Abnormal Motor Behaviors
"rolling"
1. Akisthesia
 an intense internal sensation
of physical restlessness,
itchiness, and jumpiness--a
need to move constantly
 person with akisthesia will
look and feel uncomfortable
if she tries to be still.
2. Echolalia
 repeating/saying words as
exactly heard
 it is also frequently found in
blind visually impaired
children, although most will
outgrow this behavior
 when done involuntarily,
echolalia may be considered
a tic.
3. Echopraxia
 is the involuntary repetition
or imitation of the observed
movements of another
 even though it is considered
a tic, it is a behavior
characteristic of some
people with autism, tourette
syndrome, ganser syndrome,
schizophrenia (especially
catatonic schizophrenia),
some forms of clinical
depression and some other
neurological disorders.
4. Waxy Flexibility
 is a psychomotor symptom
of catatonic schizophrenia
which leads to a decreased
response to stimuli and a
tendency to remain in an
immobile posture.
 for instance, if you were to
move the arm of someone
with waxy flexibility, they
would keep their arm where
you moved it until it was
moved again, as if it were
made from wax.
5. Dyskinesia
 refers to involuntary
movements, similar to a tic
or chorea
 a symptom of several
medical disorders and is
distinguished by the
underlying cause
 when a dyskinesia presents
after treatment with an
antipsychotic drug such as
haloperidol, it is a tardive
dyskinesia and is commonly
found in face as tongue
lapses to avoid shame.
 a dyskinesia found in a
patient with parkinson's
disease is more commonly a
jerky, dance-like movement
of the arms or head and
usually presents after
several years of treatment
with medication containing l-
dopa.
Abnormal Thought Process
1.Neologism
 new, foreign-sounding words
only the patient can
understand
 is a word that, although
devised relatively recently in
a specific time period, has
not been accepted into a
mainstream language.
2.Looseness of Association
 ideas slip off the track on to
another which is obliquely
related or unrelated.
"The next day when I'd be going out
you know, I took control, like uh, I put
bleach on my hair in California."
3. Flight of Ideas
 fast shifting or changing
from one topic to another
but has some relationship
with each other
4.Blocking
 interruption or stoppage in
the expression of
thoughts/ideas due to
emotions, delusions, etc.
5. Circumstantiality
 refers to a thought disorder
wherein thinking takes a
roundabout manner to get to
an answer
 differentiable from
tangentiality by the speaker
eventually getting back to
the point.
"My mother's job? She used to sit
around the house doing nothing but
drinking, she'd just sit there and
stew, making noises, chugging her
drinks. She threw my dad out of the
house. I'll never forget that, the way
she did it. Anyways, my mom was a
waitress
6. Confabulation
 saying made-up or
fabricated/fantastic
responses to fill in memory
7. Word Salad
 speech that is unintelligible
due to the fact that, though
the individual words are real
words, the manner in which
they are strung together
results in incoherent
gibberish
 thought disorder wherein
words are chosen or
repeated based on similar
sounds, instead of semantic
meaning
Q: "Why do people believe in God?"
A: "Because he makes a twirl in life,
my box is broken help me blue
elephant. Isn't lettuce brave? I like
electrons. Hello, beautiful."
8. Clang Asociation
 thought disorder wherein
words are chosen or
repeated based on similar
sounds, instead of semantic
meaning.
"The train rain brained me. He ate
the skate, inflated yesterdays gate
toward the cheese grater."
C. Delusion
 a belief that is clearly false
and that indicates an
abnormality in the affected
person's content of thought
 the false belief is not
accounted for by the
person's cultural or religious
background or his or her
level of intelligence
 the key feature of a delusion
is the degree to which the
person is convinced that the
belief is true
 a person with a delusion will
hold firmly to the belief
regardless of evidence to the
contrary.
 delusions can be difficult to
distinguish from overvalued
ideas, which are
unreasonable ideas that a
person holds, but the
affected person has at least
some level of doubt as to its
truthfulness.
 a person with a delusion is
absolutely convinced that
the delusion is real.
 delusions are a symptom of
either a medical,
neurological, or mental
disorder.
Types of Delusion
 delusion of grandeur:
exaggerated/unrealistically
sense of importance, power,
identity.
Thinks he/she is the President or
Jesus Christ.
Delusion of Persecution
 othes are out to harm or
persecute in some way.
 these are the most common
type of delusions and
involve the theme of being
followed, harassed, cheated,
poisoned or drugged,
conspired against, spied on,
attacked, or obstructed in
the pursuit of goals.
 sometimes the delusion is
isolated and fragmented
(such as the false belief that
co-workers are harassing),
but sometimes are well-
organized belief systems
involving a complex set of
delusions ("systematized
delusions").
 a person with a set of
persecutory delusions may
be believe, for example, that
he or she is being followed
by government
organizations because the
"persecuted" person has
been falsely identified as a
spy.
 these systems of beliefs can
be so broad and complex
that they can explain
everything that happens to
the person.
May believe their food is being
poisoned or they are being watched.
D. Hallucination
 a profound distortion in a
person's perception of reality,
typically accompanied by a
powerful sense of reality.
 an hallucination may be a
sensory experience in which a
person can see, hear, smell,
taste, or feel something that is
not there.
Types of hallucination
a.Visual
 common in alcoholics
 is an hallucination involving
the sense of sight.
b.Auditory hallucinations
 auditory hallucinations (also
known as paracusia),
particularly of one or more
talking voices, are
particularly associated with
psychotic disorders such as
schizophrenia, and hold
special significance in
diagnosing these conditions,
although many people not
suffering from diagnosable
mental illness may
sometimes hear voices as
well.
 the hearing voices
movement is a support and
advocacy group for people
who hallucinate voices, but
do not otherwise show signs
of mental illness or
impairment.
 other types of auditory
hallucinations include
musical hallucinations,
where people will hear music
playing in their mind, usually
songs they are familiar with.
 this can be caused by:
lesions on the brain stem
(often resulting from
strokes); also, tumors,
encephalitis, or abscesses.
other reasons include
hearing loss and epileptic
activity. recent reports have
also mentioned that it is also
possible to get musical
hallucinations from listening
to music for long periods of
time.
 is an hallucination involving
the sense of hearing. called
also paracusia and
paracusis.
c. Olfactory hallucinations
 phantosmia is the
phenomenon of smelling
odors that aren't really
present.
 the most common odors are
unpleasant smells such as
rotting flesh, vomit, urine,
feces, smoke, etc.
 phantosmia often results
from damage to the nervous
tissue in the olfactory
system.
 the damage can be caused
by viral infection, brain
tumor, trauma, surgery, and
possibly exposure to toxins
or drugs.
 phantosmia can also be
induced by epilepsy
affecting the olfactory cortex
and is also thought to
possibly have psychiatric
origins.
 phantosmia is different from
parosmia, in which a smell is
actually present, but
perceived differently from its
usual smell.
d. Tactile hallucinations
 other types of hallucinations
create the sensation of tactile
sensory input, simulating
various types of pressure to
the skin or other organs.
 this type of hallucination is
often associated with
substance use, such as
someone who feels bugs
crawling on them (known as
formication) after a prolonged
period of cocaine use.
 is an hallucination involving
the sense of touch.
e. gustatory
is an hallucination involving
the sense of taste.
Language and Communication
Disturbance
1. Verbigeration
 meaningless or stereotyped
response to questions
2. Metonymic Speech
 the use of the name of one
object or concept for that of
another to which it is related
3. Stilted Language
 speech that has an excessively
stilted or formal quality
 it may seem rather quaint or
outdated, or may appear
pompous, distant, or
overpolite
 the stilted quality is usually
achieved through use of
particular word choices
(multisyllabic when
monosyllabic alternatives are
available and equally
appropriate), extremely polite
phraseology.
("Excuse me, madam, may I
request a conference in your
office at your
convenience?"), or stiff and
formal syntax ("Whereas the
attorney comported himself
indecorously, the physician
behaved as is customary for
a born gentleman").
 4. Pressured Speech
 is a hallmark symptom of
mania or hypomania in bipolar
disorder (manic depression).
 as "rapid, virtually nonstop,
often loud and emphatic,
seemingly driven, and usually
hard to interrupt.
 it typically occurs in mania and
in some drug-induced states
and in severe anxiety states."

5. Mutism
 a social anxiety disorder in
which a person who is
normally capable of speech is
unable to speak in given
situations, or to specific
people. Poverty of words.