CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Background of the Study Life is not measured by the number of breaths

a person takes, but by the moments that could take ones breath away. Breathing means living, but now a days, the environment is becoming polluted. So how can a community be sure of the healthiness of the society? There are lots of roots for pollution and one of these is cigarette smoking. The worlds view on smoking cigarettes has changed dramatically over the last century. The habit was once considered to be cool, sexy, good for ones health, and widely enjoyed by many people. Previously promoted by sportsmen, and advertised all over television. No one could be seen acting in a movie without any positioned cigarette in prior hand. Today, smoking is considered to be a nasty addictive habit that can kill an individual and those around the neighborhood. No one can find cigarettes neither advertised

anywhere nor will see anyone smoking in a public places and sometimes considered to be anti-social and are often frowned at if seen smoking outside in crowded places. According to the Role of Health Professionals in Tobacco Control, the use of tobacco continues to be a major cause of health problems worldwide. There is currently an estimated 1.3 billion smokers in the world, with 4.9 million people dying because of tobacco use in a year. If this trend continues, the number of

deaths will increase to 10 million by the year 2020, 70% of which will be coming from countries like the Philippines. The Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey conducted in 2009 revealed that 28.3% (17.3 million) of the population aged 15 years old and over currently smoke tobacco, 47.7% (14.6 million) of whom are men, while 9.0% (2.8 million) are women. Eighty percent of these current smokers are daily smokers with men and women smoking an average of 11.3 and 7 sticks of cigarettes per day respectively. (WHO, 2005). The study aims to determine the factors affecting the smoking habits of tobacco users among the students of College of Arts and Sciences Students in Naval State University and through this the researchers will be able to craft an intervention scheme to reduce the number of tobacco smokers.

Objectives of the Study The study generally aims to determine the factors affecting the Smoking Habits of Tobacco Smokers among the College of Art and Sciences Students for the year 2012. Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the tobacco users among the College Arts and Sciences students in Naval State University in terms of: 1.1 age; 1.2 gender; 1.3 year level;

1.4 course; 1.5 weekly allowance? 2. What are the smoking habits of the respondents in terms of: 2.1 frequency of smoking; 2.2 number of cigarette sticks consumed per day; 2.3 time of the day of smoking; 2.4 length / number of years smoking; 2.5 temperature/weather? 3. What are the reason for the inability to stop smoking? 4. What intervention scheme can be made to counteract the problems in order reduce the number of tobacco smokers among the CAS Students in NSU?

Theoretical Framework This study will be based on Health Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action and Self Efficacy Theory and Stages of Change (Transtheoretical) Model. The Health Belief Model was developed in the 1950s in an attempt to explain the failure of people to participate in preventive health behaviors such as screening and immunization programs. It proposes that behavior depends on how much an individual values a particular goal and on his or her judgment that a particular action will achieve that goal. If the goal is to avoid a health problem, the individual must feel personally vulnerable (perceived susceptibility) to a problem judged to be potentially serious (perceived severity), and he or she must estimate that specific action will be beneficial in reducing the health threat

(perceived benefit) and will not involve overcoming obstacles (perceived barriers). In the other hand, self-efficacy explains that a persons belief about their ability organize and execute course of action necessary to achieve a goal. In other words, persons with strong efficacy beliefs are more confident in their capacity to execute a behavior. Beliefs about self-efficacy have a significant impact on our goals and accomplishments by influencing personal choice, motivation, and our patterns and emotional reactions. Perceived self-efficacy also affects how successfully goals are accomplished by influencing the level of effort and persistence a person will demonstrate in the face of obstacles. That is, the stronger the perceived self-efficacy, the more active our efforts. Higher selfefficacy is also associated with more persistence, a trait that allows us to gain corrective experiences that reinforce our sense of self-efficacy. Moreover, another theory called theory of reasoned action introduced by Fishbein (was further developed and tested by Fishbein and Ajzen). The TRA attempts to explain the relationship among beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior, and it is based on the assumption that human beings are rational and apply information available to them in a systematic manner to weigh the costs and benefits of a particular action. immediate determinate of behavior. Intention to act in a certain way is the If there is an opportunity to act, then

intention will result in behavior. If intention is measured accurately, and if there is correspondence between measures of behavior, then intention will provide the best predictor of behavior. Measuring intention as close as possible in time to

the behavioral observation helps to maximize accurate prediction. Intention is a function of two factors: the persons attitude toward performing the behavior and general subjective norm concerning the performance of the behavior. The theory provides for assignment of relative weights to these two determinants of intention in order to explain behavior. Another theory that will support this study is the Stages of Change Model developed by Prochaska and DiClemente states that the models basic premise is that behavior change is a process, not an event. As a person attempts to change a behavior, he or she moves through five stages: first is

precontemplation which has no intention of taking action within the next six months, contemplation means to intend to take action in the next six months, preparation is the intention to take action within the next thirty days and has taken some behavioral steps in this direction, action means a changed behavior for less than six months and lastly maintenance pertains to changed behavior for more than six months. Theories being used in this study came from behavioral models which see an individual as a whole. Different aspects of a person affects behavior

especially the surrounding of an individual belongs.

INTERVENTION SCHEME TO DECREASE THE NUMBER OF TOBACCO SMOKERS

FACTORS FOR THE INABILITY TO STOP SMOKING

JKK

SMOKING HABITS

PROFILE

TOBACCO SMOKIN OF COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES, NSU Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study Conceptual Framework The scheme will illustrate the components of the conceptual framework as its main strong foundation in the due course of the proceedings.

The main focus of the study is to determine the factors affecting the Smoking Habits among the Tobacco Smokers in College of Arts and Sciences in Naval State University and be able craft an intervention scheme in order to lessen the number of tobacco users. To determine the factors affecting the

smoking habits among College of Arts and Sciences students of Naval State University, the researchers will first gather the profile of then tobacco smokers among the CAS students in Naval State University. This is will be followed by the determining the respondents smoking habits and reasons for the inability to stop smoking and through the information that will be corrected the researchers will be able to make an intervention scheme that will help to decrease the number of tobacco smokers and later on the cessation of tobacco smoking.

Scope and Delimitation of the study The study will be conducted at the College in Art and Sciences, Naval State University Naval, Biliran and will be mainly focus in the factors affecting the smoking habits enrolled during semester S.Y. 2011-2012 specifically from February March. The respondents of the study will be the CAS Students of Naval State University. Importance of the Study The results of the study will benefit the following individuals:

Respondents. The findings of the study will provide information as to what interventions can be done to counteract the problem with regarded to inability to stop smoking which reduce the number of tobacco smokers. Students. Results of the study will enlighten the student no to engage in tobacco smoking. This will also serve as a basic reference and a guiding tool to acquire & improve knowledge in the interventions on how to decrease the number of tobacco smoker or how to stop tobacco smokers from smoking. Future Researchers. Data may serve as reference for the future researchers that will wish to conceptualize their research paradigm using the same variables or research locale. Faculty, Staff & Administration. The study serves as a basis on creating a program that will help in the cessation of smoking among the students in their respective Colleges/ Universities. Definition of Terms To appreciate fully the study and its findings the following terms are operationally and conceptually defined for better understanding to the reader: Tobacco smoking. Refers to the practice where tobacco is burned and the resulting smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases) is inhaled.

Smoking Habit. Physical addiction to tobacco products. Many health experts now regard habitual smoking as a psychological addiction, too, and one with serious health consequences. Tobacco Smoker. This is called the respondents of the study which are study in Naval State University.

Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section will present the different literature and studies reviewed which were obtained from different sources and authorities. This serves as the basis and guide for the conceptualization of the study. Tobacco smoking is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds generated by the combustion of tobacco and additives. Thousands of individual compounds have been isolated in cigarette smoke, including pharmacologically active agents (e.g., nicotine), toxic agents (e.g., carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and acrolien), and mutagens and carcinogens (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Tobacco products are products made entirely or partly of leaf tobacco as raw material, which are intended to be smoked, sucked, chewed or snuffed. All contain the highly addictive psychoactive ingredient, nicotine. According to Youth and Tobacco: Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People, cigarette smoke is further classified as mainstream smoke (MS), the smoke drawn through the mouthpiece of the cigarette, and sidestream smoke (SS), the smoke given off by smoldering tobacco between puffs and the smoke diffusing through the cigarette paper and escaping from the burning cone during puffing. Because of the differing combustion conditions under which MS and SS are generated, their chemical compositions differ; in particular, undiluted SS tends to have higher concentrations of many toxic and tumorigenic agents. The quantitative yields of tar (the material deposited in a filter as MS is being drawn), nicotine, and carbon monoxide from cigarettes can be assessed by using a

smoking machine standardized to a particular pattern of puffing. (US Department of Health and Human Services, 1994) By the 1990s, the tobacco epidemic was a public health problem of epic proportions. It was a leading cause of premature death. The escalation of

smoking and other forms of tobacco use worldwide had resulted in the loss of at least 3.5 million human lives in 1998 ad was expected at that time to cause at least 10 million deaths a year by 2030 if the pandemic was not controlled, with 70% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported tobacco smoking kills nearly six million people each year, of whom more than 5 million are users and ex users and more than 600 000 are nonsmokers exposed to second-hand smoke. Unless urgent action is taken, the annual death toll could rise to more than eight million by 2030 and one billion over the course of the 21 st century. Tobacco use is the biggest contributor to the epidemic of non-communicable diseases such as heart attack, stroke, cancer and emphysema which accounts for 63% of deaths. Tobacco use continues to be the leading global cause of preventable death. It kills nearly 6 million people and causes hundreds of billions of dollars of economic damage worldwide each year. Most of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, and this disparity is expected to widen further over the next several decades. If current trends continue, by 2030 tobacco will kill more than 8 million people worldwide each year, with 80% of these premature deaths

among people living in low- and middle-income countries. Over the course of the 21st century, tobacco use could kill a billion people or more unless urgent action is taken. According to Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) demonstrates global political will to strengthen tobacco control and save lives. The WHO FCTC is a legally binding global treaty that provides the foundation for countries to implement and manage tobacco control programmes to address the growing epidemic of tobacco use. As of May 2011, the WHO FCTC has 173 parties covering 87% of the worlds population, making it one of the most rapidly embraced treaties in United Nations history. To help countries fulfill their WHO FCTC obligations, in 2008 WHO introduced the MPOWER package of six evidence-based tobacco control measures that are proven to reduce tobacco use and save lives. The MPOWER measures provide practical assistance with country-level implementation of effective policies to reduce the demand for tobacco. The MPOWER measures focus on demand reduction, although WHO also recognizes the importance of and is committed to implementing the supply-side measures contained in the WHO FCTC. Moreover, the continued success of the WHO FCTC is detailed in this years WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011, the third in the series of WHO reports on the status of global tobacco control policy

achievement.

All data on the level of countries achievement for the six

MPOWER measures have been updated through 2010, and additional data have been collected on warning the public about the dangers of tobacco. This years report examines in detail the two primary strategies to provide health warnings labels on tobacco product packaging and anti- tobacco mass media campaigns. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence base for warning people about the harms of tobacco use, as well as country- specific information on the status of these measures. (WHO, 2011) As described by the World Health Organization, Philippines has a strong and well-developed health surveillance infrastructure. Monitoring of tobacco use and its determinants has been conducted in the Philippines since 1989 under the leadership of the Department of Health. Numerous surveys have been administered by various agencies at national and subnational levels, including a National Nutrition and Health survey using the WHO- STEPS survey instrument. This report shows that the Philippines tobacco use monitoring system includes periodic, recent and representative smoking prevalence data for both adults and youth, ranking the country in the highest category of monitoring effectiveness. Among youth, the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) was conducted in 2000, 2004 and 2007. The GYTS surveys students in their second, third and fourth years of secondary school, and yields representative estimates of smoking prevalence among students aged 1315 years. The 2000 survey showed that 31% of boys and 18% of girls were current tobacco users. After

declines to 21% among boys and to 12% among girls in 2004, the 2007 survey showed a resurgence in tobacco use to 28% for boys and 18% for girls. Additionally, the Global Health Professions student survey was conducted in 2005 among students in their third year of pharmacy school, and in 2009 among students in the third year of medical school. The 2005 survey showed that 38% of male and 18% of female pharmacy students were current smokers; that more than half of students who had never smoked were regularly exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke at home and more than three quarters were exposed in public places; and that nearly 90% of pharmacy students believed that all enclosed public spaces should be completely smoke-free. The most recent measure of tobacco use in the Philippines, GATS was conducted in 2009. A total of 9705 adults were interviewed, producing a nationally representative sample of the adult household population 15 years of age and older. The survey showed that 48% of men and 9% of women are current smokers; that in the month prior to the survey 37% of adults had been exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke at workplaces and 54% had been exposed at home; and that more people noticed anti-tobacco information in the media (80%) than noticed advertisements for cigarettes (71%). The Philippines became a Party to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control on June 6, 2005. In the Philippines, smoking is completely banned in enumerated public places and workplaces such as healthcare, educational institutions, and facilities

frequented by minors. In other public places and workplaces, including bars/pubs/nightclubs, designated indoor smoking areas and ventilation options are allowed under the national law. All government facilities and public land transportation vehicles and terminals are smoke free. Direct advertising through most forms of mass media is prohibited, but tobacco companies can still advertise at points of sale and provide free distribution of tobacco products, among other promotional activities. Tobacco companies are prohibited from publicizing their sponsorship of sports, concert, and cultural arts events and from engaging in government-related sponsorships. Implementation of this law is under Republic Act No. 9211 also known as the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003, is an omnibus law governing smoking in public places; sales to minors; packaging and labeling of tobacco products; and tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. The Inter-Agency TobaccoCommittee issued Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 (Rep. Act No. 9211). Like the law to which the rules apply, the Committees Rules and Regulations are comprehensive and cover a broad range of topics on tobacco control. In addition to the advertising, promotion and sponsorship provisions in Rep. Act No. 9211 and the Inter-Agency TobaccoCommittees Implementing Rules and Regulations, the Consumer Act of the Philippines (Rep. Act No. 7394) addresses false, deceptive, or misleading advertising in general.

Smoke free policies are further governed by two circulars issued by the government: (1) Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board of the Department of Transportation and Communications Memo. Circular No. 2009036 (regarding smoking in public utility vehicles and land transportation terminals) and Civil Service Commission Memo. Circular No. 17, s. 2009 (regarding smoking in all areas of government premises, buildings, and grounds). Each of these circulars was issued pursuant to Rep. Act No. 9211. Stated in RA9211 :Handbook for PNP, Local Government Officers, and Civil Society, the success of the implementation of Republic Act 9211 will be achieved with the cooperation of civil society, and much more so the participation of civil society in monitoring and reporting compliance and non-compliance with the law to the appropriate government agencies and the local government units. According to Smoking and Adolescent Health, with the westernization and opening of our society, adolescents smoking is increasing and being popularized. Many adolescents start smoking at an early age out of curiosity and venturesomeness, and earlier start of smoking makes it more difficult to quit smoking. Adolescents habitual smoking not only becomes a gateway to all kinds of substance abuse but also the causes various health problems including upper respiratory infection, immature lung development, reduced maximal vital capacity, and lung cancer. (Sanghee-Park, 2011). Approximately 90% of the people who smoke for the first time are adolescents younger than 18, and the rate of smoking in adolescents is rising

steadily. In general, adolescents start smoking out of curiosity, and many become habitual smokers during this period. Factors related to habitual smoking include the perception of cigarettes, a combined use of alcohol and drugs, intrafamilial linkage, and smoking by friends and parents. In particular, along with alcohol, smoking is known to be a gateway to other types of drug abuse. For these reasons, it is crucial to prevent early smoking. Risk factors that increase the smoking rate among adolescents are family history, companionship, personal characteristics and psychopathological

problems, psychosocial problems The frequency of adolescent smoking increases when there are many smokers in the family. Parents are particularly important because they are the adolescents primary role models. The attitudes of parents toward smoking, their perception of smoking, and affection between parents and their children are all crucial factors that affect adolescent smoking. Frequent disagreements with parents, divorce between parents, abuse by family members, incest, immature parents, and poor intrafamilial linkage all contribute to the risk of adolescent smoking. If the frequency of smoking is high among friends or family members of a similar age, an individual is more likely to follow the same course. The risk is particularly high when a student is transferred from one school to another or joins a new circle of friends. The risk of long-term smoking increases when an

adolescent can easily access cigarettes or has been exposed to cigarettes at a young age. Each adolescent has a different value system, attitude, surrounding environment, and personal literacy (toward study and society). Children who are antisocial, rebellious, isolated from school and society, or show poor family relationships or academic performance are highly likely to begin smoking. Some adolescents try to overcome depression or fear through smoking. In addition, the rate of smoking is higher in men than in women. While it has decreased in recent years, offering someone a cigarette has been regarded as etiquette in Korean society, and adolescents may learn this custom. Additionally, young adolescents may smoke, thinking that smoking can make them appear more mature and adult-like. Female students have recently begun smoking more frequently than before out of resistance to gender-based discrimination. In addition, adolescents sometimes start smoking as a way to emulate television or mass media celebrities and sports stars. Adolescents usually start smoking not out of physiological need but out of a desire for social self-growth, to be treated as an adult in society, or out of resistance to established regulations in anti- smoking education for adolescents, rather than simply forcing the social norm that adolescents should not smoke, it is better to fully explain the harmful effects of smoking on physical growth and mental soundness. Additionally, by convincing adolescents that cigarette abuse causes social problems and can become a gateway to the use of other drugs,

they may establish specific norms at their own discretion and not become addicted to cigarettes and the consequent moral corruption and various delinquencies. According to Exposure to Tobacco Smoke Causes Immediate Damage: A Report of the Surgeon General, exposure to tobacco smoke quickly damages blood vessels throughout the body and makes blood more likely to clot. The chemicals in tobacco smoke damage the delicate lining of the lungs and can cause permanent damage that reduces the ability of the lungs to exchange air efficiently. This can ultimately lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including emphysema. The effects of smoking are legion. Smoking is dangerous because it has effects on the respiratory system and cardiovascular system. One of the most dreaded effects of smoking is lung cancer. Unfortunately, the effects of smoking are seen not only among smokers, but also in the people around them. Smoking causes lung disease, heart and blood vessel disease, cancer, and other illness. One of four smokers dies of diseases directly related to smoking. Many others suffer years of pain, ill health, and discomfort. Tobacco Smoking is one of the major cause of heart disease. The nicotine in tobacco smoke raises your blood pressure by constricting your blood vessels and making your heart work faster. This makes the heart work harder. It needs oxygen to do this extra work. But cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas. Carbon monoxide cuts down the oxygen reaching your heart by

up to 15 percent. Nicotine promotes fat build-up on the walls of your arteries, damaging them and decreasing blood flow, resulting in heart disease and heart attack. No wonder smoking doubles risk of dying of a heart attack. Tobacco smoke contains dangerous chemicals. The most damaging compounds in tobacco smoke include tar which is the collective term for all the various particles suspended in tobacco smoke. The particles contain chemicals including several cancer-causing substances. Tar is sticky and brown and stains teeth, fingernails and lung tissue. Tar contains the carcinogen benzopyrene that is known to trigger tumour development (cancer). Another is carbon monoxide an odourless gas is fatal in large doses because it takes the place of oxygen in the blood. Each red blood cell contains a protein called haemoglobin oxygen molecules are transported around the body by binding to, or hanging onto, this protein. However, carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin better than oxygen. This means that less oxygen reaches the brain, heart, muscles and other organs. Next is hydrogen cyanide which causes the lungs that contain tiny hairs (cilia) that help to clean the lungs by moving foreign substances out. Hydrogen cyanide stops this lung clearance system from working properly, which means the poisonous chemicals in tobacco smoke can build up inside the lungs. Other chemicals in smoke that damage the lungs include hydrocarbons, nitrous oxides, organic acids, phenols and oxidizing agents. Another is the free radicals these highly reactive chemicals can damage the heart muscles and blood vessels. They react with cholesterol, leading to the build-up of fatty material on artery walls. Their actions lead to heart disease, stroke and blood vessel disease. And

metals tobacco smoke contains dangerous metals including arsenic, cadmium and lead. Several of these metals are carcinogenic. Lastly, radioactive compounds tobacco smoke contains radioactive compounds, which are known to be carcinogenic. There are several ways how to can quit the unhealthy habit of smoking. Whether a person is trying to quit suddenly, without any help, either turn to less conventional methods such as acupuncture or hypnosis, there is a very chance to become again a non-smoker. Acupuncture involves inserting needles into key pressure points located on different parts of the body. This operation is not painful and patients are left to relax at least half hour before. The needles are then removed, except for two small needles, which remain fixed in the ear lobe. The idea is to touch one of your ear lobe when you feel that you hit cigarette cravings. There are no clinical tests to prove the real effectiveness of acupuncture in terms of giving up smoking side effects , but smokers have felt some improvements once they have applied this method. Second is abrupt cessation, to quit smoking without any help. Although physical symptoms can be quite radical in the early days when an individual give up tobacco, but these symptoms disappear in the first two or three weeks. Email can motivate a person. Signing in to different programs that send a series of motivational e-mails, focusing on every stage of the recovery. These messages keep you informed on the progress that your body makes and offers a

wealth of information that helps stay in position if tempted to give in again the cigarette smoke. Another is hypnotherapy, although nicotine is a drug that generates an extremely high physical dependence, smoking has many psychological associations. Hypnotherapy attempts to modify the usual dependency in the minds and smokers subconscious. Nothing regarding this method, no clinical trials proving its effectiveness in quitting smoking side effects, but some smokers have found this method as being helpful.

Next is laser treatment. It is a new treatment developed by a former smoker, which uses laser at a minimum intensity to stimulate energy points in the body. These, in turn, stimulates production of endorphins the so-called elixir of happiness produced by the body, natural chemicals that, among other functions, alleviate pain. Endorphins, at least in theory, escape you from cigarette cravings. Clinical tests have shown positive effects of this treatment.

Another type is Nicotine Replacement Therapy. This therapy attenuates the symptoms of withdrawal, while the smoker gets used to stop smoking side effects and the dose of nicotine is gradually reduced. For best results, follow the instructions as accurately as possible and consult pharmacist or doctor. Products are available on the market in different shapes, allowing you to choose one that suits you best.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the research design, research locale and subjects, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment are defined. Researcher Design

The study will use a descriptive design in order to describe the profile of the respondents regarding with their smoking habits, reasons for smoking and reasons for the inability to stop smoking. Research Locale The study will be conducted in the College of Art and Sciences, Naval State of University, Naval, Biliran and will be mainly focused on the factors affecting the smoking habits among the said Institution. It will cover the year 2012 specifically on the month of February March. Research Respondents The respondents of this study are the College of Arts and Sciences Student enrolled at Naval State University as of academic year 2011-2012 who are or who have been tobacco smoking.

Researcher Instrument A question method will be utilized in this study. The researcher will adopt a combination of GATS and GYTS prepared by WHO and the smoking questions created by Dr. Kathy Doner, MD, a Board Certified Internal Medicine. First part of the question will pertain in the profile of the respondents. The second part will be the question in the smoking habits, third part will be the reasons for the inability to stop smoking.

Data Gathering Procedure Before the conduct of the study, the researchers will write a letter to the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences noted by the Chairman of the Nursing and Health Sciences Department, the researchers adviser and coordinator and will be submitted to the University President for the approval. After the approval to conduct the study, a random selection of tobacco smokers in College of Arts and Sciences will be selected as the respondents of the study and after which, a questionnaire will be distributed for data gathering. Upon retrieval of the said questionnaire, data interpretation and analysis will be done using the statistical treatment where the frequency and percentage will be computed and from the results gathered, an intervention scheme will be crafted in order to decrease the number of tobacco smokers among the College of Arts and Sciences students in Naval State University. Statistical Treatment To describe the profile of the respondents to be involved in the study, the following formula will be used: In finding the percentage, P= x 100 Where : P = Percentage n = Number of respondents

f = Frequency 100 = constant

BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Books Global Adult Tobacco Survey Collaborative Group. Tobacco Questions for Surveys: A Subset of Key Questions from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), 2nd Edition. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. B. Journal

John A. Ambrose, Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004), Vol.43 No.10 The Pathophysiology of Cigarette Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update, pages 1732-1736. Elizabeth Burges Dowdell, Nursing Research and Practice, pages 1-7. C. Internet Health Effects of Smoking, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig _smoking/#overview,02/07/2012. Health Belief Model, http://www.enotes.com/health-belief-modelreference/health-belief-model, 02/03/2012. D. Others A Report of the Surgeon General 2010 WHO Report 2007 WHO GATS 2010 WHO GYTS 2007