Objective : Study of Yagi UDA 5 Element Folded Dipole Antenna Theory : Yagi UDA antenna with folded or non

folded dipoles are widely used antennas Behind the dipole they have a reflectors and in front they have directors 1-3-5, etc. The theoretical impedance of this antenna is 75 Ohm. This is a very important antenna for unidirectional transmission and widely used in TV reception. See Figure. A yagi-UDA antenna has a folded dipole re rounded by director & reflector. The no of directors can be 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 etc. The typical radiation pattern of this antenna is shown in figure 31. The polarisation is horizontal. Procedure : 1. Mount the Yagi-UDA 5 element folded dipole antenna on the transmitting mast. 2. Follow the steps as per experiment no 2 and take the reading beam width, gain, side lobes if any etc.

Yagi UDA 5 Element Folded Dipole Antenna

Conclusion:-

PRACTICAL:2 Objective : Study of Polarization of Antenna Theory:A radiated waves polarization is determined by the direction of the lines of force making up the electric field. If the lines of electric force are at right angles to the Earths surface, the wave is vertically polarized When a single-wire antenna extracts (receives) energy from a passing radio wave, maximum pickup results if the antenna is oriented in the same direction as the electric field component. A vertical antenna receives vertically polarized waves, and a horizontal antenna receives horizontally polarized waves. If the field rotates as the waves travel through space, both horizontal and vertical components of the field exist, and the wave is elliptically polarized. Polarization Requirements for Various Frequencies : At medium and low frequencies, ground wave transmission is used extensively, and it is necessary to use vertical polarization. Vertical lines of force are perpendicular to the ground, and the radio wave can travel a considerable distance along the ground surface with a minimum amount of loss. Because the Earth acts as a relatively good conductor at low frequencies, horizontal lines of electric force are shorted out, and the useful range with the horizontal polarization is limited. At high frequencies, with sky wave transmission, it makes little difference whether horizontal or vertical polarization is used. The sky wave, after being reflected by the ionosphere, arrives at the receiving antenna elliptically polarized. Therefore, the transmitting and receiving antennas can be mounted either horizontally or vertically. Horizontal antennas are preferred, since they can be made to radiate effectively at high angles and have inherent directional properties. For frequencies in the VHF or UHF range, either horizontal or vertical polarization is satisfactory. Since the radio wave travels directly from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna, the original polarization produced at the transmitting antenna is maintained as the wave travels to the receiving antenna. If a horizontal antenna is used for transmitting, a horizontal antenna must besed for receiving. Satellites and satellite terminals use circular polarization. Circular polarization describes a wave whose plane of polarization rotates through 360 as it progresses forward. The rotation can be clockwise or counterclockwise (see figure 25). Circular polarization occurs when equal magnitudes of vertically and horizontally polarized waves are combined with a phase difference of 90. Rotation in one direction or the other depends on the phase relationship. Advantages of Vertical Polarization : Simple vertical half-wave and quarter-wave antennas provide omni directional communications. This is desirable in communicating with a moving vehicle. The disadvantage is that it radiates equally to the enemy and friendly forces. When antenna heights are limited to 3.05 meters (10 feet) or less over land, as in a vehicular installation, vertical polarization provides a stronger received signal at frequencies up to about 50 MHz. from about 50 to 100 MHz, there is only a slight improvement over horizontal polarization with antennas at the same height. Above 100 MHz, the difference in signal strength between vertical and horizontal polarization is small. However, when antennas are located near dense forests, horizontally polarized waves

Vertical Polarization suffer lower losses than vertically polarized waves. Vertically polarized radiation is somewhat less affected by reflections from aircraft flying over the transmission path. With horizontal polarization, such reflections cause variations in received signal strength. An example is the picture flutter in a television set when an aircraft interferes with the transmission path. This factor is important in areas where aircraft traffic is heavy. When vertical polarization is used, less interference is produced or picked up from strong VHF and UHF transmissions (TV and FM broadcasts) because they use horizontal polarization. This factor is important when an antenna must be located in an urban area that has TV or FM broadcast stations.

Circular Polarization Advantages of Horizontal Polarization : A simple horizontal half-wave antenna is bidirectional. This characteristic is useful in

minimizing interference from certain directions. Horizontal antennas are less likely to pick up manmade interference, which is ordinarily vertically polarized. When antennas are located near dense forests, horizontally polarized waves suffer lower losses than vertically polarized waves; especially above 100 MHz. Small changes in antenna location do not cause large variations in the field intensity of horizontally polarized waves when an antenna is located among trees or buildings. When vertical polarization is used, a change of only a few feet in the antenna location may have a significant effect on the received signal strength. Procedure : Continuing as per experiment no 2 please proceed as follows 1. Turn the detector antenna at 90rby fixing the screw at the back of detector antenna. 2. Note, the readings again 3. Since, we have changed the plane of receiving antenna to vertical keeping transmitting antenna still in the horizontal plane that detector antenna receives practically no signal. 4. Rotate the transmitting antenna from 0 to 360rgradually and observe that the receiving antenna received practically no signal or very less signal. 5. Repeat this with other horizontally polarised antennas.
Conclusion:-

Practical:3

Objective : Measuring Antenna Beam Width Procedure : Continuing as per experiment no. 2 With the help of this Polar graph you can calculate following 1. Beam Width 2. Front / Back Ration 3. Gain of Antenna To calculate the above from the graph, please refer figure 34 and proceed as follows. Beam width : Look for main lobe. Draw bore sight maxima line AA' Mark -3 dB from maximum on the bore sight line point B. Draw an arc of radius AB This arc will intersect main lobe at C & D Measure angle CAD This angle is -3 dB beam width. Similarly calculate -10 dB beam width. Front to back ratio : Look for the main lobe Draw bore sight maxima line AA' Look for back lobe if any (At 180r) If no back lobe, then,

If back lobe is present then, measure AE, where E is the maximum of back lobe.

Gain of antenna :
G= Maximum radiation intensity radiation intensity from a ref antenna (isotropic antenna) with same power input

Since, we cannot have an ideal isotropic antenna we presume here that its maximum radiation intensity is 1dB and is 100% efficient. Under this assumption Gain of antenna (or Directional Gain of antenna) is

Radiation pattern