butter and marrow, and let them cool, whereby no taste may offend her, and give them and plumage presently to make them go over: play with her on your fist a good while till they melt, lest she cast them too soon. This will scour her well, and make her cast either gorge or casting, although it has been two days within, without danger, if you keep her warm and use her with water, tiring as before; and is a good scouring to be used for a mewed hawk or other being sound. Item: without doubt if a casting be within long time, feed her between times at night with a light gorge, and after when you go to bed give her a casting with a little mummy therein, and in the morning you shall find both on warranties. Item: Rub the roof of her mouth with staversaker (?) or pepper (?) in fine powder. Item: for either of both the best is this: put a horse hair in her mouth and tie it in the nape of her head close, and she will cast speedily without danger: then use her with water and tiring as before, and then if her breath wax not sweet, and she come into stomach again and make fair mutes, apply the scouring next following with water, plumage etc. as before. Scourings Scouring be good for mewed hawks, or otherwise for some foul lusty hawk for speed in the enseaming: therefor I have set down this, viz. Take butter out of the churn or common butter wrought thoroughly with a spoon in many waters until it be like snow. Then take clean marrow of beef wrought dry with a spoon, somewhat more than of the butter, to make it stiff, sugar candy in fine powder as much as of the butter, saffron, a chive or two bruised thoroughly with a spoon. Then work them well together well, and make pellets like sloes thereof, and dip them in cold water, and give her a couple or three being first cast. Then hold her still on fist a good while, playing with her, or letting her plume, and after set her warm, and used as in the title before of casting gorge. This is the best scouring that ever I knew. The scouring in the title next before made of mustard seed, honey and sugar candy, is a most excellent scouring for a mewed hawk when she is almost clean, for it scourith all slime from the mawe, and bringest on eagerness presently after, so yet you use her as before with plenty water and plumage. Note this, after every scouring give water, and then plumage and within a while water and plumage again: this do as often as she will drinke, to drive away the taste thereof, and then a little meat: by this usage scouring will not hurt any lusty hawk. Drying Drying comes many ways (and no disease so dangerous or come so unawares upon them as this does) viz. By too many castings of linen or other after she is clean; lack of water; abating her flesh too hastily in times of reclaiming and entering; by over much bating or flying in the heat; by too much feeding with unbloody meats or too much feeding on white meat, as pigeons or swallows continually. But if these were looked unto, you should need little or no physic at all. But yet because drying is such a stealing sickness I

have set down remedies plenty whereby to avoid it, viz. Wet your meat twice or thrice a week in warm cows' milk as you see made at milking, or in warm woman's milk. This will make her moist and increase flesh. Item: a warm pig's heart is moist and good with some of the liver if you like. Item: a little cream shaken a while in a glass will make excellent butter to give her when she is empty, or the butter mentioned in the title of Scourings before. Item: Sugar candy and butter will make her lusty, moist, and proud, and being oft used will make her wanton and to soar away: this is excellent she being empty and not high. Item: the marrow in a partridge, chicken, or pigeon's wing bone is very good to moisten her, and make her lusty, being given with her meat when she has killed. Item: chiefest of all beware of too many castings after she is clean, and give water as in the title of Bathing, and she shall never dry. This is her own natural physic and best of all other. Token of Worms Straining, suddenly on the fist, writhing her train, much gaping upwards or champing with her beak, offering her beak often to the panel, mutes smutty, not white nor plentiful, keeping low at one stay, long trembling and stinking of breath.

Worms Worms will pinch her in the body, and make her very evil, and are perceived by sudden straining on the fist etc, ut antea. The best is take good worm seed in a shell or spoon and put thereto a little water and let it stand a night or two to swell, so that the water may be drunk up in the seeds; then put them into meat sewed up finely, or into any small gut knit at both ends, and give a couple thereof with tiring or plumage presently after, until they be over, and still play with her, and let her taste meat and tire, intil she has made a mute thereof. Take heed and look therein for worms. Then give a little more meat and see that over and endewed, and still small bechins always to the intent she cast not with emptiness: and in that you shall finds the worms in the morning, if not in the mutes before which speedily must be looked into. Rye Rye is a stuffing or swelling of the head growing by cold or evil diet. When she has it her head will be big and she will shake it often, if the disease be grown so far that no water appear at her nares when she tires, then speedily take daisies' roots and all, parsley with the roots and radish roots of each alike; boil them all in fair water from a potell (pint?) to a quart. Then take it from the fire, and let her tire over the air or smoke thereof to strike into her head a long time. And then if no water appear at the nares, put therein the juice of daisies, or let her tire over the water again, being hot as before, and keep her warm after, and in twice oir thrice usage at the most she shall be perfect if you keep her warm,

and let her tire often. But in the beginning of this disease is only helped with tiring and plumage used as in the title of Tiring. Frounce Frounce is a canker or sore in the mouth growing of heat by too much flying etc. and is thus cured: take a great text pen, and scrape the place therein that no russe (scab?) nor white remain on the fore (but beware in anyway it bleed not). Then with your stick following wash the fore with vinegar. Then make your instrument with a cloth tied round like a piece on a stick's end, and fill the hole with burn alum and the upper leather of a shoe burnt to powder, and mix of each alike, and dress it an hour or two after her supper nightly. If the canker eat her tongue or jaws, burn brimstone and rock alum of each alike, together upon a tile in the fire thoroughly, and when it is cold beat it in a mortar to fine powder and fill the holes therewith after the washing with vinegar , and hold her so a long time open mouthed. Also water of white coperas (?) or green with twice as much burnt alum dissolved in wine vinegar and warm applied helps. The russe (scab?) must be taken off with fine nippers, or for lack a quill as before. Also take of sage and woodbine leaves a handful , of honey and alum the quantity of two cherries; steep all this is a little water until the leaves be soft, then run it through a cloth, and wash the place wherein after it is scraped as before, and it will help with three dressings.. And also help the canker in children's mouths. She must be dressed with this water divers times after the dressing with the other things. And the foresaid pen must be made round and smooth at the end lest it should make it bleed. The white in the oyster shell wrought with oil helps also. Cray Cray is a stopping or dryness in the tewell so that she cannot mute, which comes by long continued feeding with stinking, olde, slimey or stringy meats, as the strings in beef and in rumpes of mutton which are diligently to be picked out, or else if the hawk be low will stick in the tewell and stop her mutes. The remedy is this: Take the marrow of a goose, salet (salad?) oil beaten in water, and sugar candy, of each alike; put these in a gut and give it to her in the morning and feed her three hours after with a quarter gorge of warm meat. Also fine butter and sugar candy used as before. Also good stone honey likewise used. Many times the tewell is sore and barked that she dare not nor cannot mute. Then chase it with your finger still dipper in warm water; and then sharp a candle's end, and rub it up and down therein with some salet oil also therein to keep it moist: pig's heart or any hoggs flesh now and then used helps this disease and suppositor of white soap helps also. Swelling or Gout Swelling or gout is helped with such medicines as men use for their own bodies: you may desire numbers both for annointing and drawing vix. The oil that comes out of a potlege being set against the fier is good for any swelling in foot or leg, to supple it, being well applied with your finger hot: Also to draw out any swelling, take a little galbanum twice as much venice turpentine and a good quantity of red or yellow wax: melt all these and make a paste there of, and bind it finely thereto and change it every 24 hours. If the skin or body be raised or bruised outwardly, annoint it with oleum petrae

called oil of Peter, or falet oil, well beaten in water first: If inwardly she be bruised, give her mummy or pyche with her meat. Pyn and Web, or Stroke Pyn or Web or other names by strokes etc. must be speedily looked into: for remedy, take an egg and roast it hard, then presently take out the yoke and put in a quarter so much rock alum in fine powder. Then put it in a fair cloth shells and all, and wring out the water thereof: and with a feather wet the eye therewith. Sugar is good if alum do lack. This is good for man, beast, or fowl. If a film grow over the eye of anything, blow in the powder of fine ginger, and it will eat it away, or the powder of a goldsmith's cuttle bone. If it be pyn or web, put some daisey leaves to beat with the alum and so put them into the egg as before. Lice or Mites Lice or Mites will keep her always poor and unlusty; therefore if you perceive any one, be assured she hath plenty which are perceived by holding her a mornings against the sun, and then they will appear upon her pinions and neck, and likewise after a rouse they will then appear. Or else suddenly awake her from juking and then about her cere they will be. The remedy is to blow her with fine powder of pepper out of a quill when she is empty at night late, but first hood her to save her eyes. And as the lice come forth take them off the feathers with a knife wet with your tongue upon the upper side. Mites are to be killed by washing the nares, cere, head, jokes and tewell with aqua vitae and powder of staveacre steeped and medled together, and then peped (?) after. Note if you blow with pepper while she is enseaming, she will never have them except she take wet and so be set up. Judgement of Casting Rounde with thin clear water therein is best: long, loose and roping betokeneth foulness and drying: black, loose, and stinking is dangerous surfit; green if it continue disease in the liver: yellowish, moist, and slimy, great heat within. Judgement of Mutes White, with little round blacks like seeds is best: waterish, thin, white, moistness it betokeneth: black, dark, reddish, or yellowish, a surfit: grayish or otherwise standing up like peas or like hens within whereof followeth great drying: wherefore give water and avoid castings speedily. To Strengthen a Bruised Feather Heat water more than blood warm and put it into a pot with a wide mouth. Then put in the bruised feather, and with your finger and thumb within the water squeeze the place gently on all sides, until the web of the feather be soft and so stroke it forth straight. And so use any feather betimes, before it be clean broke, and it will grow strong again after is is dried in the sun. The Best State to Keep Her In When she is once well entered, keep her high: so that you do it with labour, as with tiring and plumage, water, carriage, and calling far off.; for then she will have strength and courage, wind and breath at will, whereby to maintain her flights lustily: which for lack

of any of all she cannot fly fair, although her will be good, and come of the best airs. Yet many are of the opinion that being kept high, as is said, she will not care for the man, and not come at all. I answer they know not their times, for at the first reclaiming if they use her as is said in the title of enseaming and reclaiming, that she may once come earnestly without check or delay, she will never forget it after, except she be kept too wanton and never carried. To Keep Beef Long Take a piece of clean young beef cut somewhat round without hacks or jags (for otherwise the flies will blow it) as big as a man's fist, the bigger the better: and then hang it upon a spike against a wall where the hot sun and wind doth come; or in a kitchen chimney near the fire, and presently they will bake a crust thereon, which will keep it for five days sweet, fresh and red; so that no moisture come thereto at all: where for in the nights you must hang it in the kitchen, or warm house, and daily as you need thereof cut off a piece at the longest end, and turn the cut place to the sun, or fire again to crust. And for a flying hawk no better meat to be had.

Brief Rule to keep a hawk by for him that hath knowledge: Tiring after feeding Water and weather at her needing After every gorge fasting With twice a week casting Makes her sound and long lasting. -- END --