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OQPSK MODULATION
(Offset Quadrature Phase-shift keying)
MARCO DONADIO
RF COMMUNICARION SYSTEM ON CHIP
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INDEX
Introduction to digital modulation
Review of PSK modulation
QPSK modulation
Variation on the QPSK : Offset QPSK
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In digital RF system, the carrer is modulated by a digital
baseband signal. Digital modulation offers many advantages
over modulation and is widely used in wireless systems.
Basic concepts of digital
modulation
Carrier signal: A
c
cos (2f
c
t + )
Modulation: m(t)
Modulated signal: A
c
(t) cos (2f
c
(t) t + (t))
Vary Vary Vary
amplitude frequency phase
m(t); discrete
Variations are discrete!!!!!
Binary
OOK
BPSK
DPSK
FSK
Multilevel
QPSK
MPSK
QAM
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Principle
1 0 1 0
1 1
0 0
Analog
message
Digital
code
Digital message
Sinusoidal carrier
modulate
AM
FM
PM
AM &
PM
1 0 1 0
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Digital data to analog signal --- Digital Modulation
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)
Amplitude difference of carrier frequency
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
Frequency difference near carrier frequency
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Phase of carrier signal shifted
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Signal Vector Representation
Phase
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
S
0 degrees
I
Q
I-Q
Plane
s(t) = A
c
(t) cos (2f
c
t + (t))
fixed!!! fixed!!!
Modulated signal
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Signal Changes:
Representation in the IQ Plane
S
1
S
2
I
Q
Magnitude
Change
S
1
S
2
I
Q
Phase
Change
S
1
S
2
I
Q
Magnitude
& Phase
Change
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This is a linear modulation scheme in wich the source symbols
shift the phase of a carrier signal.
Binary PSK = the binary baseband data selects one
of two opposite phases of the carrier.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
( )

= t s
( ) t f A
c
2 cos
( ) + t f A
c
2 cos
1 binary
0 binary

=
( ) t f A
c
2 cos
( ) t f A
c
2 cos
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EXAMPLE of a BPSK modulation
We need to transmit the sequence 0111 0101 0010 1011 using BPSK
modulation, we will have the following modulated signal:
At every bit transition the signal does a 180 degree phase shift!!!
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Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Four-level PSK (QPSK) = each element
represents more than one bit.
( )

= t s
|
.
|

\
|
+
4
2 cos

t f A
c 11
|
.
|

\
|
+
4
3
2 cos

t f A
c
|
.
|

\
|

4
3
2 cos

t f A
c
|
.
|

\
|

4
2 cos

t f A
c
01
00
10
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QPSK Modulator
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0
Serial-to-parallel converter separates odd en even bits, each group of two
bits (one in each arm) constitutes a symbol; then the symbol rate is half the
bit rate indicating that the required bandwidth is half that of BPSK
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Drawback of QPSK
In QPSK the carrier phase changes only once every 2Ts seconds;
when only one of the two quadrature components, in-phase (I) or in
quadrature (Q), changes its sign, a phase shift of 90 occurs. A
change in both components generate a phase shift of 180. These
phase jump in the ideal case is instantaneous but in the real case
produce a shifting in a nonzero time and cause the envelope to
approach zero (due to filtering effect).
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The brutal change of phase in QPSK result a variation of
envelope due also to the filter respons that limit the bandwidth.
Such variation require linear PA to avoid spectral regrowth.
Linear PA are less efficient than non-linear PA (for 40%
efficiency it consumes 2.5W).
Solution = OQPSK
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
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OQPSK modulation
The data stream are offset in time by half the symbol period after
S/P conversion, avoiding simultaneous transitions in waveforms at
node A and B. The phase can change only for 90 every Ts.
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QPSK vs OQPSK
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OQPSK Offset Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying
Q channel signal offset from I channel signal
Delayed in time by T
s
Eliminates 180 phase transitions
No transitions thru origin !!
Amplitude variations less than QPSK & much less than
BPSK
Non-linear Tx amplifiers can be used to achieve
better utilization of battery power in mobile unit
Retains same BW efficiency as QPSK
Very popular modulation method for reverse-link in
wireless systems