Evolution of Wireless Mobile CommunicationEvolution of Wireless Mobile Communica tion 2009. 11.2009. 11.

HyungHyung--Jin ChoiJin Choi Sungkyunkwan UniversitySungkyunkwan University Evolution of Wireless Mobile CommunicationEvolution of Wireless Mobile Communica tion 2009. 11.2009. 11. HyungHyung--Jin ChoiJin Choi Sungkyunkwan UniversitySungkyunkwan University

Evolution of Wireless Mobile CommunicationEvolution of Wireless Mobile Communica tion Evolution of Wireless Mobile CommunicationEvolution of Wireless Mobile Comm unication

Multiple Access Scheme

FDMA Multiple Access SchemeMultiple Access Scheme

FDMAFDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) FDMA gives users an individual allocation of one or several frequency bands, or channels FDMA is a basic technology in the analog Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) Transmission over Radio Frequency (800MHz An analog system Each user is given one channel (i.e., one frequency) Bad utilization of spectrum Power Time Frequency 30 KHz 1900MHz)

AMPSAMPS AMPSAMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) Developed by Bell Labs in the 1970s and first used commercially in the United St ates in 1983. It operates in the 800 MHz band (1G) by AT&T Full duplex (FDX) operation : simultaneous two-way communication two 30 kHz channels (forward & reverse) Two providers for each market limited competition Analog frequency modulation (FM) used exclusively Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) one channel per pair of users N-AMPS Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone System : BW=10kHz Developed by Motorola as an interim technology between analog and digital. It ha s some three times greater capacity than AMPS and operates in the 800 MHz range duopoly(USA)

Cellular Telephone SystemCellular Telephone System Cellular Telephone SystemCell ular Telephone System Co-channel Interference RD R:Cell radius D:Distance between adjacent co-channel cell n:Propagation attenuation N:# interference Cell To compute co-channel reuse ratio ex) N=7 Co-channel reuse ratio Q D Q . . 3N . 21 R Signal to Interference power ratio n n 3N . SSQ . .. . 17dB .II I NNINI i i. 1

Cellular Telephone SystemCellular Telephone System Cellular Telephone SystemCell ular Telephone System Cellular Telephone System Base station serves mobile users in each cell /bridge between mobile unit and MSC Mobile Switching Center (MSC) controls base stations, call initiation & routing, handoffs, etc. connects cellular system to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) Common Air Interface (CAI) Standard mechanism used by all mobiles Defines 4 different channels to be used by a mobile unit Forward/reverse voice channels -FVC/RVC Full Duplex communication Forward/reverse control channels -FCC/RCC call initiation & setup makes up 5% of total # of available channels

One cell contains 10 to 60 voice channels and only 1 to 3 control channel pairs (F+R) MSC broadcasts call request from PSTN over all FCC's of all base stations d the mobile user to fin

Cellular Telephone SystemCellular Telephone System Cellular Telephone SystemCell ular Telephone System Call /MSC < BS < MS < MS < BS Processing / : Receives call from PSTN. Sends the requested MIN to all base station >: Transmits page(MIN) for specified user >: Received page and matches the MIN with its own MIN >: Acknowledges receipt of MIN and sends ESN and Station Class Mark >: Receives MIN, ESN, Station Class Mark and passes to MSC

/ MSC / : Verifies that the mobile has a valid MIN,ESN pair / MSC / : Requests BS to move mobile to unused voice channel pair < BS >: Transmits data message for mobile to move to specific voice channel < MS >: Receives data messages to move to specified voice channel / MSC / : Connects the mobile with the calling party on the PSTN <BS,MS>: Begin voice Transmission <-> Begin voice Reception

2G Technologies 2G Technologies2G Technologies 2G Overview The European Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), is introduced in 1992 The North American Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), is introduced in 1994 IS-54: FDMA/TDMA access mode IS-95: CDMA access mode The First CDMA commercial service was started in Korea in 1996 The Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) system, is introduced in 1992, PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) The North American Personal Communication System operating at 1900 MHz (PCS 1900): CDMA, GSM, and USDC(IS-54) systems can be used on PCS frequencies

Multiple Access SchemeMultiple Access Scheme ple Access Scheme TDMATDMA Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

TDMATDMA Multiple Access SchemeMulti

TDMA allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The data transmission in TDMA is actually not continuous. It occurs in bursts. But the time between these bursts for a single mobile phone user is very short Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) Personal Communication Service (PCS) Power Time quenc y 30 KHz Frequency 2 3 5 6 8 9

DD--AMPSAMPS DD--AMPSAMPS USDC: U.S. Digital Cellular (D-AMPS) Another name for USDC is D-AMPS or IS-54 Digital AMPS is a variation of AMPS. Uses 3-timeslot variation of TDMA, also kno wn as Interim Standard-54 (IS-54). An upgrade to the analogue AMPS D-AMPS (IS-54) employs the same 30 kHz channel spacing and frequency bands (824-849 and 869-894 MHz) as AMPS. By using TDMA instead of FDMA, IS-54 increases the number of users from 1 to 3 per channel (up to 10 with enhanced TDMA) 3 users share one channel by using different time slots AMPS/D-AMPS infrastructure can support use of either analogue AMPS phone or digital D-AMPS phones. This is because the FCC mandated only that digital cellul ar in the U.S. must act in a dual-mode capacity with analogue. Both operate in the 800 MHz band

PDC & PCSPDC & PCS PDC & PCSPDC & PCS Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) Like D-AMPS and GSM, PDC uses TDMA. The standard was defined by the RCR (later became ARIB) of Japan in April 1991 NTT DoCoMo launched its Digital mobile service in March 1993. PDC uses 25 kHz carrier, pi/4-DQPSK modulation with 3-timeslot 11.2 kbit/s (full-rate) or 6-timeslot 5.6 kbit/s (half-rate) voice codecs. Personal Communication Service (PCS) PCS is the name for the 1900 MHz radio band used for digital mobile phone services in Canada, Mexico and the United States. CDMA, GSM, and D-AMPS systems can be used on PCS frequencies.

GSMGSM GSMGSM Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communication GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater to voice services and data delivery using digital modulation Digital Communication technology GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges Most 2G GSM networks :900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas: 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands Most 3G GSM networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module Card GSM provides Integrated voice mail High speed data, fax Paging and Short Message Services (SMS)

GSMGSM GSMGSM History Developed by Group Spciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative of CEPT (Conference of European Post and Telecommunication) Developed to replace the incompatible analog system Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special mobile group under ETSI(European telecommunication Standards Institute) Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990 . Under ETSI, GSM is named as Global System for Mobile communication Architecture of GSM SIM ME UM BTS BSC MSC Subscriber Identity Module Mobile Equipment User Mobile Frequency Base Transceiver Stations Base Station Controller Mobile Switching Center

GSMGSM GSMGSM GSM Frame Structure 2048 Superframes; periodicity = 3 h 28 min 53 s 760 ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 2044 2045 2046 2047 0 1 2 3 4 47 48 49 50 0 1 2 24 25 0 1 2 24 25 51x26 Multiframe or 26x51-Multiframe periodicity=6s 120 ms 0 1 2 48 49 50 26 26 TDMA frames periodicity = 120ms (for TCH s) 51 51 TDMA frames periodicity = 235.38ms (for signaling) TS s y = 4.615ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 periodicitThe Signaling Frame Structure is a multi-frame of 51 frames to accommodate control channels (FCCH, SCH, BCCH, CCCH) in the downlink and random access (RACH) in the uplink. This frame structure uses Traffic Channel Frame Structure26 frames to build a multi frame. Frames 0 to 11 and 13 to 24 carry speech or user data. Frame 12 is used as SACCH, Frame 25 is idle, allowing the base station to measure field strengths from mobiles in other cells, when needed for handovers. One hyper-frame contains 2048 super-frames which is equivalent to 2,715,648 TDMA frames. One super-frame contains 1326 TDMA frames (6.12 seconds) can either carry 51 of 26-Multiframes or 26 of 51-Multiframes. A set of 8 TDMA slots is called a frame. In GSM, the terminal transmits and receives during different times slots. frames.

GSMGSM GSMGSM GSM Specification Frequency band range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile station to base station). Duplex distance(FDD) Duplex distance is the distance between the up & downlink frequencies , 80 MHz a part. Channel separation(Bandwidth) The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz. Modulation(constant envelope) GMSK modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristi cs of a carrier frequency Transmission rate GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps. Access method GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept.

GSMGSM GSMGSM Advantages Worldwide used with over millions of subscribers. International roaming Robust to channel noise compared to FDMA GSM's maturity means engineers cut their teeth on the technology, creating an unconscious preference. The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules, which are smart cards that provide secure data encryption give GSM advantages. Disadvantages Low Data rate Strict synchronization and guard time needed Still susceptible to jamming, and other-cell interference

Multiple Access SchemeMultiple Access Scheme ple Access Scheme CDMACDMA Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

CDMACDMA Multiple Access SchemeMulti

One of the most important concepts to any cellular telephone system is that of multiple access A large number of users share a common pool of radio channel bandwidth and any user can gain access to any channel Idea derived from military & developed by Qualcomm, USA around late 1980 s Use Spreading Sequence for spreading gain One common frequency band for all users Separation between users can be done by user-specific code

CDMA vs. GSMCDMA vs. GSM CDMA vs. GSMCDMA vs. GSM

CDMA vs. GSMCDMA vs. GSM CDMA vs. GSMCDMA vs. GSM

CDMACDMA CDMACDMA History In 1993, TIA recognized CDMA as an IS-95 Standard Korea government promote to commercialize the technology in two parts ETRI and Qualcomm took charge of switch design, prototype development and base transmit station Handset manufactures developed new mobile handsets and switching system Core chip for CDMA communication was successfully developed by Qualcomm Power control was a key issue A complex high tech chip of the times SK telecom and Shinsegi roll out the first CDMA commercial service in the world in 1996 Currently, CDMA is upgraded into CDMA 2000

CDMACDMA CDMACDMA TDMA vs. CDMA Code Time Time Freq. Freq. < TDMA > < CDMA >

ISIS--95 CDMA Channel Structure95 CDMA Channel Structure ISIS--95 CDMA Channel S tructure95 CDMA Channel Structure Forward CDMA Channel Structure #1 Walsh Function 0 PN Chip. 1.2288 Mcps Pilot Channel

A (All 0's) Walsh Function 32 Code Modulation Modulation Convolutional Encoder R=1/2 K=9 PN Chip. Symbol Symbol Symbol Repetition 1.2288 Mcps Sync Channel Block Interleaver 4.8 ksps Symbol A bits 1.2 kbps 2.4 ksps 4.8 ksps Walsh Function 32 Code Modulation Modulation Convolutional Encoder R=1/2 K=9 PN Chip. Symbol

Symbol Repetition Block Interleaver19.2 ksps Symbol Symbol 1.2288 Mcps Paging Channel

A bits 9.6 kbps 19.2 ksps 19.2 ksps 4.8 kbps 9.6 ksps 19.2 ksps Long Code Mask for Paging Channel p Long Code Generator Decimator 1.2288 Mcps

ISIS--95 CDMA Channel Structure95 CDMA Channel Structure ISIS--95 CDMA Channel S tructure95 CDMA Channel Structure Forward CDMA Channel Structure #2 I-Channel Pilot PN sequence 1.2288 Mcps Add Frame Quality IndicaTors for 9600 & 4800 bps Rates Forward Traffic Channel Information Bits for User m (172. 80/ 40. or 16 bits/frame) Add 8 bit Encoder Tail Convolutional Encoder R=1/2 K=9 Code Symbol Symbol Repetition19.2 ksps 9.6 ksps 4.8 ksps 2.4 ksps Decimator MUX 19.2 ksps 800 Hz Power Control Bits 800 bps Walsh Function n PN Chip. 1.2288 Mcps A 8.6 kbps 4.0 kbps 2.0 kbps 0.8 kbps 9.2 kbps 4.4 kbps 2.0 kbps 0.8 kbps 9.6 kbps 4.8 kbps 2.4 kbps 1.2 kbps Long Code Generator Long Code Mask for User m

Long Code Generator 1.2288 Mcps Block Interleaver 19.2 ksps Modulation Symbol Baseband Filter Baseband Filter SA s(t) I(t) Q(t) I Q Q-Channel Pilot PN sequence cos(2pfct) sin(2pfct) 1.2288 Mcps

ISIS--95 CDMA Channel Structure95 CDMA Channel Structure ISIS--95 CDMA Channel S tructure95 CDMA Channel Structure Reverse CDMA Channel Structure # 1 . I Q cos(2 )cft. sin(2 )cft. I( )tQ( )t()st

ISIS--95 CDMA Channel Structure95 CDMA Channel Structure ISIS--95 CDMA Channel S tructure95 CDMA Channel Structure Reverse CDMA Channel Structure #2 Code Code Code Symbol Symbol Repetition Symbol Block Interleaver Symbol Reverse Traffic Channel Information Bits 8.6 kbps Add Frame Quality Indicators for 9600 & 4800 bps Rates 9.2 kbps 9.6 kbps Add 8 bits Encoder Tail 28.8 kbps Convolutional Encoder r=1/3 K=9 28.8 ksps [172, 80, 40 or 4.0 kbps 4.4 kbps 4.8 kbps 14.4 kbps 16bits/frame] 2.0 kbps 2.0 kbps 2.4 kbps 7.2 kbps 0.8 kbps 0.8 kbps 1.2 kbps 3.6 kbps 28.8ksps I-channel Sequence Frame Data Rate D1.2288Mcps Modulation Symbol I [walsh chop] 4.8 kbps Long Code

Generator 64-ary Orthogonal Modulation Data Burst Randomizer Baseband Filter I( )t 28.8 kbps 1/2 PN chip st() Delay = 406.9 ns cos(2.ft) PN chip Baseband Filter Q . c

[307.2 kcps] 1.2288 Mcps Q( )t 28.8 kbps Q-channel Sequence sin(2.fct) 1.2288Mcps Long Code Mask

The concept of CDMAThe concept of CDMA The concept of CDMAThe concept of CDMA Spreading / De-spreading Tx data Tx data Tx spread code Tx spread code Spreaded signal Spreaded signal Rx spread code Rx spread code Rx data Rx data < Tx Spread Code = Rx Spread Code > < Tx Spread Code . Rx Spread Code >

Encoding in CDMA : Walsh channelizationEncoding in CDMA : Walsh channelization .Encode / Decode : Walsh code slot 1 slot 0 d0 = 1 1 11 1 1-1-1-11 11 1 1-1-1-11 111 1-1-1-1slot 0 channel output slot 1 channel output channel output sendercode data bits slot 1 slot 0 d1 = -1 d0 = 1 1 11 1 1-1-1-11 11 1 1-1-1-11 11 1 1-1-1-11 111 1-1-1-1slot 0 channel output slot 1 channel output receivercode received input ,imimZdc.. , 1 MimmimZcDM. . .. ,imZEncoding in CDMA : Walsh channelizationEncoding in CDMA : Walsh channelizati on .Encode / Decode : Walsh code slot 1 slot 0 d0 = 1 1 11 1 1-1-1-11 11 1 1-1-1-11 111 1-1-1-1slot 0 channel

output slot 1 channel output channel output sendercode data bits slot 1 slot 0 d1 = -1 d0 = 1 1 11 1 1-1-1-11 11 1 1-1-1-11 11 1 1-1-1-11 111 1-1-1-1slot 0 channel output slot 1 channel output receivercode received input ,imimZdc.. , 1 MimmimZcDM. . .. ,imZ

CDMACDMA CDMACDMA Rake Receiver The RAKE receiver was designed to equalize the effects of multipath It uses a combination of correlators, code generators, and delays to separate individual echo signals of the multipath Each signal is then delayed and summed according to peaks found in the received signal Multi-path channel h(t) h1 h2 tt+T t RAKE receiver h1 h1* T T LP LP .h2 h2 * Spreading code

CDMACDMA CDMACDMA Advantages High capacity than TDMA (more # of users per cell/BW) High quality service High Security Less power consume, small size enable Extended reach -beneficial to rural users situated far from cells Disadvantages Required large bandwidth Low Data rate Power control and synchronization is needed CDMA cannot offer international roaming, a large disadvantage compared to GSM advantage

GPRSGPRS GPRSGPRS GPRS(General Packet Radio Service) GPRS is packet switched technology GPRS = voice-oriented GSM(long call set-up time) + internet GPRS gives GSM subscribers access to data communication application such as e-ma il, internet etc. using their mobile phone GPRS is based on existing GSM cellular network infrastructure and adds new packet-switching network equipments A physical channel is only assigned when data needs to be transmitted or received Physical channel can be shared between different mobile users Use of packet switching means no dedicated physical channel, only allocation of physical channel dynamically on-need basis GPRS supports higher data rate as compared to GSM by employing new air interface error coding schemes and multiple timeshots

EDGEEDGE EDGEEDGE EDGE (Enhanced Data-rate for Global Evolution) EDGE is also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) Using Enhanced-GPRS, existing services such as GPRS are enhanced by offering a new physical layer EGPRS is introduced within existing specifications and descriptions rather than by creating new one EGPRS introduces a new modulation technique (8PSK), link adaptation and incremental redundancy EGPRS is therefore an add-on to GPRS and cannot work alone

Comparison with Other Multiple Access SchemesComparison with Other Multiple Acce ss Schemes Comparison with Other Multiple Access SchemesComparison with Other Mu ltiple Access Schemes Items CDMA TDMA E-TDMA AMPS(Analog) Capacity(Call) 10 ~ 20 3 6~10 1 Bandwidth 1.25Mhz 30KHz 30KHz 30KHz Frequency Reuse Factor 1 7,4 7,4 7 Freq. Planning NO YES YES YES Handoff Soft / Hard Hard Hard Hard Power Control Fast Slow Slow Slow Mobile Power Consumption Low Medium Medium High Standard IS-95A,SP3384 IS-54/136 IS-54 Based EIA-53.3 Speech Coder Rate 8,13Kbps 8Kbps 4Kbps Diversity Time, Space, Freq Time, Space Time, Space Space

Development from 2G to 3GDevelopment from 2G to 3G Japan Europe Americas 1st Gen TACS NMT/TACS/Other AMPS 2nd Gen PDC GSM TDMA CDMA Global strategy based on W-CDMA and EDGE networks, common IP based network, and dual mode W-CDMA/EDGE phones. ConvergedTDMA/GSM family of technologies will have dominantmarket share (~80 percent). 3rd Gen (EDGE in Europe and Asia outside Japan) EDGE cdma2000W-CDMA/EDGE W CDMAand cdma2000 will be optional modes in one spec. Basic phones will be one or the other. Global phones will have both. Development from 2G to 3GDevelopment from 2G to 3G Japan Europe Americas 1st Gen TACS NMT/TACS/Other AMPS 2nd Gen PDC GSM TDMA CDMA Global strategy based on W-CDMA and EDGE networks, common IP based network, and dual mode W-CDMA/EDGE phones. ConvergedTDMA/GSM family of technologies will have dominantmarket share (~80 percent). 3rd Gen (EDGE in Europe and Asia outside Japan) EDGE cdma2000W-CDMA/EDGE W CDMAand cdma2000 will be optional modes in one spec. Basic phones will be one or the other. Global phones will have both.

IMT-2000 IMTIMT--20002000 International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT)-2000 Better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications defined by the International Telecommunication Union Which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and CDMA2000 as well as DECT and WiMAX Services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobile environment Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates (up to 14.0 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink with HSPA+) Thus, 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency

2G vs. 3G2G vs. 3G 2G vs. 3G2G vs. 3G

3G Technologies3G Technologies 3G Technologies3G Technologies Two key Technologies : All based on CDMA technology Synchronous Vs. Asynchronous Synchronous (3GPP2) Synchronous method that obtain standard time using GPS Each Base Station uses the same PN code Base Station classification PN code with time epoch difference CDMA2000 1X, EV-DO, EV-DV Asynchronous (3GPP) Asynchronous method with different PN code for each Base Station W-CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+ . Domestic CDMA Operators CDMA2000 EV-DO : LGT W-CDMA : SKT, KT

3G Technologies3G Technologies 3G Technologies3G Technologies

CDMA2000 (3GPP2)CDMA2000 (3GPP2) CDMA2000 (3GPP2)CDMA2000 (3GPP2)

CDMA2000 (3GPP2)CDMA2000 (3GPP2) CDMA2000 (3GPP2)CDMA2000 (3GPP2) Features Hybrid 2.5G/3G technology of mobile telecommunications standards that use CDMA Multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data, and signaling data between mobile phones and cell sites Backward compatibility with IS-95 A/B Chip rate = N x 1.2288 Mcps (N=1, 3) Data rates up to 307.2 Kbps(1X, N=1) or 1.0368 Mcps (3X, N=3) Auxiliary pilot for beamforming Forward Walsh code Variable Walsh length for SCH Number of Walsh code is doubled by QPSK QOF (Quasi-Orthogonal Function) Provides increased number of channels in forward link

CDMA2000 (3GPP2)CDMA2000 (3GPP2) CDMA2000 (3GPP2)CDMA2000 (3GPP2) Features cont d

Increased performance and capacity High Rate Packet Data Service(HRPS) Supplemental Channel(SCH) with variable Spreading factor(walsh length) Fast forward and reverse power control 800Hz power control Power control subchannel in reverse link Forward transmit diversity OTD (Orthogonal Transmit Diversity) STS (Space Time Spreading) 3x MC diversity antenna Improved convolutional code and Turbo code Reverse link: rate 1/2, 1/3, 1/ 4 Forward link: rate 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/6 (convolutional code only) Coherent pilot based reverse link

CDMA2000 (3GPP2)CDMA2000 (3GPP2) CDMA2000 (3GPP2)CDMA2000 (3GPP2) Features cont d

Efficient packet transmission Variable/Flexible data rate (for FCH) n Flexible data rate Data rate can be varied during transmissio

Supports any number of information data rate

DCCH (Dedicated Control CH) Multi-frame Interleaving Battery power saving QPCH (Quick Paging Channel) HPSK (Hybrid PSK) DCCH (Dedicated Control CH) pilot gating Reverse link 1/8 rate FCH gating Enhanced access preamble gating Common control channel preamble gating To increase interleaving performance

CDMA2000 (3GPP2)CDMA2000 (3GPP2) CDMA2000 (3GPP2)CDMA2000 (3GPP2) Features cont d

Enhanced signaling features Tiered Service Channel Assignment DCCH Assignment Supplemental Channel Assignment Supplemental Code Channel/Supplemental Channel Handoff related Issues DCCH handoff 2G/3G Idle Handoff, Hard Handoff Support for Mobile Assisted Burst Operation

Difference between ISDifference between IS--95 and CDMA200095 and CDMA2000 Diffe rence between ISDifference between IS--95 and CDMA200095 and CDMA2000 Reverse link 64-ary orthogonal Modulation Coherent BPSK Gated transmission in variable rate continuous transmission Multi-code variable spreading factor (SCH), multi-code (SCCH) Access channel ACH/EACH/CCCH OQSPK HPSK (OCQPSK) 1/2, 1/3 Conv code 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 Conv code and Turbo code (for SCH) New features Continuous Pilot channel(+PCB for FFPC) DCCH, DTX, 5msec frame, and Pilot Gating RsMA (Reservation Multiple Access) Burst preamble Multi-frame interleaving Channel interleaver / Turbo interleaver

Difference between ISDifference between IS--95 and CDMA200095 and CDMA2000 Diffe rence between ISDifference between IS--95 and CDMA200095 and CDMA2000 Forward link BPSK modulation changed to QPSK modulation Walsh code length increase : 64 128 Lower code rate could be implemented with the same Walsh code length Various forward power control modes are included Transmit diversity mode incorporated 3X multi-carrier mode Various kinds of pilot channels Paging channel QPCH/BCCH/CCCH

CDMA2000 SpecificationCDMA2000 Specification CDMA2000 SpecificationCDMA2000 Spec ification Reverse link Doubling the capacity Coherent reverse link with continuous pilot and BPSK modulation increases transmission range and capacity Continuous transmission reduces EMI to bio-medical devices Supports multiple concurrent services and efficient packet access with parallel Fundamental, Supplemental, and Dedicated Control Channels Has improved access channel for increased range, throughput, and lower delay Uses convolutional codes for voice and low data rates Uses Turbo codes for higher data rates Provides smooth evolution from TIA/EIA-95-B: backward compatible Reverse link can share frequency band Can support existing services and signaling

CDMA2000 SpecificationCDMA2000 Specification CDMA2000 SpecificationCDMA2000 Spec ification Reverse Link Channel Structure REVERSE CDMA CHANNEL (1.25 MHz or 5MHz channel received by base station) Access Channel Reverse Traffic Channel (RC 1 or 2) Enhanced Access Channel Operation Reverse Common Control Channel Operation Reverse Traffic Channel Operation (RC 3 to 6) Reverse Fundamental Channel 0 to 7 Reverse Supplemental Code channels Reverse Pilot Channel Enhanced Access Channel Reverse Pilot Channel Reverse Common Control Channel Reverse Pilot Channel 0 or 1 Reverse Dedicated Control Channel 0 or 1 Reverse Fundamental Channel 0 or 2 Reverse Supplemental Channel Reverse Power Control Subchannel

CDMA2000 SpecificationCDMA2000 Specification CDMA2000 SpecificationCDMA2000 Spec ification Forward link Multi-carrier 1.2288 Mcps per 1.25 MHz carrier with N carriers (N=3, 6, 9) Direct spread 1.2288 Mcps in a single 1.25 MHz carrier Auxiliary pilot Orthogonality maintained Useful for Beam-forming Forward transmit diversity OTD (Orthogonal Transmit Diversity) STS (Space Time Spreading) Multicarrier Transmit Diversity

CDMA2000 SpecificationCDMA2000 Specification CDMA2000 SpecificationCDMA2000 Spec ification Forward Link (cont d) Quick paging channel (QPCH) Significantly prolongs standby time of mobile phones in slotted mode One bit message repeated twice within a frame based on IMSI Orthogonal forward link channels with Walsh functions QPSK data modulation doubles the number of Walsh channels Quasi-orthogonal function When Walsh shortage occurs for example due to DCCH usage Generated by masking Walsh functions Forward error correction Convolutional codes (K=9) are used for voice and low rate data Turbo codes(K=4) for data rates above 14.4 kbps Fast forward power control 800 Hz update rate

CDMA2000 SpecificationCDMA2000 Specification CDMA2000 SpecificationCDMA2000 Spec ification Forward Link Channel Structure Forward CDMA CHANNEL For Spreading Rates 1 and 3(SR1 and SR3) Common Assignment Channels Common Power Control Channels Pilot Channels Common Control Channels Sync Channel Traffic Channels Broadcast Channels Paging Channels (SR1) Quick Paging Channels Forward Pilot Channels Transmit Diversity Pilot Channels Auxiliary Pilot Channels Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channels 0-1 Dedicated Control Channel 0-1 Fundamental Channel Power Control Subchannel 0-7 Supplemental Code Channels (Radio Configurations 1-2) 0-2 Supplemental Channels (Radio Configurations 3-9)

CDMA2000 Standardization: TR45.5CDMA2000 Standardization: TR45.5 CDMA2000 Standa rdization: TR45.5CDMA2000 Standardization: TR45.5 CDMA2000 Standardization : TR45.5 activities Phase I (IS-2000) published July 99 March 00

Phase I (IS-2000 Addendum) published IS-2000 Release 0 system

Backward Compatibility (to IS-95B) Signaling(Layer 3) and LAC(Later 2) Layer Partial Layer Separation(PHY/MAC/LAC/L3) MC(1x) with new physical channel that roughly doubles the system capacity Support for MAC Capability MAC-SIG Interface Primitive Signaling state mode to support data service with lower power consumption Control Hold mode and Active mode

CDMA2000 Standardization: 3GPP2 TSGCDMA2000 Standardization: 3GPP2 TSG--CC CDMA2 000 Standardization: 3GPP2 TSGCDMA2000 Standardization: 3GPP2 TSG--CC CDMA2000 Standardization : 3GPP2 TSG-C activities Phase II (IS-2000 rev.A) published IS-2000 Release A systems Support for 1x and 3x Multi-carrier (MC) system The 1x component also includes enhancements for high data speed packet access Phase II (IS-2000 rev. A Addendum) published IS-2000 Release B completed 1xEV-DO published (Sep. 00) Jan. 01 Oct. 00 March 00

CDMA2000 1xEVCDMA2000 1xEV--DO/DVDO/DV CDMA2000 1xEVCDMA2000 1xEV--DO/DVDO/DV CDMA2000 1xEV-DO/DV 1xEV-DO: Data Only service(based on HDR) High capacity, high speed data and internet access Peak data rate: forward link=2.457Mbps, reverse link: 153.6Kbps Forward link: CDM/TDMA, Reverse link: CDMA 1xEV-DV: Data and Voice services(L3QS vs. 1xTREME) Higher peak data rate than IS-2000 Adaptive modulations and coding Shared packet data channel: TDM+CDM Peak data rate: forward link: 3.091Mbps, reverse link: 1.8 Mbps

CDMA2000 1xEVCDMA2000 1xEV--DODO CDMA2000 1xEVCDMA2000 1xEV--DODO

CDMA2000 1xEV Family StandardizationCDMA2000 1xEV Family Standardization CDMA200 0 1xEV Family StandardizationCDMA2000 1xEV Family Standardization 1xEV requirement from CDG(CDMA Development Group) Capacity enhancing re-transmission schemes in order to improve higher mobility data efficiency Capacity Handoff and inter-working between 1xEV and 1xRTT Class of service assignment capability to allow prioritization of traffic (packe t scheduling technique more significant than FIFO) Phased approach recommended Phase I approach An integrated 1xRTT mode optimized for voice and medium data speeds 1xEV mode optimized for high capacity/high speed data and Internet access

CDMA2000 1xEV Family StandardizationCDMA2000 1xEV Family Standardization CDMA200 0 1xEV Family StandardizationCDMA2000 1xEV Family Standardization Phase II approach Interoperability and backward compatibility must be maintained while improving the capacity, data speeds, and overall performance and capability of both real-time and non-real-time modes Phase II capabilities and approaches to be studied as part of a separate effort Phase II study and approaches begin when Phase I baseline text complete This activity to be sponsored and coordinated by the CDG 1xEV-DO : Data Only service(based on HDR) 1xEV-DV : Data and Voice services(L3QS vs. 1xTREME proposals by comapanies)

Migration Paths For CDMA2000Migration Paths For CDMA2000 Migration Paths For CDM A2000Migration Paths For CDMA2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 CDMA2000 1X Backward-compatible Evolution Path for CDMA2000 1X CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Data-only (overlay) CDMA2000 1xEV-DV

EVDO Basic ConceptsEVDO Basic Concepts EVDO Basic ConceptsEVDO Basic Concepts Basic concepts High capacity, high speed data and internet access Peak data rate: forward link=2.457Mbps, reverse link=153.6kbps Forward link : CDM/TDMA, Reverse link : CDMA Sector Sector Transmit Transmit Power Total Traffic Unused Margin Sync Channel Paging Channel Pilot Channel Power PTX(max PTX(max ) ) Time IS-95 Forward Link Structure Total Data Time 1xEV Forward Link Structure

EVDO TechniquesEVDO Techniques EVDO TechniquesEVDO Techniques Rate adaptation technique No power control Data rate control: data rate allocation depending on channel state of user AMC(adaptive mod & coding) QPSK ~ 16QAM, turbo coding Virtual soft handoff Terminal monitors the SINR of active set and informs the network ( via DRC chann el) Burst pilot Pilot transmission with maximum power twice per one slot Useful for Channel estimation Scheduling scheme RR, Proportional fair scheduling, etc.

EVDO TechniquesEVDO Techniques EVDO TechniquesEVDO Techniques Physical layer hybrid ARQ ARQ function of MAC is also implemented in physical layer Hybrid forward error correction (FEC) + ARQ

Chase combining Every retransmission contains the same information (data and parity bits) One could think of every retransmission adding extra "energy" to the received transmission Incremental redundancy H-ARQ type II / III Every retransmission contains different information than the previous one At every retransmission, the receiver gains knowledge of extra information Physical layer signaling Fast link adaptation / Fast cell site selection / Physical layer hybrid ARQ

EVDO TechniquesEVDO Techniques EVDO TechniquesEVDO Techniques FCSS (Fast Cell Site Selection) For high data rate systems, it is not desirable to implement soft-handoff, since it introduces additional interference in the forward link Not receive simultaneous data transmission from multiple sectors and no combining of traffic channels FCSS Features MS select the best cell site every frame through physical layer signaling MS reverse link is used to indicate the cell site to transmit MS hands off to the target traffic channel without BS intervention

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Adaptiv e Modulation and Coding (AMC)Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Adaptive Modulation Throughput Received SINR 64-QAM 16-QAM 8-PSK QPSK QPSK 8-PSK 16-QAM 64-QAM Adaptively select the modulation type depending on the received SINR

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Adaptiv e Modulation and Coding (AMC)Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Adaptive Modulation and Coding Throughput Received SINR 64-QAM 16-QAM 8-PSK QPSK/R=1/5 QPSK 8-PSK 16-QAM 64-QAM QPSK/R=2/5 Adaptively select the modulation type and coding rate depending on the received SINR

EVEV--DVDV EVEV--DVDV Key Features Higher peak data rate than IS-2000 Adaptive modulations and coding Shared packet data channel TDM + CDM Physical layer hybrid ARQ Quasi-complement turbo code (QCTC) Selective-and-repeat incremental redundancy Fast cell site selection Backward compatibility with CDMA2000

EVEV--DO/EVDO/EV--DVDV EVEV--DO/EVDO/EV--DVDV EV-DO/EV-DV EV-DO did not have to be backward compatible, and so could explore different pilot structures, reverse link silence periods, improved control channels, etc. And the network cost was lower, since EV-DO uses an IP network and does not require a SS7 network and complex network switches such as a mobile switching center (MSC). Also, equipment was not available for EV-DV in time to meet market demands whereas the EV-DO equipment and mobile application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) were available and tested by the time the EV-DV standard was completed. As a result, the EV-DV standard was less attractive to operators, and has not been implemented.

UMTS EvolutionUMTS Evolution UMTS EvolutionUMTS Evolution HSDPA DL: 14.4 Mbps UL: 384 kbps In 5 MHz EDGE DL: 474 kbps UL: 474 kbps LTE DL: 100 Mbps UL: 50 Mbps In 20 MHz EVDO Rev 0 DL: 2.4 Mbps UL: 153 kbps In 1.25 MHz 2006 20072006 2007 20082008 20092009 Enhanced EDGE DL: 1.3 Mbps UL: 653 kbps HSDPA/HSUPA DL: 14.4 Mbps UL: 5.76 Mbps In 5 MHz HSPA Evolution DL: 28 Mbps UL: 11.5 Mbps In 5 MHz EVDO Rev A DL: 3.1 Mbps UL: 1.8 Mbps In 1.25 MHz EVDO Rev B DL: 14.7 Mbps UL: 4.9 Mbps In 5 MHz EVDO Rev C DL: 100 Mbps UL: 50 Mbps In 20 MHz 3GPP GSM EDGE Radio Access Network Evolution 3GPP UMTS Radio Access Network Evolution 3GPP Long Term Evolution CDMA2000 Evolution

WCDMA (3GPP)WCDMA (3GPP) WCDMA (3GPP)WCDMA (3GPP) WCDMA (UMTS) Originated from Japan's NTT DoCoMo's FOMA service and the most-commonly used member of the UMTS family It utilizes the DS-CDMA channel access method and the TDD duplexing method to achieve higher speeds and support more users compared to most TDMA system used today Radio channels are 5MHz wide Chip rate of 3.84 Mcps Supported mode of duplex: frequency division (FDD), time division (TDD)

WCDMA (3GPP)WCDMA (3GPP) WCDMA (3GPP)WCDMA (3GPP) System Parameters

WCDMA Physical ChannelWCDMA Physical Channel WCDMA Physical ChannelWCDMA Physica l Channel Dedicated channel + Common channel Common Transport Channels (Need for inband identification of MSs) Dedicated Transport Channels (MS identified by physical channel) System Frame Number (SFN) Cell System Frame Number counter Used in the UMTS system to identify the framing and timing of a cell on a Node B Sent on BCH Used for paging groups and system information scheduling etc Connection Frame Number (CFN) Indicator as to which radio frame the first data was received on uplink or shall be transmitted on downlink The frame counter used for the L2/transport channel synchronization between UE a nd UTRAN

Synchronization ProcedureSynchronization Procedure Synchronization ProcedureSync hronization Procedure The basic 3 steps for the initial cell search (for UE) Searches the 256-chip primary synchronization code The primary synchronization code is the same in every slot The peak detected corresponds to the slot boundary Seeks the largest peak from the Secondary SCH 64 possibilities for the secondary synchronization coed word Seeks the primary scrambling codes that belong to that particular code group

Spreading & ScramblingSpreading & Scrambling Spreading & ScramblingSpreading & S crambling Spreading Channelization operation: (increasing the signal bandwidth) The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor(SF) Data symbols are independently multiplied with an OVSF code on I-Q branches Scrambling Scrambling operation: (does not affect the signal bandwidth) The resultant signal are multiplied by complex-valued scrambling code on I-Q bra nches Scrambling code is a Gold code sequence

Power ControlPower Control Power ControlPower Control Similar to 2-nd Gen. CDMA(IS-95), but is more sophisticated Open-loop power control Make rough estimate of path loss by means of a downlink beacon signal Fast closed-loop power control in UL/DL The BS performs frequent estimates of the received Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) If the measure SIR is higher that the target SIR command to lower the power If the measure SIR is too low command to increase the power This measure-command-react cycle is executed at a rate of 1.5kHz Outer loop power control Adjusts the target SIR setpoint According to the needs of the individual radio link and aims at a constant quali ty

Transmit DiversityTransmit Diversity Transmit DiversityTransmit Diversity Antenna diversity The same signal is transmitted or received via more than one antenna It can create multipath diversity against fading and shadowing Transmit diversity at the BS in the form of open-loop and closed-loop Open-Loop Mode BS decides the appropriate parameters for the TX diversity Normally use for common channels because feedback information from a particular UE may not be good for others using the same common channel Uses space time block coding based transmit diversity(STTD) Closed-Loop Mode Transmission from the diversity antenna Normally use for dedicated channels because they have the feedback information b its (FBI) Based on FBI, the BS can adjust the phase and/or amplitude of the antennas

HSPA/HSPA+HSPA/HSPA+ HSPA/HSPA+HSPA/HSPA+ HSPA(High Speed Packet Access ) A collection of two mobile telephony protocols High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Extend and improve the performance of existing WCDMA protocols HSDPA HSUPA Downlink peak data rates up to 14 Mbps Uplink data rates up to 5.76Mbps

Adopted 16-QAM modulation HSPA+(Evolved High-Speed Packet Access ) A wireless broadband standard defined in 3GPP release 7 Evolved HSPA provides data rates up to 42 Mbit/s in the downlink and 11 Mbit/s in the uplink (per 5MHz carrier) with multiple input Multiple output (MIMO) technologies and higher order modulation(64QAM)

HSDPA/Release 5HSDPA/Release 5 HSDPA/Release 5HSDPA/Release 5 Motivation for HSDPA HSDPA is a 3GPP Release 5 feature for UMTS FDD/TDD Reduced delayIncreased cell and user throughput Downlink peak Data rates Up to 14 Mbit/s Attract new subscribers due to new services Decreased costs per bit For the operator

HSDPAHSDPA HSDPAHSDPA

HSDPA Key FeaturesHSDPA Key Features HSDPA Key FeaturesHSDPA Key Features Shared channel transmission Channelization codes and transmission power in a cell are dynamically shared between users New shared physical and transport channels are introduced AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding) Adaptation of transmission parameters to radio conditions and UE capability Downlink modulation scheme 16QAM : UE capability QPSK : mandatory for UE Twice the peak rate capability More Efficient use of bandwidth However, Requires better radio channel condition

HSDPA Key FeaturesHSDPA Key Features HSDPA Key FeaturesHSDPA Key Features Short TTI (Transmission Time Interval) New 2ms TTI Reduces roundtrip time and improves the tracking of channel variations Channel codes from the shared code resource are dynamically allocated every 2ms or 500 times per second Accelerating packet scheduling for transmission Hybrid ARQ Combines FEC and ARQ Defined for HS-DSCH and E-DCH Includes information that indicates whether a new data block is transmitted for the first time or is a retransmission Improving robustness against link adaptation erros Soft combining .Chase combining vs. Incremental redundancy

HSDPA Key FeaturesHSDPA Key Features HSDPA Key FeaturesHSDPA Key Features Fast scheduling in Node-B instead of RNC (Radio Network Controller) Moving scheduling and processing retransmissions closer to air interface New MAC-hs protocol entity in the Node-B Channel dependent scheduling To select/transmit favorable UEs with short-term variations instantaneously Multi user diversity In fact, it mostly depends on scheduling policy within the Node B scheduler Node-B scheduler (Channel-dependent scheduler) UE Selection : Round-robin, Max C/I, PF MCS selection according to CQI FB Determines the # of codes to be used

HSUPAHSUPA HSUPAHSUPA 3GPP release 6 feature for UMTS FDD Official name is FDD Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) Not a standalone feature, but uses most of the basic features of the WCDMA/R99 Cell selection and synchronization, random access, basic mobility procedures, et c , are needed and remain unchanged Main focus: enhanced packet transmission in uplilnk Uplink data rates up to 5.76Mbps Increased capacity and throughput Reduced delay in uplink transmission

HSUPAHSUPA HSUPAHSUPA

HSUPA Technical FeaturesHSUPA Technical Features HSUPA Shorter TTI New Physical Channel UL HARQ Multi-code Transmission Scheduling Soft H/O New MAC Entity HSUPA Technical FeaturesHSUPA Technical Features HSUPA Shorter TTI New Physical Channel UL HARQ Multi-code Transmission Scheduling Soft H/O New MAC Entity

HSUPA Key FeaturesHSUPA Key Features HSUPA Key FeaturesHSUPA Key Features Fast scheduling of uplink resources in the Node B Efficient use of uplink resources Mechanisms using absolute (consisting of an actual value) and relative grants (consisting of a single up/down bit) Term inal1 Term inal2 Schedulercontrol Data+ Feedback (L1/M AC) Schedulercontrol Data+ Feedback FastNode B uplink Scheduling control Based on: Resource feedback UE capability Resource availability Term inalbufferstatus QoS and Priority

HSUPA Key FeaturesHSUPA Key Features HSUPA Key FeaturesHSUPA Key Features Optional short TTI(Transmit Time Interval) 2ms or 10ms E-DCH/HSDPA serving cell Terminal Area where only a 10ms TTI is feasible Area where both a 2ms and a 10 ms TTI are feasible

HSUPA Key FeaturesHSUPA Key Features HSUPA Key FeaturesHSUPA Key Features HSUPA HARQ Soft combining Chase combining Incremental redundancy Synchronous DL ACK/NACK, Synchronous UL Re-transmission Intra Node B/Inter Node B macro-diversity HARQ Retransmission # of HARQ Processes (N) : TTI=10ms (N=4), TTI=2ms (N=8) Synchronous Re-transmission : After receiving NACK or after N TTI transmission ACK New Tx1 New Tx4 Re Tx1 Re Tx2 NACK NACK NACK ACK NACK

Market Data Summary (Q2 2009)Market Data Summary (Q2 2009) Market Data Summary ( Q2 2009)Market Data Summary (Q2 2009) Subscriber Statistics GSMCDMA20001XCDMA20001xEV-DOCDMA20001xEV-DORev.AWCDMAWCDMAHSPAtheothersDatasuppl iedbyGSMAMobileInfolinkon19/10/09DatasuppliedbyGSMAMobileInfolinkon19/10/09 Total 4,310,295,611 GSM 3,450,410,548 CDMA2000 1X 309,907,068 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 118,688,849 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A 12,644,062 WCDMA 255,630,141 WCDMA HSPA 133,286,097 the others 29,728,846

3GPP LTE3GPP LTE 3GPP LTE3GPP LTE 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) the last step toward the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile telephone networks Considered as 3.5G system Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access(OFDMA) on the downlink Downlink peak rates of at least 100 Mbps, an uplink of at least 50 Mbit/s RAN round-trip times of less than 10 ms Supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 20 MHz down to 1.4 MHz Supports both FDD and TDD Adopted all-IP signaling and networking (A significant departure from 3G W-CDMA, which adopts circuit switching)

3GPP LTE3GPP LTE 3GPP LTE3GPP LTE Key Targets High Data Rates at High Speed Bit rates: 50(UL), 100Mbps(DL) Speed: Walking to bullet-train Reduced Cost/GByte Higher system capacity Lower cost/GByte Reduced Latency Quick response time Optimized for packet-switching Better support for VoIP & data Cost Efficient Roll-out Reuse 3G/2G spectrum Bandwidth flexibility Minimum Frequency planning

3GPP LTE3GPP LTE 3GPP LTE3GPP LTE Radio Access and Network aspect (Target)

3GPP LTE3GPP LTE 3GPP LTE3GPP LTE Key Features One cell frequency reuse for simplified frequency planning Packet switching IP only Bandwidth scalability for efficient operation in differently sized allocated spectrum bands Short sub-frame duration for low latency Multiple Antenna(MIMO) technology for enhanced data rate and performance Channel dependent scheduling & link adaptation for enhanced performance Reduced radio-access-network nodes to reduce cost, protocol-related processing time, and call set-up time

3GPP LTE3GPP LTE 3GPP LTE3GPP LTE Physical Layer Key Features Downlink Uplink OFDMA SC-FDMA

MIMO for capacity enhancement Dynamic Uplink scheduling Adaptive Modulation and Coding depending on radio link quality HARQ Inter-cell interference mitigation Multiple bandwidth cell search Multicast/Broadcast service

OFDMOFDM OFDMOFDM OFDM All users in the same channel Use orthogonal sub-carrier to transmit user information Sectorization screens interference from part of in-cell users Benefits of OFDM Optimum use of spectrum Applies appropriate modulation scheme per sub-channel Robust against multipath fading Frequency parallel transmission of slow data streams Efficient receiver architecture classical flat fading equalization of individual frequency channels Good scalability Orthogonality is inherent

OFDMOFDM OFDMOFDM OFDM challenges OFDM shows relatively high crest factors PAPR OFDM is sensitive to Phase noise Frequency offset Clock offset Guard intervals is necessary to avoid ISI

OFDMOFDM OFDMOFDM Block diagram -1 -1 a s() t Parallel to Serial Parallel to Serial Demodualtion {.,-1,1,1,-1,.}{.,1,0,0,1,.

Serial to Parallel Serial to Parallel 1 1 b Modualtion FFT IFFT 1 1 -1 {.,1,0,0,1,.} {.,-1,1,1,-1, } . c

-1 d .11 1 . 1 S parallel to series a=0 b=-2 c=0 d=2 0 TT ()stT a b c d .sin. t sin 2. t sin 3. t .sin 4.ts() t

OFDMAOFDMA OFDMAOFDMA Difference between OFDM and OFDMA OFDM allocates user in time domain only OFDMA allocates users in time and frequency domain

OFDMAOFDMA OFDMAOFDMA LTE Downlink: Downlink slot and (sub)frame structure 2DLsymbN. 1DLsymbN.

OFDMA vs. SCOFDMA vs. SC--FDMAFDMA OFDMA vs. SCOFDMA vs. SC--FDMAFDMA OFDMA Widely known and used in WIMAX, WLAN, DVB Benefits Robustness against multipath fading Optimum use of available spectrum Efficient receiver architecture SC-FDMA Not adopted in other Standards yet Benefits Technically similar to OFDMA Better suited for uplink due to favorable signal characteristics Low peak-to-average ratio(PAR) enables improved power amplifier efficiency

SCSC--FDMAFDMA SCSC--FDMAFDMA LTE uplink: SC-FDMA LTE provides QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM as uplink modulation schemes DFT is first applied to block of N modulated data symbols to transform them into frequency domain Sub-carrier mapping allows flexible allocation of signal to available subcarriers IFFT and cyclic prefix(CP) insertion as in OFDM Each subcarrier carries a portion of superposed DFT spread data symbols Can also be seen as pre-coded OFDM or DFT-spread OFDM

SCSC--FDMAFDMA SCSC--FDMAFDMA Block diagram

MIMOMIMO MIMOMIMO Multiple Antenna Techniques Single data steam / user Beamforming Coverage, longer battery life Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Multiple users in same radio resource Multiple data stream / user Diversity Link robustness Spatial multiplexing Spectral efficiency, high data rate support

MIMOMIMO MIMOMIMO Beamforming & SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) Enhances signal reception through directional array gain, while individual antenna has omni-directional gain Extends cell coverage Suppresses interference in space domain Enhances system capacity Prolongs battery life Provides angular information for user tracking Standardization (optional) Uplink : 2 x 4 Downlink : 4 x 4

MIMOMIMO MIMOMIMO Diversity & Multiplexing Basic: 2 Tx x 2 Rx Structure candidates Spatial multiplexing Different modulation/coding per stream Multiuser MIMO under consideration Closed loop with feedback 4 MIMO order (Tx/Rx antennas) Spatial diversity Open loop transmit diversity (Cyclic delay diversity, Space time coding) Closed loop transmit diversity (Beamforming, Antenna selection) 2 1 1.25 5 10 20 bandwidth Carrier (MHz)

Overview of Mobile Communication Overview of Mobile CommunicationOverview of Mob ile Communication 2G 3G 4G(2011~ ) Technology-oriented System(Voice Quality/Roaming) cdmaO cdmaOcdmaO n nn e ee (9.6~13kbps) Voi VoiVoi c cc e+ SM e+ SMe+ SM S SS GSMGSM(13kbps) Service-oriented SystemHigh-speed Wireless Internet (Broadband) W WW -CD CDCD MA MAMA /H /H/H SD SDSD PA PAPA (384kbps~2Mbps/14.4Mbps) WiBroWiBro(30/ 50Mbps) cdma2000 cdma2000cdma2000 r rr A AA ,B ,B,B /H /H/H SU SUSU PA PAPA (3~70Mbps/5.8Mbps) Voi VoiVoi c cc e+D e+De+D

a aa ta tata Voi VoiVoi c cc e+Data+ e+Data+e+Data+ W WW ireless irelessireless Internet InternetInternet DMB/Digital Camera/MP3 Phone Game/Video Phone cdma2000 cdma2000cdma2000 (153.6kbps) User-oriented SystemUbiquitous Convergence Service (Broadband,Ubiquitous,Convergence,Intelligence) OFDMOFDM(600Mbps..) Voi VoiVoi c cc e+Data+ e+Data+e+Data+ W WW ireless irelessireless Internet+Sen Internet+SenInternet+Sen sing singsing 3D Video/Rich Multimedia Phone 5G Beyond IMT Advanced 3G 3GPP LTE IMTIMT--AdvancedAdvanced WiBro/ Mobile WiMAX WiBro Advanced VHT(NoLA ) WiMAX EV/DO-rA,BHSDPA/HSUPA cdmaOne/GSM WPAN Bluetooth, Zigbee 2.4GHz WLAN 802.11b/g 5.8GHz WLAN

802.11a WLAN 802.11n 54Mbps .Gbps 100Mbps Mobility 30~50Mbpscdma2000/ W-CDMA 270Mbps 9.6~13kbps 153.6Kbps/2Mbps 3.1~14.4Mbps/5.8Mbps 2G 3GPP LTE Advanced(NeMA) Multi Giga Bits 60GHz/3~6Gbps IEEE 802.15c / ECMA36Mbps 11~54Mbps 600Mbps ..WiBro Evolution 200Mbps Data Rates WiBro Advanced HSDPA: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access HSUPA: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network NeMA: New Mobile Access NoLA: New Nomadic/Local Area Wireless Access OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output SDR: Software Defined Radio 3GPP LTE : 3GPP Long Term Evolution GSM : Global System for Mobile Communications ECMA: European Computer Manufacturers Association

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IMTIMT--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies Definition of IMT-Advanced(ITU-R) IMT : root name that encompasses both IMT-2000 & IMT-Advanced collectively IMT-2000 : encompasses also its enhancements and future developments IMT-Advanced : be applied to those systems, system components, and related aspects that include new radio interface(s) that support the new capabilities of Minimum requirement definitionMinimum requirement definition from ITUfrom ITU--R WP5D 2ndR WP5D 2nd conf(2008.6.)conf(2008.6.) --BandwidthBandwidth : scalable bandwidth: scalable bandwidth up to 40MHzup to 40MHz --Maximum data rateMaximum data rate : DL: DL 600 Mbps600 Mbps ULUL 270 Mbps270 Mbps

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IMTIMT--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies Spectral Efficiency vs. Mobility [km /h] M obility 200 180 150 120 90 60 30 10 IM T-Adv.. 20M Hz... .. 3G LTE WibroEvol. NeM A Enhanced NeM A NoLA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 [bps/Hz] BPSK QPSK 8PSK 16Q AM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM256QAM Spectral Efficiency

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IMTIMT--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies Development Schedule of IMT-Advanced Standard 3GPP ITU R 3GPP2 IEEE 802.16m `07 `08 `09 `11 W orkshop IM T.RADIO IM T.RSPEC Requirem ent Evaluation M ethodology LTERel8 LTERel10 LTERel11 (LTE-ADV Study Item ) (LTE-ADV stage 2& 3 specification) 1stWS On IM T-ADV 2nd WS On IM T-ADV TSG-C W G5 IM T-ADV preparation NTAH U MB-ADV preparation W orkshop off IM T-ADV(`08.06) Proposal Evaluation & Consensus Consensus Building (CB) LTERel9 Requirem entsubm ission UM B Enhancem ent(no discussionyet) EV-DO Enhancem ent `06.12 PAR approval `07.12 Technical requirem ent approval TechnicalProposal BallotProcess Spec.Publishing `10

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IMTIMT--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies Development Schedule of IMT-Advanced Standard WP5D 1st conference(2008.1. Geneva) : Issuance of the circular letter WP5D 2nd conference(2008.6. Dubai) : Minimum requirement of IMTAdvanced is completed WP5D decides framework and key characteristics of IMT-Advanced RITs and SRITs(2010.10) WP5D completes development of radio interface specification Recommendations(2011.2. )

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IMTIMT--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies Roadmap of 4G mobile communication technique WCDMA evolved to 3GPP LTE Advanced. CDMA 2000-EVDO evolved to UMB Advanced. Mobile WiMAX evolved to WiMAX Advanced as 4G technology. WCDM A (H SDPA/H SUPA ..) M obile W iM AX CDM A2000 -EVDO CDM A2000 EVDO rA 4G .... .. 3GPP LTE Adv. (3GPP ..) UM B Adv. (3GPP2 ..) WiM AX Adv. (IEEE ..)

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IMTIMT--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies Key feature of IMT Advanced Convergence among other mobile/wireless systems Provide seamless connection Various Services & QoS satisfying user s demand What is different from 3G Data rate: 100Mbps for high mobility, 1Gbps for low mobility Provision of Similar degree of QoS to wireline communication service Global Roaming Handover between Heterogeneous access networks All IP network

LTELTE--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies LTELTE--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies LTE-Advanced Key Technologies New technologies CoMP (Coordinated Multipoint Transmission/Reception) -Cell edge throughput improvement -High data rate coverage extension Relay -Coverage hole elimination -High data rate coverage extension -Replacement of wire backhaul Bandwidth Extension -Up-to 100MHz transmission bandwidth -Utilization of noncontiguous spectrum segments LTE enhancement technologies MIMO -Increase of Peak data rate and cell throughput -DL : 8x8 MIMO -UL : 4x4 MIMO UL SC-FDMA enhancement -Allocation of non-contiguous frequency blocks :Increase of cell throughput -Transmission on separate carriers for control and data channels

CoMPCoMP ((COCOordinatedordinated MMultiultiPPoint Transmission/Reception)oint T ransmission/Reception) Coordinated multipoint Tx/Rx(COMP) Coordinate the transmission and reception of signal from/to one UE in several geographically separated points. What to achieve? Reduced/controlled inter-cell interference Improved signal strengthin donwlink and uplink Enhanced service provisioning, especially for cell Enhanced service provisioning, especially for cellEnhanced service provisioning, especially for cell-edge users edge usersedge users

CoMPCoMP ((COCOordinatedordinated MMultiultiPPoint Transmission/Reception)oint T ransmission/Reception) CoMPCoMP ((COCOordinatedordinated MMultiultiPPoint Transm ission/Reception)oint Transmission/Reception) Coordinated multipoint Tx/Rx(COMP) Goal of COMP SINR improvement : larger signal energy and less interference Better cell edge performance and larger cell throughput High Performance Potential Straightforward in uplink Feedback of channel status information challenging Required operations Increased uplink feedback from UEs Synchronization between the transmission point (cells) Practical challenges remain Downlink reference signal design and multi-cell channel estimation support Uplink terminal feedback and required reporting schemes Definition, configuration and coordination of the cell sets MS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS

Relay for Coverage ExtensionRelay for Coverage Extension Relay for Coverage Exte nsionRelay for Coverage Extension Definition of Relay A new way of communication for user terminals or dedicated relay nodes to share their antennas providing the multiple signal routes(virtual multipleantenna system) S DDirect communication Cooperative Relaying Virtual MIMO Simple Relaying S SD SR D S S R R R D R D S R D Multi-hop Relaying S S R R D D DD S Relay Source R Destination D

Relay for Coverage ExtensionRelay for Coverage Extension Relay for Coverage Exte nsionRelay for Coverage Extension ..Reason for RelayReason for Relay Coverage ExtensionCoverage Extension Throughput/capacity gainThroughput/capacity gain ..Benefits of Relay vs. Pico netBenefits of Relay vs. Pico net Lower cost : no fiber backhaulLower cost : no fiber backhaul FlexibilityFlexibility BS RS MS MS MS MS MS BS coverage area RS coverage area L0 relay(=Repeater) Amplify and forward(analog amplifier),not seen by terminal

L1 relay Digital buffering and forward Added delay compared to L0 relay L2 relay (Type II) Decode and forward Possibly scheduling functionality L3 relay (Type I) Same as base station from terminal perspective Wireless backhauling

Main focus is on L3 relay Main focus is on L3 relayMain focus is on L3 relay andand stationarystationary, ,, single singlesingle-hop relay hop relayhop relay

Bandwidth ExtensionBandwidth Extension .Motivations .LTE-A peak rate of 1Gbps in DL(support=40MHz) .Operations need a technology to make best use of spectrum .How? .Carrier Aggregation : Aggregation of multiple LTE carriers .Issues .Aggregation of contiguous spectrum vs. non-contiguous spectrum .Backward compatibility : LTE terminal able to access LTE-Advanced network Bandwidth ExtensionBandwidth Extension .Motivations .LTE-A peak rate of 1Gbps in DL(support=40MHz) .Operations need a technology to make best use of spectrum .How? .Carrier Aggregation : Aggregation of multiple LTE carriers .Issues .Aggregation of contiguous spectrum vs. non-contiguous spectrum .Backward compatibility : LTE terminal able to access LTE-Advanced network 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz <60 MHz bandwidth by carrier aggregation>

Multiple Antenna FeaturesMultiple Antenna Features Multiple Antenna FeaturesMult iple Antenna Features Generalized spatial multiplexing With M base station antennas, it is possible to transmit up to M spatial streams. Generalized spatial multiplexing distributes M streams optimally on a frame-by-frame basis. Performance will be better than SU-MIMO or MU-MIMO alone Adapts transmission strategy for each mobile individually based on the number of antennas

Multiple Antenna FeaturesMultiple Antenna Features Multiple Antenna FeaturesMult iple Antenna Features Extended multi-antenna transmission Spatial multiplexing in uplink Up to 4x4 MIMO Increased spatial multiplexing in downlink Up to 8x8 MIMO Enhanced downlink multi-user MIMO BS MS BS MS . Non codebook based beamformed spatial multiplexing in downlink Classical beamforming via dedicated reference signals Higher data rates and improved system efficiency Higher data rates and improved system efficiencyHigher data rates and improved s ystem efficiency

UL SCUL SC--FDMA EnhancementFDMA Enhancement UL SCUL SC--FDMA EnhancementFDMA En hancement Enhancement on SC-FDMA Uplink Waveform 20MHz 20MHz 20MHz DFTDFTDFT IDFT IDFT IDFT LTE-A UE adopts N x DFTS-OFDM across component carriers

Single-carrier transmission is not met in case of N x DFTS-OFDM Possible to re-use the LTE transmitter/receiver implementations Enables HARQ and MCS to be component-carrier specific Same implementation for both contiguous and non-contiguous carriers

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IMTIMT--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies Key Feature of IMT Advanced Standards (1) Technology Description IEEE 802.16m 3GPP LTE-Adv Multi-cell Cooperative Transmission -Cell edge throughput improvement -High data rate coverage extension Support (Multi-cell MIMO) Support(CoMP) Relay -Coverage hole elimination -High data rate coverage extension -Replacement of wire backhaul Support Support Wider Bandwidth -Utilization of contiguous/noncontiguous spectrum segments Support (Multi-carrier) Support (Carrier Aggregation) Enhanced MIMO -Increase of Peak data rate and cell throughput -DL : 8x8 MIMO -UL : 4x4 MIMO Support Support

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IMTIMT--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies Key Feature of IMT Advanced Standards (2) Technology Description IEEE 802.16m 3GPP LTE-Adv UL SC-FDMA Enhancement -Allocation of non-contiguous frequency blocks : Increase cell throughput -Transmission on separate carriers for control and data channels Not applicable (UL : OFDMA) Support Femto -Low Tx power BS typically for home/SOHO applications -Extend coverage(connected via DSL or Cable network) -Enhance service quality for user perspective Support Support SON -Limit the human intervention to install BSs Support Support Multi-Radio Coexistence in One Device -For interference management with other radio technologies such as Wifi, Bluetooth, etc. Support Not Support

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IMTIMT--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies Minimum requirements of IMT Advanced Cell spectral efficiency Peak Spectral Efficiency Bandwidth Normalized Cell edge user throughput Latency VoIP Capacity Mobility Handover

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IMTIMT--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies Cell spectral efficiency Test environment Downlink (b/s/Hz/cell) Antenna config. -4x2 Uplink (b/s/Hz/cell) Antenna config. -2x4 Indoor 3 2.25 Microcellular 2.6 1.8 Base coverage urban 2.2 1.4 High speed 1.1 0.7 Peak Spectral Efficiency Downlink peak spectral efficiency is 15 b/s/Hz Uplink peak spectral efficiency is 6.75 b/s/Hz assumptions on antenna configuration (Downlink Bandwidth The RIT shall support a scalable bandwidth up to and including 40 MHz 4x4, Uplink 2x4)

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IMTIMT--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies Normalized Cell edge user throughput Test environment Downlink (b/s/Hz) Uplink (b/s/Hz) Indoor 0.1 0.07 Microcellular 0.075 0.05 Base coverage urban 0.06 0.03 High speed 0.04 0.015 Latency Control plane latency : 100 ms, User plane latency : 10 ms VoIP Capacity Test environment Min VoIP capacity (Active users/sector/MHz) Indoor 50 Microcellular 40 Base coverage urban 40 High speed 30

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IMTIMT--Advanced Technologies Advanced Technologies Mobility Item Requirement value Environment Indoor Micro cell Macro cell High speed Frequency efficiency (bps/Hz) 1.0 (3km/h) 0.75 (30km/h) 0.55 (120km/h) 0.25 (350km/h) Handover Handover Type Interruption Time (ms) Intra-Frequency 27.5 Inter-Frequency within a spectrum band between spectrum bands 40 60

IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IEEE 802.16e OFDMA (Mobile WiMAX) IEEE 802.16m (Mobile WiMAX Advanced) 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) 3GPP LTE-Advanced Duplex TDD TDD/FDD FDD, TDD FDD, TDD Multiple access (DL) OFDMA OFDMA OFDMA OFDMA Multiple access (UL) OFDMA OFDMA SC-FDMA N x SC-FDMA, Clustered DFT-S-OFDM, or OFDMA Channel Bandwidth 10MHz Maximum 80MHz 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20MHz Maximum100MHz Multiple antenna(DL) Maximum 2x2 Maximum 4x4 Maximum 4 x 4 Maximum 8 x 8 Multiple antenna(UL) Maximum 2x2 Maximum 4x4 Maximum 1 x 4 Maximum 4 x 4 Maximum data rate(DL) 50Mbps 1Gbps 300Mbps 1Gbps Maximum data rate(UL) 20Mbps 300Mbps 75Mbps 500Mbps Maximum speed 150Km/h 350Km/h 350km/h 500km/h ICI mitigation method Fractional Freq. Reuse(FFR) Interference Canceller Soft/Adaptive FFREnhanced FFR Tx/Rx Beamforming Semi-static Interference ManagementFractional Freq. Reuse CoMP Interference Management Repeater/Relay Repeater, Relay Repeater, Relay Repeater Repeater, Relay IMTIMT--Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies IEEE 802.16e OFDMA (Mobile WiMAX) IEEE 802.16m (Mobile WiMAX Advanced) 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) 3GPP LTE-Advanced Duplex TDD TDD/FDD FDD, TDD FDD, TDD Multiple access (DL) OFDMA OFDMA OFDMA OFDMA Multiple access (UL) OFDMA OFDMA SC-FDMA N x SC-FDMA, Clustered DFT-S-OFDM, or OFDMA Channel Bandwidth 10MHz Maximum 80MHz 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20MHz Maximum100MHz Multiple antenna(DL) Maximum 2x2 Maximum 4x4 Maximum 4 x 4 Maximum 8 x 8 Multiple antenna(UL) Maximum 2x2 Maximum 4x4 Maximum 1 x 4 Maximum 4 x 4 Maximum data rate(DL) 50Mbps 1Gbps 300Mbps 1Gbps Maximum data rate(UL) 20Mbps 300Mbps 75Mbps 500Mbps Maximum speed 150Km/h 350Km/h 350km/h 500km/h ICI mitigation method Fractional Freq. Reuse(FFR) Interference Canceller Soft/Adaptive FFREnhanced FFR

Tx/Rx Beamforming Semi-static Interference ManagementFractional Freq. Reuse CoMP Interference Management Repeater/Relay Repeater, Relay Repeater, Relay Repeater Repeater, Relay