BIO 201

The Integumentary System

Functions of the skin Epidermis and dermis Hypodermis Skin color Accessory structures

Hair and nails Cutaneous glands

Overview
Largest and heaviest organ of the body y AKA cutaneous membrane Epidermis

stratified squamous epithelium contains 5 major layers connective tissue layer Underlying connective tissue

Dermis

Hypodermis (subcutaneous)

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Functions of the Skin

Protection

abrasion, invasion, water loss, UV protection epidermal keratinocytes when exposed to UV light
helps maintain health of skeleton by increasing absorption of Ca2+

Vitamin D synthesis

Sensation

receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure, vibration and pain thermoreceptors and sweat glands hypothalamus controls cutaneous arteries and sweat glands to retain or di i t h t t i dissipate heat appearance and social acceptance facial expression and nonverbal communication

Thermoregulation

Psychological and social functions

Functions
Thermoregulation Protection

calcidiol

calcitriol

Sensation

Vitamin D Production

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Vitamin D Production
UV light Ergosterol (Plants) Vitamin D2 (Milk, vitamin pills) Vitamin D3 precursor (Fish, liver, egg yolk)

UV light

calcidiol

Vitamin D3 precursor
calcitriol

Liver

Kidney

Active vitamin D

Calcium and phosphate balance Intestines, kidneys and bones

Skin thickness variable, normally 1-2 mm

called thick skin if stratum corneum layer is increased

no hair follicles or oil glands calluses on hands and feet

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Epidermis

Stratum Basale
Deepest layer Single layer of cuboidal cells sitting on basement membrane Cell types C ll t

keratinocytes
undergo mitosis to replace epidermis commonest cell of epidermis produce precursor to keratin (protein)

melanocytes synthesize melanin (pigment)

p distribute melanin from cell processes melanin picked up by keratinocytes and used to shade nuclei from UV radiation

tactile cells are touch receptors

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Stratum Basale

Not shown are the tactile cells

Stratum Spinosum

S l layers thi k Several l thick Cell types

keratinocytes
desmosomes connect cells together appear spiny due to shrinkage during histological preparation

dendritic cells
macrophages that migrate to the epidermis help protect body against pathogens

Desmosome

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Stratum Granulosum
3 to 5 layers Cell type

Flattened keratinocytes
Contain keratinohyalin (precursor keratin) granules

processed to become fibrous keratin

Produce lipid-filled vesicles that release a lipidglycolipid by exocytosis to waterproof the skin

forms a barrier between surface cells and deeper layers of the epidermis cuts off surface layers from nutrient supply

Nucleus begins to break down

Stratum Granulosum

Vesicles releases lipids

Nucleus degenerates

Keratin fibers forming

Keratohyalin K t h li granules l

Lipid-containing vesicles

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Stratum Lucidum

Thin translucent zone seen only in thick skin Cells have no nuclei or organelles

Stratum Corneum
Up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells

surface cells flake off (exfoliate)

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Stratum Corneum

Layers of the Epidermis

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The Dermis
Thickness = 0.6mm to 3mm Composition

Collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts and accessory structures such as hair follicles and glands

Dermal papillae are upward extensions of the dermis into the epidermis forming the ridges of the fingerprints

The Hypodermis
Known as subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia Has more adipose than the dermis Functions

energy reservoir thermal insulation

Hypodermis

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Skin Colors (Pigmentation)

Hemoglobin is red pigment of red blood cells Carotene is yellow pigment of vegetables & egg yolks Melanin pigment produced by melanocytes

pigment synthesis stimulated by UV radiation from sunlight produces yellow, brown, black and reddish hues

Abnormal Skin Pigmentation

Erythema

Cyanosis Jaundice

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Accessory Organs of the Skin

Hair Nails Cutaneous glands

Functions of Hair
Sensation Communication

Facial, pubic and axillary hair Eyebrows Barrier

Guard hairs in nose Eyebrows

Protection

Thermoregulation

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Characteristics of Human Hair

Stratum corneum of the skin is composed of pliable soft keratin Hair and nails are composed of hard keratin

toughened by bonds between proteins

Hair found almost everywhere on the body 3 different body hair types

lanugo -- fine, unpigmented fetal hair vellus -- fine, unpigmented hair of children and women terminal hair -- coarse, long, pigmented hair of scalp, pubic and axillary regions

Structure of Hair and Follicle

Hair is filament of keratinized cells

shaft is visible above skin; root is below within follicle bulb is swelling in base where hair originates vascular tissue (papilla) in bulb provides nutrients

Follicle is oblique tube within the skin

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Structure of Hair Follicle

Epithelial root sheath is an extension of the epidermis (lies next to hair root) Connective tissue root sheath is derived from the dermis (surrounds it) Hair receptors entwine each follicle Piloerector muscles

smooth muscles that cause goose bumps

Nails
Clear, hard derivative of stratum corneum

densely packed cells filled with hard k i keratin

Flat nails allow for fleshy, sensitive fingertips

plate

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Cutaneous Glands

Sweat glands g

merocrine apocrine

Sebaceous glands Ceruminous glands Mammary glands

Sweat Glands
Filtrate of blood plasma containing some waste products

lactic acid forms acid mantle millions of them cool the body

Merocrine glands

Apocrine glands produce sweat containing fatty acids

found only near hair follicles and respond to stress and sexual arousal fatty acids support bacteria body odor

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Sebaceous Glands
Oily secretion called sebum that contains broken-down brokencells

antianti-bacterial properties flexibility of cutaneous membrane

Other Glands
Ceruminous Glands

Mammary Glands

secretion combines with sebum to produce earwax

waterproof keeps eardrum flexible bitterness repel mites & other pests

modified apocrine sweat p gland thicker secretions containing proteins and fats released by ducts that open at the nipple

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