CE 356 Environmental Engineering-II Lec: Design of Sewer Systems

Prof. Dr. Javed Anwar Aziz Engr. Ghulam Hussain

STEPS FOR DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEMS 1. Preliminary Investigations 2. Design consideration/Formulation of design criteria 3. Design Calculations 4. Preparation of drawings and BOQ 5. Subsequent modifications.

1. Preliminary Investigations
These consist of the following activities: i. Obtain MAPS and DRAWINGS that furnish the following information about the area;
Population Density, water Consumption, Soil Characteristics, Natural Slopes, Disposal Points, Groundwater Table, Rocks, Underground Structure, Rainfall Data, Location of Water and Gas Pipes, Electric Conduits, Cellars,

MAPS should also show the location of Streets, Railways, Parks, Buildings, Ponds, Streams etc.

1. Preliminary Investigations (Cont)

ii. If maps of the area and the needed information is not available, carry out a DETAILED SURVEY of the area to do the needful. iii. Establish BENCH MARKS through out the area and make contour profiles with contour intervals ranging from 250 mm to 3 m. iv. v. Mark surface elevations at street intersections. Make profile of the street through which sewer has to run.

2. Design Criteria Considerations:

i. Design Flow: Find out the average sewage flow on the basis of Water Consumption and the Population at the end of design period. a) Sanitary Sewers: Qdesign = Peak Sewage Flow + Infiltration b) Partially Combined Sewers: Qdesign = (2 x Peak Sewage Flow ) + Infiltration

2. Design Criteria Considerations (Cont) ii. Design Equation:

MANNINGS FORMULA is used for sewers (flowing under gravity)

Where;
V = R = S = n = velocity, m/sec hydraulic mean depth = D/4, when pipe is flowing full or half full slope of sewer Co-efficient of roughness for pipe (0.013 for R.C.C pipes)

2. Design Criteria Considerations (Cont) iii. Minimum (Self Cleansing) Velocity:

Self cleansing velocities must be maintained in sewers, at all times, to avoid deposition of suspended solids and subsequent choking of sewers. Self Cleansing Velocity is the minimum velocity that ensures non-settlement of suspended matter in sewers.
Following self cleansing velocities are generally employed. Sanitary Sewer 0.6 m/s [Org. particles, sp. gr =1.61] Storm Sewer 1 m/s [Inorg. Particles, sp. gr = 2.65] Partially Combined Sewer 0.7 m/s

2. Design Criteria Considerations (Cont)

iv. Maximum Velocity: Maximum velocity of flow in sewer should not be greater than 2.4 m/s. v. Minimum Sewer Size: Minimum sever size is 225 mm. [WASA, PHED] vi. Minimum Sewer Cover: At least 1 m soil cover to avoid damage from live loads.

2. Design Criteria Considerations (Cont) vii. Manholes:

Purpose Cleaning Inspection House connections Where provided At every charge in direction Where two pipes having different sizes or slopes are to be connected. Spacing
Sewer Size 225 mm 350 mm 460 mm 760 mm > 760 mm Spacing b/w Manholes 100 m 120 m 150 m

NOTE: For plots, one manhole be provided for 2 - 4 plots

2. Design Criteria Considerations (Cont) viii. Qd/Qf Ratios: WASA recommends the Qd/Qf ratios in order to provide air space in the upper portion of sewers for ventilation purpose.
Sewer Size
225 380 mm 460 1220 mm 1370 mm and larger

Qd/Qf Ratio
0.7 0.75 0.8

Qd represent design flow and Qf is discharge when sewer is flowing full.

3. Design Calculations
By design of sewer, we mean the following two things The size of sewer & its slope. Equation of continuity is used to find size (diameter). Mannings equation is used to find slope/grade.

Nomograms are available for sizing the pipes by using mannings equation.

4. Preparation of Drawings and BOQs Typical drawings include; Sewer joints Manholes Disposal station Sewer profiles or L - sections

5. Subsequent Modifications
Mostly done due to some unforeseen incident, to accommodate some additional

demand/requirement of the client.