77 Useful Linux Commands and Utilities

1/17/12 77 useful Linux commands and utilities
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77 useful Linu commands and utilities
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Lin adminiao canno lie b he GUI alone. Tha' h e'e compiled he mo eenial Lin command ino hi conenien
gide. We deigned hi gide pecificall fo Lin manage and em adminiao a a efeence liba of onl he mo efl
iliie. B leaning a fe imple ool, command-line coad can n ino ciping commando, geing he mo o of Lin b
eecing kenel and hell command.
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managemen; inegaion and ineopeabili beeen Lin, Windo and Uni; ecing Lin and
mied-plafom enionmen; and migaing o Lin.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

alias
A way to run a command or a series oI Unix commands using a shorter name you get associated with such commands.
How to use the alias command in Linux.
apt-get
Apt-get is a tool to automatically update a Debian machine and get and install Debian packages/programs.
How to manage soItware on Ubuntu Server with "aptitude" and "apt-get".
Understanding the Debian archives and apt-get.
Using apt-get to update your Debian Machine.
Aspell
GNU Aspell is a Iree and open source spell checker designed to replace Ispell. It can either be used as a library or as an independent
spell checker.
How to use Aspell to check spelling.
AWK, Gawk
A programming-language tool used to manipulate text. The language oI the AWK utility resembles the shell-programming language in
many areas, although AWK's syntax is very much its own.
Learn how to use the AWK utility.
Gawk is the GNU Project's version oI the AWK programming language.

bzip2
A portable, Iast open source program used to compress and decompress Iiles at high rates.
How to use bzip2 in Linux.
More on how to use the bzip2 compression program.

cat
A Unix/Linux command that can read, modiIy or concatenate text Iiles, most commonly used Ior displaying contents oI Iiles.
See how to use cat to display contents oI a Iile in Linux.
An article on what you can do with the cat command.
cd
The cd command changes the current directory in Linux, and can toggle between directories conveniently. It is similar to the CD and
CHDIR commands in MS-DOS.
See more on how to use the cd command to change directories.
chmod
Chmod changes the access mode (permissions) oI one or more Iiles. Only the owner oI a Iile or a privileged user may change the mode.
See examples oI changing the permissions oI Iiles using chmod.
chown
Chown changes Iile or group ownership, and has options to change ownership oI all objects within a directory tree, and view inIormation
on objects processed.
Learn how to change Iile ownership with chown.
cmp
The cmp utility compares two Iiles oI any type and writes the results to the standard output. By deIault, cmp is silent iI the Iiles are the
same; iI they diIIer, the byte and line number at which the Iirst diIIerence occurred is reported.
See IBM's examples Ior using cmp.
comm
Comm compares lines common to the sorted Iiles Iile1 and Iile2. Output is in three columns, Irom leIt to right: lines unique to Iile1, lines
unique to Iile2, and lines common to both Iiles.
Moe on compaing line ih comm.
Read a bief oial on ing comm.
cp
The cp command copie file and diecoie, and copie can be made imlaneol o anohe dieco if he cop i nde a diffeen
name.
Find o ho o cop Lin file and diecoie ih he cp command.
cpio
Cpio copie file ino o o of a cpio o a achie, hich i a file ha conain ohe file pl infomaion abo hem, ch a hei file
name, one, imeamp, and acce pemiion. The achie can be anohe file on he dik, a magneic ape, o a pipe. Cpio ha hee
opeaing mode, and i a moe efficien alenaie o a.
Lean ho o e cpio hen moing file in a Uni-o-Lin po.
See ho o back p file ih cpio.
CRON
CRON i a Lin em poce ha ill eece a pogam a a pee ime. To e CRON, a e m pepae a e file ha
decibe he pogam o be eeced and he ime ha CRON hold eece hem. Then, he conab pogam i ed o load he e
file ha decibe he CRON job ino CRON.
Uing CRON o eece pogam a pecific ime.

dae
Dae e a em' dae and ime. Alo a efl a o op/pin cen infomaion hen oking in a cip file.
A fe moe eample fom IBM on eing dae and ime ih dae.
declae
Declae declae aiable, gie hem aibe, o modifie popeie of aiable.
Eample of declaing aiable ih declae.
df
Df dipla he amon of dik pace aailable on he file em conaining each file name agmen. Wih no file name, aailable pace
on all cenl moned file em i hon.
Moe on ing df o dipla he amon of dik pace aailable.

echo
Echo allo a e o epea, o "echo," a ing aiable o andad op.
Moe on ing he Echo command ih hell cip.
enable
Enable ill op o a pine o clae.
Eample of ho o enable LP pine.
en
En n a pogam in a modified enionmen, o dipla he cen enionmen and i aiable.
Eample of changing enionmen aiable ing en.
eal
Eal ealae eeal agmen and concaenae hem ino a ingle command, and hen epo on ha agmen' a.
Moe on concaenaing agmen ih eal.
eec
Eec eplace he paen poce b haee command i ped. Thi command ea i agmen a he pecificaion of one o moe
b pocee o eece.
Moe eample of eplacing paen pocee ih eec.
ei
The ei command eminae a cip, and can en a ale o he paen cip.
Moe on eminaing cip ih ei.
epec
Epec alk o ohe ineacie pogam accoding o a cip, and ai fo a epone, ofen fom an ing ha mache a gien
paen.
Uing epec fo epone.
epo
Epo cone file ino anohe foma han he one i i cenl in. Once a file i epoed, i can be acceed b an applicaion ha
e he foma.
Eample of epoing daa fom a daabae ih epo.

find
Find eache he dieco ee o find paicla gop of file ha mee pecified condiion, inclding --name and --pe, -eec and --
ie, and --mime and --e.
Efficienl locaing file ih find.
fo, hile
Fo and hile ae ed o eece o loop iem epeaedl a long a condiion ae me.
Moe on looping iem ih he fo command.
Moe on looping iem ih he hile command.
fee
Fee dipla he oal amon of fee and ed phical memo and ap pace in he em, a ell a he bffe and cache ed b
he kenel.
Lean ho o e he fee command o opimie a compe' memo.

gak
See AWK.
gep
Gep eache file() fo a gien chaace ing o paen, and can eplace he ing ih anohe one. One mehod of eaching fo file
ihin Lin.
Eample of eaching ih gep.
gip
Gip i he GNU pojec' open oce pogam ed fo file compeion, compeing eb page on he ee end fo decompeion
in he boe. Popla fo eaming media compeion, and can concaenae and compe eeal eam imlaneol.
Eample of ing gip fo compeing file.

ifconfig
Ifconfig i ed o confige he kenel-eiden neok ineface. I i ed a boo ime o e p ineface. Afe ha, i i all onl
needed hen debgging o hen em ning i needed.
Eample of ing iconfig o confige a neok.
Uing ifconfig o deec Lin neok configaion poblem.
ifp
Ifp confige a neok ineface/enable a neok connecion.
Moe on he ifp command in configing neok ineface.
ifd
Ifd h d a e ieface/diabe a e ceci.
Me hig d e ih ifd.

e, e
The e cad e a adi c hgh cfigai ad e g fie, diaig e fie e cee a a ie, ih bacad
fad ig aaiabe i fie. Me bii ihi fie ha i e.
Vie eea diffee fie e ih e.
Siia e, e age hgh e e cee a a ie, b i e iied i ig i fie.
See a fe eae f diaig fie ih e.
cae, cae
Lcae ead e e daabae ad ie fie ae achig ae .
Fidig fie/diecie efficie ih cae.
Lie cae, cae, ece cae, ide a a ide ad ic each f fie, b a ece e fie eii ad
ehi ahied e i be abe ie ch fie.
See a eae f ig cae a a ic ece a ide fie.
f
Lf i iia acee i deeiig ceci e, b gie a e ifai f debggig ceci fidig hee a
b/e i. I dia e ace ad fie e.
Me diaig e ace ih f.
The cad ceae e ae f a fie b had iig, eig ie e hae e fie.

Eae f had iig fie ih .
A fe e eae f ig .
The cad i fie ad diecie ihi he ce ig diec, ad adi ca deeie he cfigai fie ee
a edied.
The cad i a diced i hi i.
Eae f iig fie ad diecie ih .

a
Sh f "aa," a a a e fa ad dia he e aa bi i Li diibi, hich dce cad
ad he aec f he e.
The a cad i a diced i hi i.
See h e he a cad.
See eae f faig a age.
c
A ia he, e-baed fie aage f Ui e.
A eeie gide aagig fie ih c.
moe
See e.

ea
Nea i a GNOME GUI adi hich a adi ecif ifai eeded e a e cad, ag he feae.
Seig a NTL Cabe Mde ig ea.
Whee ea fa i he bidig a e beee Ui ad Li e.
ecfig, ecfg
Necfig cfige a e, eabe e dc ad dia a eie f cee ha a f cfigai ifai.
Cfigig e ig Red Ha ecfg.
ea
Nea ide ifai ad aiic ab c i e ad ce TCP/IP e ceci. A hef feic i
figig hich cee ad ga ae acie a ce ad ied i eed cicai.
Me checig e ae ih he ea cad.
N a a e ee a h ae ad fid he cedig IP adde. A eee f he ce fid he h ae i

a ibe.
Me f Micf h fid IP addee ih .

d
Od i ed d bia fie i ca ( he, bia) fa adad .
Eae f dig fie ih d.
Me d f IBM.

ad
Pad dae a e' aheicai e (chage he ce ad).
Se IBM eae chagig ad ih ad.
ig
Pig a a e eif ha a aica IP adde ei ad ca acce ee. Ca be ed e cecii ad deeie
ee ie, ad ee ha a h ce he e i ig each i aca eaig.
Eae f IBM f ig ig eif IP addee.
P e ae f ce cee i a e.
Se eae f ig he cad.
d
The d (i ig diec) cad dia he ae f he ce ig diec. A baic Li cad.
Lea he diffeece beee $ PATH ad d.
Uig d i he ce ig diec.

ead
Read i ed ead ie f e f adad i ad aig ae f each fied i he i ie he aiabe f fhe
ceig.
Eae f IBM ig ead.
RPM
Red Ha Pacage Maage (RPM) i a cad-ie die ga caabe f iaig, iaig ad aagig fae acage
i Li.
A hie ae ig RPM.
The Diffeece f ad RPM.
Eae f iaig acage ih RPM.
nc
Rnc nch daa fom one dik o file o anohe aco a neok connecion. Simila o cp, b ha moe opion.
A ip on backing p daa ih nc.
Ho o e nc o back p a dieco in Lin.

ceen
The GNU ceen ili i a eminal mlipleo in hich a e can e a ingle eminal indo o n mliple eminal applicaion o
indo.
A oial on nning mliple indo and ohe e of ceen.
A ip on he e of ceen.
diff
Sdiff find diffeence beeen o file b podcing a ide-b-ide liing indicaing line ha ae diffeen. I hen mege he file and
op el o ofile.
Eample of conaing file ih diff.
Moe eample fom IBM on he diff command.
ed
Sed i a eam edio ha i ed o file e in a pipeline, diingihing i fom ohe edio. Sed ake e inp and pefom
opeaion() on i and op he modified e. Tpicall ed fo eacing pa of a file ing paen maching o biing mliple
occence of a ing ihin a file.
Moe on eacing and eplacing pa of a file ih ed.
Seeal moe eample fom IBM on ing ed fo fileing.
hdon
Shdon i a command ha n off he compe and can be combined ih aiable ch a -h fo hal afe hdon o - fo
eboo afe hdon.
Sh don o hal a compe ih hdon.
locae
See locae.
Sno
Sno i an open oce neok inion deecion em and packe niffe ha monio neok affic, looking a each packe o
deec dangeo paload o picio anomalie. Baed on libpcap.
Sopping hacke ih Sno.
Moe fom Red Ha on ing Sno.
o
Ued o o line of e alphabeicall o nmeicall accoding o field; ppo mliple o ke.
Eample of oing hogh line of e ih he o command.
Moe eample of o ih mliple o ke.
do
Sdo allo a em admin o gie ceain e he abili o n ome (o all) command a he oo leel, and log all command and
agmen.
A oial on giing pemiion o e ih he do command.
SSH
SSH i a command ineface ed fo ecel gaining acce o a emoe compe, and i ed b neok admin o conol ee
emoel.
A compehenie oial on ece acce o emoe compe ih SSH.

a
The tar program provides the ability to create archives Irom a number oI speciIied Iiles, or extract Iiles Irom such an archive.
Examples oI creating archives with tar.
TOP
TOP is a set oI protocols Ior networks that perIorm distributed inIormation processing in oIIices, and it displays the tasks on the system
that take up the most memory. TOP can sort tasks by CPU usage, memory usage and runtime.
Monitoring system processes with TOP.
tr
Used to translate or delete characters Irom a text stream, writing to standard output, but does not accept Iile names as arguments -- only
inputs Irom standard input.
Examples Irom IBM oI translating characters with tr.
traceroute
Traceroute determines and records a route through the Internet between two computers and is useIul Ior troubleshooting network/router
issues. II the domain does not work or is not available, an IP can be tracerouted.
A tutorial on using traceroute to determine network issues.

uname
Uname displays the name current operating system, and can print inIormation about the mentioned system.
Examples oI viewing inIormation on the current operating system with uname.
uniq
Uniq compares adjacent lines in a Iile, and removes/reports any duplicated lines. Removing duplicate lines with the uniq command.
A tip Irom IBM on removing redundant lines with uniq.

vi
Vi is a text editor that allows a user to control the system by solely using the keyboard instead oI a combination oI mouse selections and
keystrokes.
An entire guide to using vi to easily control a system with the keyboard.
vmstat
Vmstat is used to get a snapshot oI everything in a system, reporting inIormation on such items as processes, memory, paging, and cpu
activity. A good method Ior admins in determining where issues/slowdown in a system may be occurring.
How to keep an eye on Linux perIormance with vmstat and others.
Examples oI viewing system memory usage with vmstat.

wc
wc counts the number oI words, lines and characters oI text Iiles, and produces a count Ior multiple Iiles iI several Iiles are selected.
More Irom IBM on displaying word counts with wc.
wget
Wget is a network utility that retrieves Iiles Irom the Web supporting http, https and Itp protocols. It works non-interactively, in the
background, while a user is logged oII. Can create local versions oI remote websites, re-creating directories oI original sites.
Examples oI creating mirror images oI sites with wget.
hile
See Ior.
whoami
Whoami prints or writes the user/login name associated with the current user ID to the standard output.
Examples Irom IBM oI determining which login name is used with whoami.

ag
Xag ead, bild and eece agmen fom andad inp. Blank line in he inp ae ignoed.
Eample fom IBM of nning command fom inp ih ag.
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Biih ISP deplo
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Lin leade call
fo ece boo fi:
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oe, Red Ha' big
Q2: Ne in bief
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Enepie Lin
Topic
Topics
Enterpri se Li nu appl i cati ons and databases
Open oce daabae, Open oce Web and applicaion ee, Enepie applicaion fo Lin
Li nu admi ni strati on i ssues
Lin adminiaion ool, Lin managemen and configaion, Lin ineopeabili, Lin licening and ppo,
Lin monioing and oblehooing, Inodcion o Lin em adminiaion
Li nu enterpri se desktops
Lin enepie dekop diibion, Lin enepie dekop applicaion
Li nu i n the data center
Clod comping on Lin, Lin high-pefomance comping and pecomping, Lin ee hadae, Lin
ialiaion, Lin backp and oage, Lin neok adminiaion, Open oce pojec in he clod
Li nu mi grati on
Uni-o-Lin migaion, Windo-o-Lin migaion, Lin o Lin migaion
Li nu securi t
Lin eci ik and hea, Lin em eci be pacice, Lin eci ool
Li nu server di stri buti ons
Lin ne and pdae, Red Ha Enepie Lin See, SUSE Lin Enepie See, Ubn See,
Noncommecial Lin diibion, Oacle Enepie Lin
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Cloud computing
Choosi ng a hbri d cl oud provi der
Hybrid cloud attracts companies craving flexibility and control. Signing with the wrong provider, though, will leave you
begging for a loophole.
Load bal anci ng servers i n a pri vate cl oud
Overloaded servers can crush performance and ruin end users computing experiences. Load balancing is key to maintaining
healthy, robust clouds.
Sel f-servi ce, securi t and storage tool s for the pri vate cl oud
To manage a private cloud, youll need third-party tools that can help create self-service portals, maintain security and
control storage.
Enterprise Desktop
Wi th Mi crosoft server software, desktop l i censi ng costs can add up
Licensing Microsoft server software per desktop is tempting, but do the math. The desktop licensing costs can sneak up on
you if you're not careful.
The ear's top 10 securi t news and ti ps
With increasing security threats, IT pros are always looking for ways to increase desktop protection. Find out which 10
security stories of 2011 were most popular among readers.
Top desktop-rel ated news and ti ps of 2011
In 2011, Microsoft software and both Windows 7 and 8 operating systems were all hot topics on
SearchEnterpriseDesktop.com. Here's a list of the year's top desktop content.
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77 Useful Linux Commands and Utilities

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1/17/12 77 useful Linux commands and utilities

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