DETERMINANTS AND MATRICES BY A. C. AITKEN, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. READER IN STATISTICS AND ACTUARIAL MATHEMATICS AT EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY EDITION OLIVER AND BOYD EDINBURGH AND LONDON NEW YORK: INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INO. 1944First Evrirron - . 1939 SECOND Eprrron . e 1942 Tiutrp Evirion - - 1gvte 2285 PRINTED IN GRRAT NRITAI AY OUNER AND guyT 17 LurnninestCONTENTS CHAPTER I DEFINITIONS AND FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS OF MATRICES PAGE 1. Introductory. i" 1 2, Linear Equations and Transformations - 1 8. The Notation of Matrices : 3 4. Matrices, Row and Column Vectors, Sealars 4 5. The Operations of Matrix Algebra 6 6. Matrix Pre- and Postraultiplication 8 7. Product of Three or More Matrices =. ll 8, Transposition of Rows and Columns 14 9. Transpose of a Product: Reversal Rule 16 10. Algebraic Expressions in Matrix Notation 18 11. Partitioned Matrices and Multiplication 21 OHAPTER I DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS 12. ‘Tho Solution of Simultanoous Equations 27 13. Saliont Properties of Hliminants . . 28 14, Invorsions and Class of Permutations . 29 15. Definition and Notation of Determinant 30 16. Identity of Class of Conjugate Permutations . 34 17. Elomentary Properties of Determinants i 36 18. Primonoss of a Determinant Looe 37 19. Various Expansions of a Determinant . 38 20. Pivotal Evaluation of Determinants . . 45