NG SDH Slides e

Migration to Next Generation SDH
by Jos M. Caballero
jose.caballero@trendcomms.com
Presentation extracted from the book: Migration to Next Generation SDH ISBN 84-609-4420-4 see at wwww.trendcomms.com
SDH classic
Section
Reasons to define SDH

The Antitrust law in the US followed by Bell being broken into smaller companies It was necessary to interconnect new PTTs: SONET definition B-ISDN specification to integrate any traffic: SDH and ATM standardisation Advanced management needs: computers and telecom must work together Requirement for having new infrastructures manage any type traffic: data, voice, multimedia
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2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com
bytes vs. bits

frame 1 125 s 0 1 byte n 0 frame 2 125 s
rate =
8 bits 12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardised since 1988 when the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations appeared

SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125s An important consequence is that in SDH 1 byte represents a 64 Kbit/s channel
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SDH is a flexible architecture

direct internet working between equipment scalability up to 10 Gbit/s direct add & drop for low speed tributaries Rich in OAM functions Support to fit any application remote and centralised management Fault tolerance: fast traffic routing in case of faults SDH is highly compatible with SONET very efficient in managing circuits fast circuit definition from a centralised point advanced facilities for quality monitoring
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Classic SDH: Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
POTS
ATM
GSM
multiplexing, transport, routing, management, reliability
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fibre/radio
SDH provides efficient, reliable and flexible transport for circuits
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Classic SDH Network elements
STM-N
STM-N STM-N
REG
SDH MUX
STM-N
STM-M
M >N
Regenerators
Multiplexers
STM-N
West STM-M East STM-M
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N, PDH
Add & Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
Digital Cross-Connect (DXC)
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Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16 Primary Network STM-4
Access Network STM-1 or PDH
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Nothing compares with SDH resilience

protection ring service ring
ADM
high priority MUX low priority 1:1 MUX
ADM
ADM
MUX
1:N
MUX
ADM
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ADM
ADM
MUX
1+1
MUX ADM
ADM
service & protection rings
ADM
The SDH multiplexing map
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The STM-1 frame

HP POH
11
VC4 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
10 ptr ptr TU pointers
RSOH AU4 ptr
LP POH
Lower Order Path Overhead V5
V5 J2 N2
V5 125 s 250 s 270 270 375 s 500 s STS-1
MUX
K4
STS-1 STS-1
3:1
STM-1
MSOH
9 1 9 10
VCn
VCn
STM-1

STM-1 = AUG + RSOH + MSOH RSOH and MSOH sections allow the traffic management The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1: VC4 is asynchronous STM1 is synchronous The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
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OAM: Detected events at the end of a RS

LOW ORDER PATH HIGH ORDER PATH MULTIPLEXER SECTION REGENERATOR SECTION REGENERATOR SECTION
2M
STM-1
STM-N
2M
STM-1
H O- PT E
LO- PT E
34M 140M
34M 140M
L O-P TE
H O-P TE
MUX
REG
MUX
H O-P TE
L O-P TE
L OS L OF MS-RDI
(K2=xxxxx110)
MS-AIS
(A1, A2 OK; the rest all 1s)
AU-AIS
(All 1s)
TU-AIS
(All 1s)
PDH AIS
(All 1s)
HO-RDI
(G1=xxxx1xxx)
LO-RDI
(V5=xxxxxxx1)
B1 w it h errors
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Next Generation SDH
NG SDH = classic SDH + [GFP+VCAT+LCAS] Section
Streaming forces
FRL Triple VoIP Play xDSL ISDN
Mobile
VoD Gaming 3G
VPLS MPLS VPN
VoD ISDN
Circuit
Tele phone
VoIP
Internet
TV
New services and applications based on internet, mobile, multimedia, DVB, SAN, Ethernet or VPN, are demanding long hault transport. State of the art:
1. 2. 3.
Ethernet, are in an early stage of development for efficient optical transport Most have their transport infrastructure entirely based on SDH/SONET. There is a lot of experience in managing SDH/SONET.
No other technology than SDH/SONET has this maturity grade at the optical physical layer.
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Next Generation SDH: Packet Friendly

FRL
Mobile
3G
VoD 3play
VPLS MPLS
VPN
xDSL
ISDN
Circuit
Services
Tele phone
VoIP
Internet
TV SAN
IP
DVB
PDH
MPLS
VLAN
ATM
10/100/1000 Ethernet HDLC/PPP/LAPS

GFP-F GFP-T
Transport Network
Fibre Channel ESCON FICON
Contiguous Concatenation
SDH/Sonet NG
Virtual Concatenation LCAS
Transmission Media
WDM - Dark Fibre - Coax - Wireless - OTN
SDH/SONET has also evolved to more efficiently adapt statistical multiplexing traffic based on data packets.
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Legacy and Next Generation SDH
The Next Generation of SDH/SONET is offering:

data-packet interfaces TDM interfaces new functionalities
The objective is:

to support efficiently any type of traffic (including of data packets) get the best of Legacy SDH including: - resiliency, - reliability, - scalability, - centralised management - rerouting
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Key NG SDH/SONET
NG SDH/SONET Contiguous Concatenation GFP-F GFP-T Virtual Concatenation LCAS
GFP (Generic Framing Protocol)

is robust and standardized encapsulation procedure for the transport of packetised data on SDH/SONET. In principal, GFP performs bit rate adaptation managing features such as priorities, discard eligibility, transport channels selection, and submultiplexing.
VCAT (Virtual Concatenation)

is a mechanism which assigns granular bandwidth sizes rather than the exponential provision of the Contiguous Concatenation. Therefore VCAT is more flexible and efficient.
LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme)

LCAS can modify dynamically the allocated VCAT bandwidth by adding/removing members of a pipe in use. LCAS is being used also to implement diversity for traffic resilience.
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Next Gen. SDH Network elements

PDH Ethernet VPN DVB SAN SDH SDH (classic ADM + packet interfaces)
Client interfaces SDH
Legacy NE: Reg, Mux, ADM, DXC
Multiservice Provisioning Platform (MSPP)
PDH Ethernet VPN DVB SAN DWDM SDH (MSPP + DWDM)
DWDM SDH (DXC-like)
DWDM SDH
Multiservice Transport Platform (MSTP)
Multiservice Switching Platform (MSSP)
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Multiservice Provisioning Platform (MSPP)

PDH Ethernet VPN DVB SAN SDH (classic ADM + packet interfaces)
A Multiservice Provisioning Platform (MSPP) is basically the result of the evolution of legacy ADM and TDM interfaces and optical interfaces, to a type of access node that includes a set of:

legacy TDM interfaces data interfaces, such as Ethernet, GigE, Fiber Channel, or DVB NG SDH/SONET functionalities such as GFP, VCAT and LCAS optical interfaces from STM-0/STS-1 to STM-64/OC-192
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Multiservice Transport Platform (MSTP)

PDH Ethernet VPN DVB SAN DWDM SDH (MSPP + DWDM)
A Multiservice Transport Platform (MSTP) bassically is a MSPP with DWDM functions to drop selected wavelengths at a site that will provide higher aggregated capacity to multiplex and to transport client signals. MSTP allows to integrate SDH/SONET, TDM and data services, with efficient WDM transport and wavelength switching. Typically, MSTPs are installed in the metro core network.
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Multiservice Switching Platform
DWDM SDH (DXC-like)
DWDM SDH
A Multiservice Switching Platform (MSSP) is the NG equivalent for cross-connect, performing efficient traffic grooming and switching at STM-N/OC-M levels but also at VC level. MSSPs should support more than just data service mapping, namely true data services multiplexing and switching. MSSP is still emerging as a NG Network element, while MSPP and MSTP are quite mature.
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Generic Framing Protocol (GFP)

Ethernet
Packets Port 1 Port 2
. . .
MSPP
SDH/Sonet
MSPP
Ethernet
Source
STM-n/OC-m
Sink
Port 1 Port 2
. . .
Port n Rx queues Encapsulating Mapping Multiplexing T r a n s m i s s i o n GFP mapper GFP demapper Tx Queues
Port n
De-encapsulating Demapping Demultiplexing
1.
GFP, defined in ITU-T G.7041, provides data rate adaption and frame delineation There are two mapping service for data protocols: GFP-T (Transparent) is a layer 1 encapsulation in constant sized frames. Optimised for traffic based on 8B/10B codification such as 1000BASE-T, Fibre Channel, and ESCON. GFP-F (Framed) is a layer 2 encapsulation in variable sized frames. Optimised for data packet protocols such as DVD, PPP and Ethernet.
2.
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Frame-Mapped GFP (GFP-F)

Source
SAN, Fiber Channel
Sink
GFP-F GFP-F
SAN, Fiber Channel
. . .
. . .
Packets Rx queues mapper
4
STM-n/OC-m
1 3 CID
. . .
demapper
. . .
Submultiplexing
Encapsulation Mapping Multiplexing
Sink
Dencapsulation
Demultiplexing
Demapping
The entire client packet is dropped into a GFP frame Data Client signals such as Ethernet, PPP and DVB are queued waiting to be mapped Some codes can be removed to minimize the transmission size GFP-F supports submultiplexing onto a single channel for low-rate sources
GFP-F results in a more efficient transport, however, the encapsulation processes described above increase latency, making GFP-F inappropriate for time-sensitive protocols.
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Transparent GFP (GFP-T)

Source
GFP-T GFP-T
Ethernet, PPP, DVB
Sink
Ethernet, PPP, DVB
. . .
8B/10B
. . .
mapper
STM-n/OC-m
. . .
demapper Reassembly
. . .
Independent Streams
Encapsulation Mapping Multiplexing Demultiplexing Demapping Dencapsulation
GFP-T client signals are mapped into fixed-length GFP framesand transmitted immediately without waiting for the entire client data packet to be received. GFP-T encapsulates any protocol as long as they are based on 8B/10B line coding, which is why it is often called protocol-agnostic. ALL the client characters, without exception, are transported to the far end. GF-T is very good for isocronic protocols and SAN, such as ESCON or FICON. This is because it is not necessary to process client frames or to wait for arrival of the complete frame
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GFP mapping of client signals

Flag Address Control Type Payload Pad FCS Flag Pad
GFP
Core Header Payload Header
G FP -F
GFPF
HDSLC/PPPP
LLC/SNAP BBW SoF Header Data CRC EOF
Fiber Channel
Extension Header
Ethernet
Preamble SoF Dest Add Source Add Length LLC Data Pad FCS Extension
Payload
-F FP G
Check Sum thrown away transported
Depending on the type of GFP in question, the mapping function can drop the whole signal (in the case of GFP-T), or can throw away certain delineation fields (GFP-F).
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GFP frame formats and protocols

GFP frame
byte 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PLI cHEC (CRC-16)

4 s te by
PTI
Core Header
s yte 4b
PFI EXI type UPI
scrambled bytes (optional)
tHEC (CRC-16) EXI
Payload Header Extention Header (optional) Payload Check Sum (optional)
8 9
0-60 bytes
eHEC (CRC-16)
n by te s
66 +1 +2
Payload
PLI: PDU Length Indicator tHEC: Type HEC protection cHEC: Core HEC protection EXI: Extension Header Identifier PTI: Payload type Identifier 000: client data Type Type 100: client management PFI: Payload FCS Indicator tHEC tHEC 1: presence of FCS 0: absence CID EXI type: Extension Header Identifier Spare 0000: Null eHEC 0001: Linear 0010: Ring tHEC: Type HEC protection UPI: User Payload Identifier (PTI=0) CID: Channel ID for submultiplex 01x: Ethernet (GFP-F) eHEC: Extension HEC protection 02x: PPP (GFP-F) Payload: Space for the framed PDU 03x: Fiber Channel (GFP-T) pFCS: Payload FCS 04x: FICON (GFP-T) 05x: ESCON (GFP-T) 06x: Gigabit Ethernet (GFP-T) 08x: MAPOS (GFP-F) 09x: DVB (GFP-T) 0Ax: RPR (GFP-F) 0Bx: Fiber Channel (GFP-F) 0Cx: Async Fiber Channel (GFP-T) Null EXI Linear EXI type
tes by 0-4
+n
pFCS (CRC-32)
+n+4
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GFP-F vs. GFP-T
Feature
Protocol transparency Efficiency Isocronic protocols Encapsulation protocol level Optimized for LCAS protection Statistical submultiplexing SAN transport Ethernet transport
GFP-F
low high no Layer 2 (Frames) Ethernet likely yes no optimum
GFP-T
high low yes Layer 1 (Physical) SAN, DVB poor no yes possible
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Concatenation
40 Gbps 10 Gbps 2.5 Gbps 622 Mbps 155 Mbps STM-256 OC-768 STM-64 OC-192 STM-16 OC-48 STM-4 OC-12 STM-1 OC-3/STS-3
x1
AUG-256 STS-768
x4
x1
AU4-256c STS-768c AU4-64c STS-192c AU4-16c STS-48c AU4-4c STS-12c AU-4 STS-3c
VC4-256c STS-768c SPE VC4-64c STS-192c SPE VC4-16c STS-48c SPE VC4-4c STS-12c SPE VC-4 STS-3c SPE
C-4-256c C-4-64c C-4-16c C-4-4c C-4
x1 x4 x1 x4 x1 x4 x1
AUG-64 STS-192 AUG-16 STS-48 AUG-4 STS-12 AUG-1 STS-3
x1
x1
x1
x1
Concatenation is the process of summing the bandwidth of X containers of the same type into a larger container. There are two concatenation methods:

Contiguous concatenation, which creates big containers that cannot split into smaller pieces during transmission. For this, each NE must have a concatenation functionality. Virtual concatenation, which transports the individual VCs and aggregates them at the end point of the transmission path. For this, concatenation functionality is only needed at the path termination equipment.
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Contiguous and Virtual Concatenation

Contiguous concatenation VC4-4c
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
Bandwidth requirement
Virtual concatenation VC4-3v or STS-9v

J1 J1B3 J1B3 C2 B3 G1 C2 G1 C2 F2 G1 H4 F2 F2H4 F3 K3 H4F3 N1 F3K3 K3 N1 N1
1 2 II
One VCG
3 VC members
One Path
622 Mbps
SDH
III
3x 155 Mbps
Several paths (3 in SDH, or 9 in SONET)
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
Bandwidth delivery (430 Mbps)
IV
J1 J1B3 J1B3 C2 B3 G1 C2 G1 C2 F2 G1 H4 F2 F2H4 F3 K3 H4F3 N1 F3K3 K3 N1 N1
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Contiguous Concatenation (VCAT)

STM / STS pointers
AU-3 ptr
1 3
H1 H2 H3 AU-4 ptr
1 3
(STM-0/STS-1)
Virtual Container
9
VC type
Number Contiguous of VCs Concatenation

VC-4-Xc / STS-3Xc SPE
1
H1 Y
1
Y H2 1
12
1 H3 H3 H3 (STM-1/OC-3)
24 36
AU-4-4c ptr H1 Y ....... Y H2 1 ....... 1 H3 H3 ....... H3 (STM-4/OC-12) AU-4-16c ptr

1 48 96
260X 261X
H1 Y ....... Y H2 1 ....... 1 H3 H3 ....... H3 (STM-16/OC-48) AU-4-Xc ptr 3X 6X 1 9X ....... Y H2 1 ....... 1 H3 H3 ....... H3 (STM-n/OC-m) H1 Y
Y: 1001SS11
144
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 R
C-4-Xc or SPE
1: All 1s byte
Justification unit = 3 X bytes
Fixed columns size = X-1
Contiguous concatenation: Pointers and containers. A VC-4-Xc (X = 1, 4, 16, 64, 256) structure, where X represents the level. The increment/decrement unit (justification) is 3 X, as it depends on the level: AU-4=3 bytes, AU-4-256c=768 bytes.
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Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)
Virtual Container
VC type
Number Virtual of VCs Concatenation
Packet-oriented, statistically multiplexed technologies, such as IP or Ethernet, do not match well the bandwidth granularity provided by contiguous concatenation.

VCAT is an inverse multiplexing technique that allows granular increments of bandwidth in single VC-n units. At the source node VCAT creates a continuous payload equivalent to X times the VC-n The set of X containers is known as a Virtual Container Group (VCG), and each individual VC is a member of the VCG. Lower-Order Virtual Concatenation (LO-VCAT) uses X times VC11, VC12, or VC2 containers (VC11/12/2-Xv, X = 1... 64). Higher-Order Virtual Concatenation (HO-VCAT) uses X times VC3 or VC4 containers (VC3/ 4-Xv, X = 1... 256), providing a payload capacity of X times 48 384 or 149 760 kbit/s.
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Virtual Concatenation Operation

MSSP Source t0+125s t0 VC3-4v VC3-4v
MFI=k+1 MFI=k
5 55 VC3
3 VC#3
Rate Adaption, Mapping, Segmentation
SDH/SONET
SEQ=0
MSSP Sink node

Delay adjust Reassembly
25% A
VC3 #0
B
3 VC#1
MFI=i SQ=0..3
5 55 VC3
t1-125s t1 VC3-4v VC3-4v

MFI=i-1
3 VC#0
25% X G Y
VC #2 3
3 VC#1
MFI=i
SQ=0..3 Contiguous Payloads VC Group
50%
VC3 #2 VC3 #3
F
VC Group Contiguous Payloads
VC3 with SEQ=2 and SEQ=3
MFI: Multiframe Indicator, VCG: Virtual Container group, SEQ: Sequence Number Virtual concatenation is required only at edge nodes Sink node must compensate for the different delays
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Virtual Concatenation Graphically

Contiguous payload 1 1 484 1 1 484 1 484
t
VC3-4v
VC3-4v
9 9
......
9
VC3-4v
X -Segments 1
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
X -Segments 87
X -Segments
EOS SEQ=3 MFI=1 .
EOS
1
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4
EOS
SEQ=3 MFI=0 .
87
..
..
.. SEQ=1 J1 B3 SEQ=0 J1 C2 MFI=0 B3 G1

C2 F2 G1 H4 F2 F3 H4 K3 F3 N1 K3 N1
..
..
VC-3 VC-3
VC-3 VC-3
..
X times VC3 1 1 n270
X times VC3 2n270 3n270
..
X times VC3 4096n270
RSOH AU3 ptrs MSOH
RSOH
RSOH
RSOH
STM-n
AU3 ptrs MSOH

125 s
STM-n
AU3 ptrs MSOH
STM-n
...
AU3 ptrs MSOH
STM-n
..
..
VC-3 VC-3

C2 F2 G1 H4 F2 F3 H4 K3 F3 N1 K3 N1
VCG (VC-3-Xv)

C2 F2 G1 H4 F2 F3 H4 K3 F3 N1 K3 N1
..
..
..
..
VC-3
VC-3
......
SEQ=3 MFI=4095 .
1
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2
87
VC-3
STM-n
t
MFI=0 SEQ=0...X
MFI=1 SEQ=0...X
MFI=2 SEQ=0...X
375 s
MFI=4095 SEQ=0...X
512 ms MFI=0
SEQ=0...X
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Virtual vs. Contiguous Concatenation

SDH
VC-4 VC-4-4c VC-4-16c VC-4-64c VC-4-256c
SONET
STS3c-SPE STS12c-SPE STS48c-SPE STS192c-SPE STS768c-SPE
X times
1 4 16 64 256
Capacity
149,760 Kbps 599,040 Kbps 2,396,160 Kbps 9,584,640 Kbps 38,338,560 Kbps
Justification
3 bytes 12 bytes 48 bytes 192 bytes 768 bytes
Transport
STM-1/OC-3 STM-4/OC-12 STM-16/OC-48 STM-64/OC-192 STM-256/OC-768
SDH
VC-11-Xv VC-12-Xv VC-2-Xv VC-3-Xv VC-4-Xv
SONET
VT.15-Xv VT2-Xv VT6-Xv STS-1-Xv STS-3c-Xv
X times
1 to 64 1 to 64 1 to 64 1 to 256 1 to 256
Capacity
1,600 Kbps 2,176 Kbps 6,784 Kbps 48,384 Kbps 149,760 Kbps
Virtual Capacity
1,600 to 102,400 Kbps 2,176 to 139,264 Kbps 6,784 to 434,176 Kbps 48,384 to 12,386 Kbps 149,760 to 38,338,560 Kbps
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Virtual vs. Contiguous Concatenation
Service
Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Fiber Channel ATM DVB ESCON
Bit Rate
10 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 1000 Mbit/s 1700 Mbit/s 25 Mbit/s 270 Mbit/s 160 Mbit/s
Contiguous Concat.
VC-3 (20%) VC-4 (67%) VC-4-16c (42%) VC-4-16c (42%) VC-3 (50%) VC-4-4c (37%) VC-4-4c (26%)
Virtual Concatenation
VC-11-7v (89%) VC-3-2v (99%) VC-4-7v (95%) VC-4-12v (90%) VC-11-16c (98%) VC-3-6v (93%) VC-3-4v (83%)
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K4 multiframe (VCAT & LCAS codification)

V5
Lower Order Path Overhead 125 s 250 s 375 s J2 500 s N2
K4
K4 bit2
(1bit per .5ms)
K4 multiframe frame 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
bit2
0
MFI
SQ
CTRL
0000
RS-Ack
CTRL
MST
CRC-3
16ms
k4 superframe 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 8 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
MFI
SQ CTRL CRC-3
00000 00001 00010 00011 00100 00101 00110 00111 01000 01001 01010 01011 01100 01101 01110 01111 10000 10001 10010 10011 10100 10101 10110 10111 11000 11001 11010 11011 11100 11101 11110 11111
0
SQ: Sequence Indicator int he VCG [0... MFI: Multiframe Count Indicator [0...31]
...
512ms
K4 is part of the LO-PO overhead and is repeated every 500 ms 32 bits are sent in a complete multiframe which takes 16ms to repeat. (500 x 32=16 ms) The bit-2 superframe is made up of 32 multiframes and takes 512 ms to repeat.
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H4 multiframe (VCAT & LCAS codification)

multiframe J1 1 B3 frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 C2 MFI1 G1 5-8bits F2 H4 1-4bits F3 K3 time 0ms N1 MFI1: Multiframe indicator part 1 [0...255] multiframe
2 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 256 4096
Higer Order Path Overhead
0000 0001 CTRL 0010 0 0 0 GID 0011 0 0 0 0 0100 0 0 0 0 0101 0110 CRC8 0111 1000 MST 1001 0 0 0 RSAck 1010 0 0 0 0 1011 0 0 0 0 1100 0 0 0 0 1101 1110 SQ 1111 0000 MFI2 0001 CTRL 0010 0 0 0 GID 0011 0 0 0 0 0011 4
MFI1
2ms
512ms
MFI: Combination of MFI2-MFI1 [0...4095] MFI2: Multiframe indicator part 2 [0...255] SQ: Sequence Indicator int he VCG [0...255]
H4 is part of the HO-PO overhead H4 is repeated every 125 ms 16-byte multiframes takes 16 ms A complete multiframe of 4096 bytes takes 512 ms to repeat (125x4096=512 ms)
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SQ
1110 1111
Ethernet service provided by VCAT/LCAS

Ethernet service NG SDH Access MSSP - A Legacy SDH MSSP - B Access Ethernet frame VCAT member S T LCAS a Z b c-d Node Z X Y Payload Aggregation Ethernet CP2
Payload Segregation Traffic Adaption CP1 Traffic Control T LCAS GFP VCA a R b c-d Node R Flow Control
Ethernet
Flow Control
The link between node A and node Z transports Ethernet frames using a Virtual Concatenation Group of three members. Three separate LCAS protocols constantly monitor each peer connection: LCAS-a of node R talks with LCAS-a of node Z, LCAS-b(R) with LCAS-b(Z), ... LCAS-n (R) with LCAS-n (Z)
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Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)

ITU-T as G.7042, designed to manage the bandwidth allocation of a VCAT path. LCAS can add and remove members of a VCG that control a VCAT channel. LCAS cannot adapt the size of the VCAT channel according to the traffic pattern. Source to Sink messages:

Multi-Frame Indicator (MFI) keeps the multiframe sequence. Sequence Indicator (SQ) indicates members sequence to reassemble correctly the client signal that was split and sent through several paths. Control (CTRL) protocol messages which can be fixed, add, norm, eos, idle, and dnu. Group Identification (GID) is a constant value for all members of a VCG.
Sink to Source include:

Member Status (MST), which indicates to source each member status: fail or OK. Re-Sequence Acknowledge (RS-Ack) is an ack of renumbering after a new eos member.
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LCAS protocol
fixed, add, norm, eos, idle, dnu
Source So
Sk Sink
ok, fail, ack
fixed: Indicates fixed bandwidth and no LCAS support add: Member to be added to the VCG norm: Normal transmission eos: End of sequence, the member has the highest VCG seq number, Normal transmission idle: Member is part of the VCG or to be removed dnu: Do Not Use, receive side reported MST FAIL status ok: active member, no failure condition detected (MST msg) fail: failure condition detected in member (MST msg) ack: Re-Sequence Acknoledge after eos msg (RS-Ack msg)
Source to Sink
(CNTRL message)
Sink to Source
(MST & RS messages)
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Simplified LCAS Source and Sink State Machine

Source
Start MREMOVE IDLE MADD
add
ac k, fa il
dnu Start DNU MADD

MADD, MREMOVE So Sk MADD, MREMOVE
Sink
fai l
dnu, idle IDLE
e idl
ok
idle
fail
REMOVE
MREMOVE
fail
fa i l
MREMOVE ADD ok
states in transition
idle, fixed, fail

idle
NORM
FAIL
add
OK
norm, eos, ack
others
eos, norm, ok, dnu, ack
Source States
IDLE: Not provisioned member ADD: In process of being added to the VCG NORM: Active and provisioned member, good path DNU (Do Not Use): Provisioned but its path has failed REMOVE: In process of being removed of the VCG MADD: add one or more members of the VCG MREMOVE: remove one member of the VCG
Sink States
IDLE: Not provisioned member OK: Provisioned and active member FAIL: Provisioned member, failed path
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VCAT Channel managed with LCAS

NMS
MREMOVE MADD
VCAT channel
fixed, add, norm, eos, idle, dnu ok, fail, ack a b
c
MREMOVE MADD
NMS
Source LCAS Node A Tx Rx
LCAS Sink
Node B Rx
VCG
h i
j
Tx
Sink LCAS NMS

MREMOVE MADD
fixed, add, norm, eos, idle, dnu ok, fail, ack Member States
IDLE ADD IDLE FAIL OK FAIL OK
LCAS
Source
NMS MADD MREMOVE

NMS: Network Management System
Source
NORM DNU REMOVE
Sink
LCAS helps network operators to efficiently control NG SDH connections established at VCAT sites. The use of LCAS is not compulsory, but improves VCAT management
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LCAS protocol: MADD and Path error

Member States
Source
NORM DNU REMOVE
Sink Sink Member States
Source Member States
d
MADD (b)
LCAS sample
MADD (b)
add (b)
ok
eos (b) norm (d)

ack
. . .
fail (b) dnu (b)
path error in (b)
eos (d)
ack ok (b) eos (b)
no error
norm (d)
ack
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LCAS protocol: MREMOVE

Member States
Source
NORM DNU REMOVE
Sink
LCAS sample
Source Member States Sink Member States
d
MREMOVE (d)
idle (d)
fail (d)
. . .
fail (b) idle (b)
MREMOVE (b)
eos (a)
ack
LCAS is a two-way handshake protocol resident in H4 and K4 and executed permanently between source and sink as many times as VCAT members.
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Sink messages are fault tolerant

So-A to Si-A Ctrl. messages Source-A VCG
1a 2a 3a 1a 2a 3a
Si-B to So-B messages
Sink-A
Rx Tx
1b 2b 3b
LCAS
1b 2b 3b
Rx Tx
Sink-B
Si-A to So-A messages So-B to Si-B Ctrl. messages
Source-B
Sink to Source messages (MST, RS-Ack) are redundant while Source to Sink are specific to each member. This means that Sink messages are repeated as many times as members in the group. It also means that the origin of sink messages is irrelevant, because all the members are sending the same information in a multiframe.
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H4 multiframe sequence
512ms 4096 bytes 256 multiframes
256
er mb me o o
us stat
k ok ok / k / / fa / fa fai fail il il l
member status (0-7 ) 0 1

2 3
4 5 6 7
- me mbe r M 32 m ST ulti sta fra tus me 64 m s s
128 127
M RS S T 0 0 A SQ 0
5) 22 e( m ifra MFI ult m

CR C8 M C GI TR FI 0 0 D L
T MS
il / fa i l ok / fa il ok / fa l o k / fa i ok
MST MST
MST
T MS
multiframe (0)
8 9
MS
mu ltifr am e( 31 ) 8
... ..
255
16
2 ms
1 MS 2 3 T
8 9 es byt 16 2 ms
0 255
2 22 24 3
22 5
31 2 3
H4
0 4095
..... 255 0 1 2 3
MST MST
tes by
192 191
3072
MFI
1024
63 64
2048
9 96 5
0 16 59 1
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LCAS applications
Normal operation
Path1 = 25%
A B A
After breakdown
Path1= 35%
B
VCAT
X
MSSP
VCAT Path2 G 25%

E F Y
MSSP
VCAT
X
VCAT Path2 G 0%
E F Y
LCAS
LCAS
Path3 = 50%
Path3 = 65%
VCAT bandwidth allocation, LCAS enables the resizing of the VCAT pipe in use when it receives an order from the NMS to increase or decrease the size. Network Resilience, In the case of a partial failure of one path, LCAS reconfigures the connection using the members still up and able to continue carrying traffic. Asymmetric Configurations, LCAS is a unidirectional protocol allowing the provision of asymmetric bandwidth between two MSSP nodes to configure asymmetric links Cross-Domain Operation, because LCAS resides only at edge nodes it is not necessary to coordinate more than one configuration centre
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Conclusions
Section
SDH is future proof
SDH cannot be considered anymore as a legacy technology The evolution to Next Generation SDH is the future Future proof at least for the next 10 years NG SDH can deliver packet and TDM services Carriers are already migration from static, circuit-oriented SDH to multiservice packet-friendly NG SDH
49
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Migration to Next Generation
PDH Ethernet VPN DVB SAN
MSSP
SDH classic SDH NG
MSSP
PDH Ethernet VPN DVB SAN
GFC
Mapping in Frames Virtual Containers Transport Bandwidth management Paths, Sections SDH SDH Paths, Sections
GFC VCAT LCAS SDH
Layers
VCAT LCAS SDH
Clients
Existing SDH/Sonet Next Generation SDH
Clients
It is only necessary to migrate the edges to get a full Next Generation SDH network IT IS TODAYS BEST COMBINATION FOR DATA AND CIRCUIT TRANSPORT
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NG SDH means unification and standardisation

SDH Frame Relay Telephone
STM-NG
SDH ATM SDH node
MSSP Frame Relay
UMTS
Next Generation SDH unifies and standardises transport infrastructure for any type of client network packet or circuit oriented network such as Ethernet, PDH, Frame Relay, UMTS, SAN...
51
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Old and New services as well

VoIP IWU Frame Relay Host
Services
Telephony UMTS Frame Relay GSM
SAN
ATM access
Infrastructures
SDH Ethernet DWDM Superserver Wireless
NG SDH helps to provide the right SLA to Ethernet services Transport for high definition audio and video High speed data for Internet or other networks Fast bandwidth management to satisfy requirements Integration under the same architecture circuit and packet networks
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Cost effective
Next Gen SDH network
Ethernet access SDH access SDH ring 2,5 Gbit/s PDH access Data storage
Universal standard: multivendor Unifies infrastructures under a central architecture avoiding a new overlap network Reduces the number of network elements needed to provide advanced services New technologies are making NG SDH more competitive and cheaper With just a few network elements is possible to configure a network Simplifies the management because of centralised configurations
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Telecom basis in the next 10 years?
SDH will be the dominant technology in the next 10 years Pioneers Optical Edge Networks Boston (MA) June 2000 SDH is being used in wireless, we think there is a market at least for the next 10 years Eli Lotan Global Telephony March 01 Ethernet demand lights up but SDH will remain at the core network Ken Weiland Telecommunications International April 03 Ethernet and Optic networks have to match SDH resilience and management to challenge SDH at the metro and core network JM Caballero Mundo Electr. April 04 Installed base is huge to simply walk away from S. Clavena Heaving Reading Nov. 03 Ethernet, of course, but over SDH Network Planning and Operations US
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Ethernet challenge or SDH complement?
Just a few carriers and operators around the world are setting up Core Networks removing SDH and relying only on Ethernet and/or DWDM It has always been difficult to justify in economic, technical and management terms a completely new separate network. And that is still the case. Ethernet reduces leased access costs while NG SDH enhances QoS Native Ethernet services, and best effort technologies in general, do not scale well SDH resilience is critical to deliver 24/365 Ethernet services Ethernet is by nature a best effort technology, carrier-class is already under way Ethernet does not match today the OEM functions provided by SDH A pure packet network, i.e. Ethernet + MPLS, has to emulate circuits: its a risky solution!
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All-optical challenge or SDH complement?
DWDM alone does not have the diversity or management functions of NG SDH The new MSTP nodes combines reconfigurable OADM with NG SDH features Provides new interfaces (packet + circuit oriented) while offering wider managing services Automate wavelength provisioning and lower wavelength delivery costs Ability to reduce network elements in the circuit path
Conclusion: Optical layer integration is a must for NG SDH using MSPP that will provide higher flexibility and Lower Capital Expense (Capex) operational expense (Opex)
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New data services

GigE, Circuit, ATM Client
Service
FRL, SAN, DVB MSPP
Transport
ADM
MSSP
MSTP CXC Physical CPE Access Metro ROADM Core

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NG SDH is STRATEGIC

Is being adopted not only by incumbent operators and carriers but also by new ones. It is interesting to consider the adoption of RPR and/or MPLS to enhance the feature of the Ethernet + NG SDH tandem to layer 2 protection, QoS and multipoint access. Video transport and Storage over NG SDH is just starting to impact in todays networking Automatic layer 1 reconfiguration complements Layer 2 RPR reconfiguration High reliability equivalent similar in core and metro Centralised management of events, bandwidth provisioning Next Generation network (such as MSPP, MSSP) elements will be as fundamental to telecom networks in the coming decade as routers were to the Internet of the 90s
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Migration to Next Generation SDH

Reasons to define SDH

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

bytes vs. bits

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

SDH is a flexible architecture

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Classic SDH: Circuit provisioning

multiplexing, transport, routing, management, reliability

SDH provides efficient, reliable and flexible transport for circuits

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Classic SDH Network elements

Add & Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Digital Cross-Connect (DXC)

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

STM-16 Primary Network STM-4

Access Network STM-1 or PDH

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Nothing compares with SDH resilience

high priority MUX low priority 1:1 MUX

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

service & protection rings

The SDH multiplexing map

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

The STM-1 frame

RSOH AU4 ptr

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

OAM: Detected events at the end of a RS

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Next Generation SDH

NG SDH = classic SDH + [GFP+VCAT+LCAS] Section

FRL Triple VoIP Play xDSL ISDN

VPLS MPLS VPN

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Next Generation SDH: Packet Friendly

10/100/1000 Ethernet HDLC/PPP/LAPS

Fibre Channel ESCON FICON

Virtual Concatenation LCAS

WDM - Dark Fibre - Coax - Wireless - OTN

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Legacy and Next Generation SDH

The Next Generation of SDH/SONET is offering:

data-packet interfaces TDM interfaces new functionalities

The objective is:

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

GFP (Generic Framing Protocol)

VCAT (Virtual Concatenation)

LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme)

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Next Gen. SDH Network elements

Client interfaces SDH

Legacy NE: Reg, Mux, ADM, DXC

Multiservice Provisioning Platform (MSPP)

PDH Ethernet VPN DVB SAN DWDM SDH (MSPP + DWDM)

DWDM SDH (DXC-like)

Multiservice Transport Platform (MSTP)

Multiservice Switching Platform (MSSP)

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Multiservice Provisioning Platform (MSPP)

Multiservice Transport Platform (MSTP)

2005 Trend Communications - www.trendcomms.com

Multiservice Switching Platform