OFDM Impairments

Wireless Networking Design Seminar
Simulation of OFDM Impairments using ADS WLAN 802.11a Design Library and DesignGuide
Agilent Technologies
Contents
OFDM Modulation Review Using ADS to Evaluate Effects of Link Impairments on OFDM Modulation WLAN 802.11a ADS DesignGuide (ADS 2002 software release)
Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001
Page 2
OFDM Modulation Review
Page 3
Concept of OFDM
A type of multi-carrier modulation Single high-rate bit stream is converted to low-rate N parallel bit streams Each parallel bit stream is modulated on one of N sub-carriers Each sub-carrier can be modulated differently. For example, BPSK, QPSK or QAM To achieve high bandwidth efficiency, the spectrum of the sub-carriers are closely spaced and overlapped Nulls in each sub-carriers spectrum land at the center of all other subcarriers (orthogonal) OFDM symbols are generated using IFFT
OFDM Spectrum
Page 4
Advantages of OFDM
Robustness in muti-path propagation environment More tolerant of delay spread: Due to the use of many sub-carriers, the symbol duration on the sub-carriers is increased, relative to delay spread. Inter-symbol interference is avoided through the use of guard interval. Simplified or eliminate equalisation needs, as compared to single carrier modulation. More resistant to fading. FEC is used to correct for sub-carriers that suffer from deep fade.
Page 5
Design Challenges of OFDM Modulation

Sensitive to frequency offset need frequency offset correction in the receiver. Sensitive to oscillator phase noise -- clean and stable oscillator required. Large peak to average ratio amplifier back-off, reduced power efficiency. IFFT/FFT complexity -- fixed point implementation to optimize latency and performance. Intersymbol Interference (ISI) due to multipath-use guard interval.
Page 6
Intersymbol Interference(ISI) Due to Multipath

ofdm symbol 1 ofdm symbol 2
Direct path signal
Multipath delayed signal
This part will destroy orthogonality of OFDM symbol
ISI
Symbol interferes with the delayed version of itself
Page 7
Guard Interval
Multipath delays up to the guard time do not cause Inter-Symbol Interference Sub-carriers remain orthogonal for multipath delays up to guard time (no InterCarrier Interference)
Page 8
Windowing
To reduce spectrum splatter, the OFDM symbol is multiplied by a raised-cosine window, w(t) before transmission to more quickly reduce the power of out-of-band sub-carriers. Figure above shows spectra for 64 sub-carriers with different values of the rolloff factor, of the raised cosine window. Larger , better spectral roll-off. However, a roll-off factor of reduces delay spread tolerance by a factor of TS.
Page 9
OFDM Transceiver Block Diagram

Transmitter Data In
Scrambling/ Scrambling/ FEC Coding/ FEC Coding/ Interleaving Interleaving QAM QAM Mapping Mapping Pilot Pilot Insertion Insertion G.I. G.I. Addition Addition & & Windowing Windowing IQ IQ Modulator Modulator
DAC DAC
HPA
IFFT(TX) IFFT(TX) FFT(RX) FFT(RX) Frequency corrected signal QAM QAM Demapping Demapping Channel Channel Correction Correction Remove Remove G.I. G.I. ADC ADC
AGC Amp
Data Out
De-interleaving/ De-interleaving/ FEC Decoding/ FEC Decoding/ De-Scrambling De-Scrambling
Symbol Timing
Timing & Timing & Frequency Frequency Synchronisation Synchronisation
Rx Lev. Det.
LNA
Receiver
Page 10
OFDM Transceiver Block Diagram: Sources of Link Impairments

Data In
Scrambling/ Scrambling/ FEC Coding/ FEC Coding/ Interleaving Interleaving QAM QAM Mapping Mapping Pilot Pilot Insertion Insertion G.I. G.I. Addition Addition & & Windowing Windowing DAC DAC IQ IQ Modulator Modulator
Power Amplifier Non-linearity
HPA Multipath
Fixed Point effects
IFFT(TX) IFFT(TX) FFT(RX) FFT(RX)
Oscillator Phase Noise
Data Out
Frequency corrected signal QAM QAM Demapping Demapping Channel Channel Correction Correction Remove Remove G.I. G.I. ADC ADC
AGC Amp
Note: other impairments: -AGC response time -ADC/DAC quantization noise -Modem impairments....
Symbol Timing
Timing & Timing & Frequency Frequency Synchronization Synchronization
Rx Lev. Det.
LNA
Oscillator Phase Noise, Frequency Offset
Page 11
Using Simulation to Evaluate Effects of Link Impairments on OFDM Modulation
Page 12
Effects of Frequency Offset

Data In
Scrambling/ Scrambling/ FEC Coding/ FEC Coding/ Interleaving Interleaving QAM QAM Mapping Mapping Pilot Pilot Insertion Insertion G.I. G.I. Addition Addition & & Windowing Windowing
DAC DAC
IQ IQ Modulator Modulator
HPA
AGC Amp
Data Out
Symbol Timing
Note: In OFDM link, the sub-carriers are perfectly orthogonal only if transmitter and receiver use exactly the same frequencies, any frequency offset results in Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI).
Rx Lev. Det.
LNA
Frequency Offset
Page 13
Inter-Carrier Interference(ICI) Due to Frequency Offset

Integer number of cycles of the subcarrier ensures that the nulls of the spectrum lands on the FFT bin, condition to avoid inter-carrier interference (ICI)
FFT
T
FFT window
No frequency offset
FFT
T
With frequency offset
1/T
Page 14
OFDM Operation (ICI problem)

I-Q Modulator
QAM_ModExtOsc Q1 Power=0.01 W VRef=1 V GainImbalance=0 PhaseImbalance=0 FloatToTimed F15 TStep=0.0 sec WaveFormCx W1 Value="(0) (0) (0) (1+j) " ControlSimulation=NO Periodic=YES Period=64 FFT_Cx F11 Order=6 Size=64 Direction=Inverse CxToRect C1
I-Q Demodulator
QAM_DemodExtOsc Q2 Sensitivity=0.5 GainImbalance=0 PhaseImbalance=0 TimedToFloat T4 RectToCx R1 FFT_Cx F17 Order=6 Size=64 Direction=Forward NumericSink RF1
IFFT
FFT
FloatToTimed F16 TStep=0.0 sec
TimedToFloat T5
N_Tones N1 TStep=tstep sec Frequency1=FCarrier MHz Power1=.010 W Phase1=0.0
N_Tones N2 TStep=tstep sec Frequency1=(FCarrier-0.06) MHz Power1=.010 W Phase1=0.0 RandomPhase=No
Frequency offset = 60 kHz

1.5
0.03 0.02
0.03 0.02
1.5
0.00 -0.01 -0.02
real(RT1)
mag(F1)
real(T1)
0.01
0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03
mag(RF1)
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-0.03 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Index
Index
Index
Index
Symbol to be transmitted (Magnitude spectrum)
I-channel signal (after IFFT)
Demodulated I-channel signal
Recovered symbol contains ICI
Page 15
Effects of Frequency Offset Without Frequency Correction

Frequency offset expressed as a percentage of sub-carriers frequency spacing (f=312.5kHz): 0%
AA=0 Freq. Offset = 0 Hz Freq. Offset / Freq. Spacing = 0%
1.0 1.5
1%
AA=1 Freq. Offset = 3.125 kHz Freq. Offset / Freq. Spacing = 1%
2
15
10%
50%
1.0 0.5 0.5 1
10
imag(iq[3,::])
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
imag(iq[0,::])
imag(iq[1,::])
0.0
imag(iq[2,::])
0.0
-0.5 -1.0
-0.5
-1
-5
-1.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
-1.5 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
-2
-10 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
real(iq[0,::])
real(iq[1,::])
real(iq[2,::])
real(iq[3,::])
Index AA=0.000 AA=1.000 AA=2.000 AA=3.000 40 40 40 40
ReceiverEVM 1.198E-5 0.025 0.268 2.840
Freq. Offset / Freq. Spacing

0% 1% 10% 50%
Why you need frequency offset correction: assume freq. offset=3kHz (1%), requires: oscillator stability: 3k/5.8G=0.5ppm!
Page 16
Frequency Offset Estimation Using Preambles
Make use of short preamble for coarse frequency offset estimation and long preamble for fine frequency offset estimation. Short preamble symbol duration of 0.8s allows frequency correction up to 1/(2x0.8s)=625kHz Assume RF frequency=5.8GHz, the tolerable frequency offset (worst case) =0.5x625k/5.8G=53.8ppm > 20ppm specified in 802.11a.
Page 17
Frequency Offset Estimation and Correction

Frequency offset compensation network:
Short Preamble
Sync
WLAN
WLAN_BurstSync FrameSy nc Order=Order
Fork3 F13
Coarse frequency offset correction

WLAN
O
x h
Channel correction
Eq u a l i z e r
WLAN_FreqSy nc FreqOffs etDetec t Order=Order Fork 3 F12

WLAN
Fork 2 F14 FFT_Cx F10 Order=Order Siz e=FFTSize Direction=Forward
t r ack h x
WLAN
WLAN
WLAN
f
WLAN
b u rs t
WLAN_FineFreqSy nc Add2 W1 A1 Order=Order
WLAN_MuxDataChEs tWLAN_Phas eTrac k MuxData_and_ChEs t Phas eDerotated Length=Length Length=Length Rate=Rate Rate=Rate Order=Order Carriers=52 Order=Order Phas e=0
WLAN_OFDMEqualiz er Equalizer Carriers =52
Port P2 Num=2
0 S
WLAN
L D ATA
OFDM Sy m
Port P1 WLAN_Burs tReceiv er Num=1 Burs tRec Length=Length Rate=Rate Order=Order
WLAN_Demux Burs t Demux Frame Length=Length Rate=Rate Order=Order
FFT_Cx F8 Order=Order Siz e=FFTSiz e Direc tion=Forward
Long Preamble1
WLAN
O
WLAN
CR I
FFT_Cx F11 Order=Order Siz e=FFTSiz e Direc tion=Forward
Long Preamble2
WLAN_Phas eEs t Phas eDerot Carriers=52 Order=Order
WLAN_ChEs timator ChannelEs timator Carriers =52 Order=Order
Fine frequency offset correction & channel estimation
Page 18
Effects of Frequency Offset with Frequency Correction

Frequency offset expressed as a percentage of sub-carriers frequency spacing (f=312.5kHz): 0%
AA=0 Freq. Offset = 0 Hz Freq. Offset / Freq. Spacing = 0%
1.0 1.0
1%
1.0
10%
1.0
50%
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
imag(iq[0,::])
imag(iq[1,::])
imag(iq[2,::])
imag(iq[3,::])
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
-1.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
-1.0
-1.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
real(iq[0,::])
real(iq[1,::])
real(iq[2,::])
real(iq[3,::])
Index AA=0.000 AA=1.000 AA=2.000 AA=3.000 40 40 40 40
ReceiverEVM 1.199E-5 1.214E-5 1.211E-5 1.210E-5
Freq. Offset / Freq. Spacing

0% 1% 10% 50%
Page 19
Effects of Oscillator Phase Noise

Data In
DAC DAC
HPA
AGC Amp
Data Out
Note: A practical oscillator does not produce a carrier at exactly one frequency, but rather a carrier that is phase modulated by random phase jitter, As a result, the frequency is never perfectly constant, thereby causing ICI.
Symbol Timing
Rx Lev. Det.
LNA
Oscillator Phase Noise
Page 20
Effects of Oscillator Phase Noise
1/T FFT Bin Spacing is 1/T

Page 21
Effects of Oscillator Phase Noise (continued)

N_Tones model is used to model the phase noise Based on Lorentzian spectrum Characterized by 3dB-linewidth, -20dB per decade slope
PSD[Hz] 0 -3
N_Tones N1 TStep=50 nsec Frequency1=FCarrier MHz Power1=.010 W Phase1=0.0 AdditionalTones="" RandomPhase=No PhaseNoiseData=PN PN_Type=Random PN
Ss ( f ) =
2 / f l 1 + f 2 / fl 2
f l : 3dB linewidth
-20dB/decade
Frequency offset[Hz] -3dB linewidth
Phase noise profile based on Lorentzian spectrum
Page 22

3 profiles of phase noise were simulated:
N_Tones N1 TStep=50 nsec Frequency1=FCarrier MHz Power1=.010 W Phase1=0.0 AdditionalTones="" RandomPhase=No PhaseNoiseData=PN PN_Type=Random PN
Var Eqn
VAR VAR4 AA=1 PN0=" " PN1=" 120 -15 300 -23 3000 -43 30000 -63 300000 -83 1200000 -95" PN2=" 120 -35 300 -43 3000 -63 30000 -83 300000 -103 1200000 -115" PN=if (AA==0) then PN0 elseif (AA==1) then PN1 else PN2 endif
dBm(S1[0,::])
dBm(S1[1,::])
dBm(S1[2,::])
5.201
-20
-20
-20
-120 5.199 5.201
-120 5.199
-120 5.199 5.201
freq, GHz
freq, GHz
freq, GHz
Ideal
-3dB linewidth=30Hz =0.01% of sub-carrier spacing
-3dB linewidth=3Hz =0.001% of sub-carrier spacing
Page 23

Ideal
1.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5
-3dB linewidth=30Hz
1.0
-3dB linewidth=3Hz
imag(iq[0,::])
imag(iq[1,::])
0.5
imag(iq[2,::])
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.5
-0.5 -1.0
-0.5
-1.0 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
-1.5 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
-1.0 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
real(iq[0,::])
real(iq[1,::])
5E-1
real(iq[2,::])
1E-1
40
BER_pn
Index
AA=0.000 1.199E-5
ReceiverEVM_pn AA=1.000 0.143
1E-2
AA=2.000 0.014
-3dB linewidth=30Hz -3dB linewidth=3Hz
1E-3
1E-4
Ideal
1E-5 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
BER_pn.DF.CN
Page 24
Effects of Fixed Point Implementation of IFFT/FFT

Data In
DAC DAC
HPA
Fixed Point effects
IFFT(TX) IFFT(TX) FFT(RX) FFT(RX) Frequency corrected signal
AGC Amp
ADC ADC
Data Out
QAM QAM Demapping Demapping
Channel Channel Correction Correction
Remove Remove G.I. G.I.
Symbol Timing
Rx Lev. Det.
LNA
Page 25
Effects of Fixed Point Implementation of IFFT/FFT

64-point IFFT/FFT in fixed-point arithmetic Decimation in Frequency, Radix-2 algorithm Parameterized bit precision Bit precision of 2.8, 2.10, 2.12 and 2.14 were simulated
Not e :
So m g r d i
e m
wr e s i a kn g i
n i m
t h s d e sg n i i o d f c a t on s i i i
m a y b e df f c ut . i i l
of f o f I f t h s i
t h e
o c c ur s , p e a se l t ur n e n a be l Edg e sn a p pn g i G r d/ Sn ap ) . i
of f G r d s n a pp n g a n d i i ( O p t o n s >P r e f e r en c e cs > i
Re Cx
0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l Xe 2 9 R3 Cx 0 h Re Cx
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
Re Cx
Re Cx Re Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf X3 3 0 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf Xx 3 10 h C3 Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf Xx 3 20 h C3 Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l X3 t _ f e 3 3c e _ 0h l Rf Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l Xe 3 4 R3 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf Xx 3 50 h C3 Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf Xx 3 60 h C3 Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 4 4c e _ 0h l R3 t _ Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx C l f f F FT _ _ 0_ 0 h t _c e l eh X3 Re 4 3 Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
0 h
Re Cx
f f F FT _ Ce_ 0 h t _c e _ 0l l h XRe 3 2 7 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l X2 7 4 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 50 h 2 7 Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 60 h 2 7 Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l X2 7 _ f Re 7c e _ 0h f t l Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l XRe 8 2 7 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 90 h 2 7 Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 00 h 2 8 Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 80 h 3 2 Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l X3 2 _ f Re 7c e _ 0h f t l Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l XRe 6 3 2 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 50 h 3 2 Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 40 h 3 2 Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l X3 2 _ f Re 3c e _ 0h f t l Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT _ Ce_ 0 h t _c e _ 0l l h XRe 2 3 2 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X3 2 1
Re Cx 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l X1 Cx 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l XC x 2 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l XC x 3 0 h Re Re Cx
W W W W W W W W
Re Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf X1 7 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf Xx 8 0 h C1 Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf Xx 9 0 h C1 Re Re Cx
W W W W W W W W
Re Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf X3 3 0 h Cx Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l X3 4 Re Cx - 0 h Re Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l f e t _ c e _0 m h l Rf Xx 5 C3 1 6 Re Re Cx
Re Cx Re Cx
0 h Re Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X4 Cx 9 - 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l Xe 0 R5 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X5 Cx 1 - 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l Xf t f 5 2 _c e _ 0m h l Re Cx Re Cx 0 h
Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l X4 t f Re _ ce _ 0h f l Cx 0 h e R Re Cx Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _ ce _ 0h l XR e 5 Cx 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l XC x 6 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l XC x 7 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _ ce _ 0h l X8
Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf t f 2 0 _c e _ 0h l Re Cx Re Cx - 0 h Re Cx
Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l Xf t f 3 66 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l Re Cx Re 0 h
Re Cx
Re Cx
F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m h l Xf f e 1 _c e _ 0m h l R2 t Cx 8 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 8 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 8 l Xe 2 R2 Cx 1 Re 6 Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 16 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 1 6 X2 3 Cx 2 Re 4 Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 24 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 2 4 l X2 4
Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l X3 t f e 7_ c e _0 h l Rf Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l X3 8 Re Cx Re Cx - 0 h Re Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 3 _c e _ 0h l R5 t Cx - 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X5 4 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h
Re Cx
f f FF T e _ 0 m_ 0 m h t _ c 8 l Ce l h Xe 9 R3 Cx 1 6e R Cx Re Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l f f t 6 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l X4 0 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h Re Cx
f f F FT e _ 0h 0 h t _c _ l e_ C l X5 Re 5 Cx - 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X5 6 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h Re Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X3 4 2 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X3 Cx 4 10 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X3 Cx 4 00 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 3 9c e _ 0h l R3 t _ Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X3 Re 3 8 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf X3 3 7 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X3 Cx 6 00 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X3 Cx 5 90 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 5 8c e _ 0h l R3 t _ Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx
Re Cx - 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f Re _ ce _ 0m h f t l XC x 9 4 Re Re Cx
W W W W W W W W
Re Cx Re Cx
W W W W W W W W
0 h
Re Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X2 Cx 5 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 6 _c e _ 0h l R2 t Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT e _ 0h 0 h t _c _ l e_ C l X2 Re 7 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X2 8 Re Cx Re Cx - 0 h e R Cx h
Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 4 l X1 0 f Re 6 4_ c e_ 4 f t l Cx 8 Re Re Cx Cx f f F F 4_ c e_ 8 _ 8 t 6 T6 4 _l e l C XR e 1 1 Cx Re 1 2 Cx Re Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 12 l f Re 6 4_ c e_ 1 2 f t l X1 2 Cx Re 1 6 Cx Re Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 16 l f Re 6 4_ c e_ 1 6 f t l XC x 1 3 2 0 Re Cx Re Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 20 l f Re 6 4_ c e_ 2 0 f t l XC x 1 4 2 4 Re Re Cx Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 24 l X1 5 f Re 6 4_ c e_ 2 4 f t l Cx Re 2 8 Re Cx Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 28 l f f t 6 4_ c e_ 2 8 l X1 6
F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l Xe 1 R4 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l X4 2 Re Cx - 0 h Re Re Cx Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l X4 t f e 3_ c e _0 m h l Rf Cx 1 6e R Re Cx Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l f f t 6 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l X4 4 Re Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf Xx 5 0 h C4 Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l X4 6 Re Cx - 0 h Re Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l f e t _ c e _0 m h l Rf Xx 7 C4 1 6 Re Re Cx Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l Xf t f 4 86 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l h
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X5 Re 7 Cx - 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X5 8 Re Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 9 _c e _ 0h l R5 t Cx - 0 h e R Re Cx Cx
F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X6 0 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h Re Cx
F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f l Re t _c e _ 0m h X2 Cx 9 8 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 8 l f e t 64 _ c e_ 8 l Rf Xx 0 C3 1 6 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 16 l Xf f e 1 64 _ c e_ 1 6 l R3 t Cx 2 Re 4 Re Cx Cx
F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 24 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 2 4 l X3 2
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X6 Cx 1 - 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X6 2 Re Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X6 Cx 3 - 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l Xf t f 6 4 _c e _ 0m h l
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X3 Re 5 7 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X3 Cx 5 60 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X3 Cx 5 50 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 5 4c e _ 0h l R3 t _ Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT _ _ 0_ 0 h t _c e l eh C l X3 Re 5 3 Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf X3 4 5 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf Xx 4 60 h C3 Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf Xx 4 70 h C3 Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l X3 t _ f e 4 8c e _ 0h l Rf Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l Xe 4 9 R3 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf X3 5 0 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f e t _c e _ 0h l Rf Xx 5 10 h C3 Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X3 5 2 Re Cx - 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f Re _c e _ 0m h f t l XCx 2 2 2 7 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 2 f t l XCx 1 4 2 7 Re Re Cx
Not e :
So m e wr e s i n t h s d e sg n i i i m a y b e of f o f t h e g r d m a kn g i i m o d f c a t on s i i i df f c ut . i i l I f t h s i o c c ur s , p e a se l t ur n of f G r d s n a pp n g a n d i i e n a be l Edg e sn a p pn g i ( O p t o n s >P r e f e r en c e cs > i G r d/ Sn ap ) . i
Re Cx
Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l XC x 6 5 0 h Re Re Cx h Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l X6 6 f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx
W W W W W W W W
0 h Re Cx
Re Cx Re Cx
W W W W W W W W
0 h
Re Cx Re Cx Re Cx
0 h
Re Cx
Re Cx Re Cx
0 h
Re Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X8 Cx 1 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 2 _c e _ 0h l R8 t Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT e _ 0h 0 h t _c _ l e_ C l X8 Re 3 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X8 4 Re Cx Re Cx - 0 h e R Cx
F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf Xx 7 0 h C9 Re Re Cx Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l Xf t f 9 8_ c e _0 h l Re Cx - 0 h Re Re Cx Cx f f FF T e _ 0 m_ 0 m h t _ c 8 l Ce l h Xe 03 R1 Cx 1 6e R Cx Re Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l f f t 6 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l X1 04 Re Cx 0 h Re
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X1 Cx 1 2- 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l Xf t _ f 1 1 3c e _ 0m h l Re Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT e _ 0h 0 h t _c _ l e_ C l X1 Re 1 4 Cx - 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X1 1 5 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h Re Cx h
Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _4 l X2 7 6 f Re 04 _ c e_ 4 f t l Cx 6 Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT _ c __ 6 _6 t 64 6 4 el e l C XRe 9 2 6 Cx 8 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _8 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 8 f t l X2 6 8 Cx 1 0 e R Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _1 0 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 1 0 f t l XCx 7 1 2 2 6 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _1 2 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 1 2 f t l XCx 6 1 4 2 6 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _1 4 l X2 6 6 f Re 54 _ c e_ 1 4 f t l Cx 1 6 e R Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _1 6 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 1 6 l XRe 4 2 6 Cx 1 8 e R Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _1 8 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 1 8 f t l XCx 3 2 0 2 6 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 0 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 2 0 f t l XCx 2 2 2 2 6 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 2 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 2 2 f t l XCx 1 2 4 2 6 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 4 l X2 6 6 f Re 04 _ c e_ 2 4 f t l Cx 2 6 e R Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 6 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 2 6 l XRe 9 2 5 Cx 2 8 e R Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 8 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 2 8 f t l XCx 8 3 0 2 5 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _3 0 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 3 0 l X2 5 7
f f F F Te _ 0h 0 h t _ c_ l e_ C l XR e 6 7 Cx 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l X6 8 Cx 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l XC x 6 9 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l XC x 7 0 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l X7 1 f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l Cx 0 h e R Re Cx Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _ ce _ 0h l X7 2
F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0m h X8 5 Cx 8 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 8 l f e t 64 _ c e_ 8 l Rf Xx 6 C8 1 6 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 16 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 1 6 X8 Cx 7 2 4 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 24 l Xf t f 8 8 64 _ c e_ 2 4 l
Re Cx Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf X9 9 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l X1 00 Re Cx Re Cx - 0 he R Cx e _ 0m l m h h
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X1 1 6 Cx - 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X1 1 9 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h Re Cx e_ 0 h l 0h e x Ce _ 0 m l 0m h
Re Cx Re Cx
W W W W W W W W
- 0 h Re Cx h
Re Cx Re Cx
W W W W
0 h
Re Cx
F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l X7 3 f Re _ ce _ 0m h f t l Cx Re 4 Re Cx Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 4 l f Re 6 4_ c e_ 4 f t l X7 4 Cx Re 8 Cx Re Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 8 l f Re 6 4_ c e_ 8 f t l XC x 7 5 1 2 Re Cx Re Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 12 l f Re 6 4_ c e_ 1 2 f t l XC x 7 6 1 6 Re Re Cx Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 16 l X7 7 f Re 6 4_ c e_ 1 6 f t l Cx 2 0 Re Re Cx Cx f f F F 4_ c e_ 2 0 20 t 6 T6 4 _l e _ C l XR e 7 8 Cx Re 2 4 Cx Re Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 24 l f Re 6 4_ c e_ 2 4 f t l X7 9 Cx Re 2 8 Cx Re Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 28 l f f t 6 4_ c e_ 2 8 l X8 0
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 9 _c e _ 0h l R8 t Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X9 0 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X9 Cx 1 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X9 2 Re Cx Re Cx
FF T 8 _C f e t _ c e _0 l Rf Xx 01 C1 1 6 Re Cx Re Cx FF T 6 4_ f f t 6 4 _ ce X1 02 Re Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce f e t _ c e _0 l Rf Xx 05 0 h C1 Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce f f t _ c e _0 l X1 06 Re Cx - 0 he R Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _C f e t _ c e _0 l Rf X1 20 Cx 1 6e R Cx Re Cx FF T 6 4_ f f t 6 4 _ ce X1 11 Re Cx Re 0 h
Ce _1 6 l _ 1 6 l
_ 0 h l h
_ 0 h l h
e _ 0m l m h
Ce _1 6 l _ 1 6 l
F FT _ C f f l Re t _c e _ X1 Cx 1 7- 0 h R C Re Cx F FT 8 _ f f t _c e _ l X1 1 8 Re Cx 0 h R C Re Cx F FT _ C f f l Re t _c e _ X1 Cx 2 1- 0 h R C Re Cx F FT 8 _ f f t _c e _ l X1 2 2 Re Cx 0 h R C Re Cx F FT _ C f f l Re t _c e _ X1 2 3 Cx - 0 h R C Re Cx F FT 8 _ f f t _c e _ l X1 2 8 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h
e x e_ 0 h l 0h e x Ce _ 0 m l 0m h e x e_ 0 h l 0h e x Ce _ 0 m l 0m h h h
W W W W
- 0 h Re Cx
Re Cx
Re Cx
F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m h l Xf f e 3 _c e _ 0m h l R9 t Cx 8 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 8 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 8 l Xe 4 R9 Cx 1 Re 6 Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 16 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 1 6 X9 5 Cx 2 Re 4 Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 24 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 2 4 l X9 6
Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l X1 t _ f e 07 c e _0 h l Rf Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l X1 08 Re Cx Re Cx - 0 h Re Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 2 7c e _ 0h l R1 t _ Cx - 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X1 2 6 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h
Re Cx
f f FF T e _ 0 m_ 0 m h t _ c 8 l Ce l h Xe 09 R1 Cx 1 6e R Cx Re Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l f f t 6 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l X1 10
f f F FT e _ 0h 0 h t _c _ l e_ C l X1 Re 2 4 Cx - 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X1 2 5
Not e :
So m g r d i
e m
wr e s i a kn g i
n i m
t h s d e sg n i i o d f c a t on s i i i
m a y b e df f c ut . i i l
of f o f I f t h s i
t h e
o c c ur s , p e a se l t ur n e n a be l Edg e sn a p pn g i G r d/ Sn ap ) . i
of f G r d s n a pp n g a n d i i ( O p t o n s >P r e f e r en c e cs > i
Re Cx - 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l Re t _c e _ 0m h f f l Cx 9 2 1 X3 Re Cx
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
Re Re Cx 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l XC x 2 0 h 1 9 Re Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l XC x 1 0 h 1 9 Re Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l XC x 0 0 h 1 9 Re Re Cx Cx Re Cx Re Cx 0 h Re Cx Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf Xx 60 0 h C1 Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l Xe 59 R1 Cx - 0 h Re Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l f e t _ c e _0 m h l Rf X1 54 Cx 1 6 Re Re Cx Cx
Re
h Re Cx
W W W W W W W W
W W W W W W W W
Cx Re Cx
0 h Re Cx
Re Cx
F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 1 l Xf f e 9 14 _ c e_ 1 l R3 t 6 Cx 2 Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT _ c __ 2 _ 2 t 64 6 4 el e l C X3 Re 9 0 Cx 3 Re Re Cx Cx
F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 3 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 3 X3 8 9 Cx 4 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 4 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 4 X3 Cx 8 8 5 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 5 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 5 X3 Cx 8 7 6 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 Xf f e 8 64 _ c R3 t Cx 7 R Re C Cx F FT 6 4 f f t 64 _ c X3 Re 8 5 Cx 8 R C Re Cx F FT 6 4 f f Re t 64 _ c X3 7 7 Cx 9 R C Re Cx F FT 6 4 f f Re t 64 _ c X3 Cx 7 8 1 0 R C Re Cx F FT 6 4 f f Re t 64 _ c Xx 7 9 1 1 C3 R Re C Cx _Ce _ 6 l e_ 6 l e x _Ce _ 7 l e_ 7 l e x _Ce _ 8 l e_ 8 l e x _Ce _ 9 l e_ 9 l e x _Ce _ 10 l e_ 1 0 l e x
Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l XRe 1 4 0 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l X4 0 2 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 30 h 4 0 Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 40 h 4 0 Re Re Cx Cx
0 h Re
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X1 Cx 7 60 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X1 Cx 7 50 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X1 Cx 7 40 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf t _ f 1 7 3c e _ 0h l Re Cx Re - 0 h Re Cx h
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X1 Cx 4 5- 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l Xe 4 4 R1 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X1 Cx 4 3- 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l Xf t _ f 1 4 2c e _ 0m h l Re Cx Re Cx 0 h
F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l X1 8 _ f Re 9 ce _ 0h f t l Cx 0 h e R Re Cx Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _ ce _ 0h l XR e 8 1 8 Cx 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l XC x 7 0 h 1 8 Re Cx Re Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _ ce _ 0h f t l XC x 6 0 h 1 8 Re Re Cx Cx F F T_ Ce_ 0 h l Xf t _ f 1 8 5 ce _ 0h l
FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l Xf t 6 f 1 53 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l Re Cx Re 0 h
Re Cx
Re Cx
Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l X1 t _ f e 7 2c e _ 0m h l Rf Cx 8 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 8 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 8 l Xe 7 1 R1 Cx 1 Re 6 Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 16 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 1 6 X1 Cx 7 0 2 4 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 24 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 2 4 l X1 6 9
Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l Xe t _ f 1 58 c e _0 h l Rf Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l X1 57 Re Cx Re Cx - 0 h Re Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 4 1c e _ 0h l R1 t _ Cx - 0 h e R Re Cx Cx h
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l X4 0 _ f Re 5c e _ 0h f t l Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l XRe 6 4 0 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 70 h 4 0 Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 80 h 4 0 Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l X4 1 _ f Re 6c e _ 0h f t l Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT _ Ce_ 0 h t _c e _ 0l l h XRe 5 4 1 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l X4 1 4 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 30 h 4 1 Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f Re _c e _ 0h f t l XCx 20 h 4 1 Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l X4 1 _ f Re 1c e _ 0h f t l Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l XRe 0 4 1 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X4 0 9
F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X1 3 8 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h
Re Cx
FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m h l f f t _ c e _0 m h l X1 56 Re Cx 1 6e R Cx Re Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l f f t 6 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l X1 55 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf X1 52 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l X1 51 Re Cx - 0 h Re Re Cx Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l Xe t _ f 1 37 c e _0 m h l Rf Cx 1 6e R Re Cx Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l f f t 6 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l X1 46 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h h Re Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X1 Re 4 0 Cx - 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X1 3 9 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h Re Cx
- 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f Re _ ce _ 0m h f t l XC x 4 1 8 4 Re Re Cx
Re Cx
W W W W W W W W
Re Cx Re Cx
W W W W W W W W
0 h
Re Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X1 Cx 6 80 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 6 7c e _ 0h l R1 t _ Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx
Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 4 l X1 8 6 f Re 3 4_ c e_ 4 f t l Cx Re 8 Re Cx Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 8 l f f t 6 4_ c e_ 8 l XR e 2 1 8 Cx Re 1 2 Cx Re Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 12 l f Re 6 4_ c e_ 1 2 f t l XC x 1 1 8 1 6 Re Cx Re Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 16 l f Re 6 4_ c e_ 1 6 f t l XC x 0 1 8 2 0 Re Cx Re Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 20 l f Re 6 4_ c e_ 2 0 f t l XC x 9 1 7 2 4 Re Re Cx Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 24 l X1 7 6 f Re 8 4_ c e_ 2 4 f t l Cx Re 2 8 Re Cx Cx F F T6 4 _Ce _ 28 l f f t 6 4_ c e_ 2 8 l X1 7 7
F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 11 l Xf f e 8 04 _ c e_ 1 1 l R3 t 6 Cx 1 Re 2 Re Cx Cx
F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 12 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 1 2 l X3 Re 8 1 Cx 1 Re 3 Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 13 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 1 3 X3 Cx 8 2 1 4 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 14 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 1 4 X3 Cx 8 3 1 5 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 15 l Xf f e 8 44 _ c e_ 1 5 l R3 t 6 Cx 1 6 Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT _ c __ 1 _ 16 t 64 6 4 el e 6 C l X3 Re 6 1 Cx 1 Re 7 Re Cx Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X1 Re 6 6 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X1 6 5 Re Cx Re Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X1 3 6 Cx - 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X1 3 5 Re Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 3 4c e _ 0h l R1 t _ Cx - 0 h e R Re Cx Cx
F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _ 0m h l X1 2 9 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h
- 0 h Re Cx h
Re Cx
Re Cx
F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f e t _c e _ 0m h l Rf Xx 6 4 8 C1 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 8 l X1 t 6 f e 6 34 _ c e_ 8 l Rf Cx 1 6 Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT _ c e_ 1 6 16 t 64 6 4 _l e _ C l X1 Re 6 2 Cx 2 Re 4 Re Cx Cx
F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf Xx 50 0 h C1 Re Re Cx Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l Xf t _ f 1 49 c e _0 h l Re Cx - 0 h Re Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l f e t _ c e _0 m h l Rf X1 48 Cx 1 6 Re Re Cx Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l Xf t 6 f 1 47 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X1 Cx 3 0- 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l Xf t _ f 1 3 1c e _ 0m h l Re Cx Re Cx 0 h h
Re Cx
F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 17 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 1 7 X3 6 2 Cx 1 Re 8 Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 18 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 1 8 X3 Cx 6 3 1 9 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 19 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 1 9 X3 Cx 6 4 2 0 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 Xf f e 6 54 _ c R3 t 6 Cx 2 1 R Re C Cx F FT 6 4 f f t 64 _ c X3 Re 6 6 Cx 2 R 2 C Re Cx F FT 6 4 f f Re t 64 _ c X3 6 7 Cx 2 R 3 C Re Cx F FT 6 4 f f Re t 64 _ c X3 Cx 6 8 2 4 R C Re Cx F FT 6 4 f f Re t 64 _ c X3 Cx 7 6 2 5 R Re C Cx _Ce _ 20 l e_ 2 0 l e x _Ce _ 21 l e_ 2 1 l e x _Ce _ 22 l e_ 2 2 l e x _Ce _ 23 l e_ 2 3 l e x _Ce _ 24 l e_ 2 4 l e x Re Cx - 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f Re _c e _ 0m h f t l XCx 0 2 4 0 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 2 f t l XCx 9 4 3 9 Re Re Cx
F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 24 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 2 4 l X1 6 1
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X1 Cx 3 3- 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l Xf t _ f 1 3 2c e _ 0m h l h
Not e :
So m e wr e s i n t h s d e sg n i i i m a y b e of f o f t h e g r d m a kn g i i m o d f c a t on s i i i df f c ut . i i l I f t h s i o c c ur s , p e a se l t ur n of f G r d s n a pp n g a n d i i e n a be l Edg e sn a p pn g i ( O p t o n s >P r e f e r en c e cs > i G r d/ Sn ap ) . i
Re Cx Re Cx
F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 25 l Xf f e 7 54 _ c e_ 2 5 l R3 t 6 Cx 2 Re 6 Re Cx Cx
W W W W W W W W
0 h
Re Cx
Re Cx Re Cx
W W W W W W W W
0 h
Re Cx Re Cx Re Cx
0 h Re Cx
Re Cx Re Cx
0 h
Re Cx
F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 26 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 2 6 l X3 Re 7 4 Cx 2 Re 7 Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 27 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 2 7 X3 Cx 7 3 2 8 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 28 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 2 8 X3 Cx 7 2 2 9 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 29 l Xf f e 7 14 _ c e_ 2 9 l R3 t 6 Cx 3 0 Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT _ c __ 3 _ 30 t 64 6 4 el e 0 C l X3 Re 7 0 Cx 3 Re 1 Re Cx Cx
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 9 3c e _0 h l R1 t _ Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT e _0 h 0 h t _c _ l e_ C l X1 Re 9 4 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _0 h X1 9 5 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _0 h X1 Cx 9 60 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _0 h X1 Cx 9 70 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 9 8c e _0 h l R1 t _ Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _0 h l X1 Re 9 9 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _0 h l X2 0 0
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf f e 0 9c e _ 0h l R2 t _ Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT e _ 0h 0 h t _c _ l e_ C l X2 Re 1 0 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X2 1 1 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X2 1 2 Re Cx - 0 h e R Cx Re Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f e t _c e _ 0m h l Rf Xx 1 3 8 C2 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 8 l f e t 64 _ c e_ 8 l Rf Xx 1 4 1 6 C2 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 16 l Xf f e 1 54 _ c e_ 1 6 l R2 t 6 Cx 2 4 Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT _ c e_ 2 4 24 t 64 6 4 _l e _ C l X2 1 6
F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l X2 2_ f Re5 c e _0 h f t l Cx 0 he R Re Cx Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l X2 26 Re Cx - 0h Re Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m h l f Re_ c e _0 m h f t l X2 31 Cx Re 16 Cx Re Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l f f t 6 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l X2 32 Re Cx 0 he R Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f Re_ c e _0 h f t l XCx7 2 2 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l X2 28 Re Cx - 0h Re Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m h l f Re_ c e _0 m h f t l X2 29 Cx 16 Re Cx Re Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l Xf t 6 f 2 30 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l Re Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f Re_ c e _0 h f t l XCx3 2 3 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l Xf t _ f 2 34 c e _0 h l Re Cx - 0h Re Cx
F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l X2 t _ f e 40 c e _0 h l Rf Cx - 0 he R Re Cx Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l f f t _ c e _0 m h l X2 41 Re Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf X2 42 Cx - 0 he R Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l f f t _ c e _0 m h l X2 43 Re Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf Xx 44 - 0 h C2 Re Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l f f t _ c e _0 m h l X2 47 Re Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf Xx 45 - 0 h C2 Re Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l Xf t _ f 2 46 c e _0 m h l Re Cx Re Cx 0 h
Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _4 l X3 9 6 f Re 84 _ c e_ 4 f t l Cx 6 Re Re C Cx F FT 6 4 f f t 64 _ c XRe 7 3 9 Cx 8 R C Re Cx F FT 6 4 f Re 64 _ c f t XCx 6 1 0 3 9 R C Re Cx F FT 6 4 f Re 64 _ c f t XCx 5 1 2 3 9 R C Re Cx F FT 6 4 f Re 64 _ c f t XCx 4 1 4 3 9 R Re C Cx x _Ce _6 l e_ 6 l e x _Ce _8 l e_ 8 l e x _Ce _1 0 l e_ 1 0 l e x _Ce _1 2 l e_ 1 2 l e x
F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 31 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 3 1 l X3 6 9
F FT 6 4 _Ce _1 4 l X3 9 6 f Re 34 _ c e_ 1 4 f t l Cx 1 6 e R Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _1 6 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 1 6 l XRe 7 4 1 Cx 1 8 e R Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _1 8 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 1 8 f t l XCx 8 2 0 4 1 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 0 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 2 0 f t l XCx 9 2 2 4 1 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 2 l X4 2 6 f Re 04 _ c e_ 2 2 f t l Cx 2 4 Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT _ c __ 2 42 4 t 64 6 4 el e _ C l XRe 1 4 2 Cx 2 6 e R Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 6 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 2 6 f t l X4 2 2 Cx 2 8 e R Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 8 l f Re 64 _ c e_ 2 8 f t l XCx 3 3 0 4 2 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _3 0 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 3 0 l X4 2 4
Re Cx Re Cx
W W W W W W W W
- 0 h e R Cx h
Re Cx Re Cx
W W W W
0 h Re Cx
Re Cx
F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m l f f t _c e _0 m h l Xe 0 1 R2 Cx 4 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _4 l f e t 64 _ ce _ 4 l Rf Xx 0 2 8 C2 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _8 l f e t 64 _ ce _ 8 l Rf Xx 0 3 1 2 C2 Re Re Cx Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _1 2 l X2 t 6 f e 0 44 _ ce _ 1 2 l Rf Cx 1 6 Re Re Cx Cx f f F FT _ c e _ 1 61 6 t 64 6 4 _l e _ C l Xe 0 5 R2 Cx 2 Re 0 Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 0 l f e t 64 _ ce _ 2 0 l Rf X2 0 6 Cx 2 Re 4 Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 4 l f f l Re t 64 _ ce _ 2 4 X2 Cx 0 7 2 8 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _2 8 l f f t 64 _ ce _ 2 8 l X2 0 8
F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f t _c e _ 0h l X2 Re 1 7 Cx 0 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X2 Cx 1 80 h Re Cx Re Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l f f l Re t _c e _ 0h X2 Cx 1 90 h Re Re Cx Cx F FT _ Ce_ 0 h l Xf t _ f 2 2 0c e _ 0h l
F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf Xx 49 - 0 h C2 Re Re Cx Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l Xf t _ f 2 50 c e _0 m h l Re Cx 0 h Re Cx h
Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m h l f Re_ c e _0 m h f t l X2 48 Cx 16 Re Cx Re Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l f f t 6 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l X2 39 Re Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l XRe5 2 3 Cx 0 he R Cx Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l X2 36 Re Cx - 0h Re Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m h l f Re_ c e _0 m h f t l X2 37 Cx Re 16 Cx Re Cx FF T 6 4_ Ce _1 6 l f f t 6 4 _ ce _ 1 6 l X2 38
Re Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf Xx 51 - 0 h C2 Re Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l f f t _ c e _0 m h l X2 56 Re Cx 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f f t _ c e _0 h l Xe 55 R2 Cx - 0 he R Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l f f t _ c e _0 m h l X2 54 Re Cx Re Cx 0 h Re Cx
Re Cx - 0 h Re Re Cx Cx F F T 8 _ Ce _ 0 m h l f f t _c e _ 0m h l Xe 2 1 R2 Cx 8 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 8 l f e t 64 _ c e_ 8 l Rf X2 2 2 Cx 1 Re 6 Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 16 l f f l Re t 64 _ c e_ 1 6 X2 Cx 2 3 2 4 Re Cx Re Cx F FT 6 4 _Ce _ 24 l f f t 64 _ c e_ 2 4 l X2 2 4
W W W W
F F T _ Ce _ 0 h l f e t _ c e _0 h l Rf X2 52 Cx - 0 he R Cx Re Cx FF T 8 _Ce _ 0m l f f t _ c e _0 m h l X2 53
Page 26
Effects of Fixed Point Implementation of IFFT/FFT (continued)

Bit precision: 2.8
1.5 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5
2.10
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
2.12
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
2.14
imag(iq_fp[0,::])
imag(iq_fp[1,::])
imag(iq_fp[2,::])
0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6
0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0
imag(iq_fp[3,::])
0.4
0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-0.8 -1.0
-1.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
-1.2 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
real(iq_fp[0,::])
real(iq_fp[1,::])
real(iq_fp[2,::])
real(iq_fp[3,::])
Bit Precision= 2.8
Bit Precision= 2.10
Bit Precision= 2.12

5E-1
Bit Precision= 2.14
1E-1
BER_36Mbps_fp
1E-2
Index 40
AA=0.000 0.118
ReceiverEVM_fp AA=1.000 AA=2.000 0.027 0.006
AA=3.000 0.001
1E-3
2.8 2.14
1E-4
1E-5 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
BER_36Mbps_fp.DF.CN
Page 27
WLAN 802.11a ADS DesignGuide Schematic Menu
Page 28
The Details
3 Parts: Tutorial Impairments Pre-built test benches
Page 29
WLAN DesignGuide Example
Page 30

OFDM Impairments

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Wireless Networking Design Seminar

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

OFDM Modulation Review

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

Design Challenges of OFDM Modulation

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

Intersymbol Interference(ISI) Due to Multipath

Direct path signal

Multipath delayed signal

This part will destroy orthogonality of OFDM symbol

Symbol interferes with the delayed version of itself

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

OFDM Transceiver Block Diagram

De-interleaving/ De-interleaving/ FEC Decoding/ FEC Decoding/ De-Scrambling De-Scrambling

Timing & Timing & Frequency Frequency Synchronisation Synchronisation

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

OFDM Transceiver Block Diagram: Sources of Link Impairments

Power Amplifier Non-linearity

Fixed Point effects

IFFT(TX) IFFT(TX) FFT(RX) FFT(RX)

Oscillator Phase Noise

De-interleaving/ De-interleaving/ FEC Decoding/ FEC Decoding/ De-Scrambling De-Scrambling

Timing & Timing & Frequency Frequency Synchronization Synchronization

Oscillator Phase Noise, Frequency Offset

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

Using Simulation to Evaluate Effects of Link Impairments on OFDM Modulation

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

Effects of Frequency Offset

De-interleaving/ De-interleaving/ FEC Decoding/ FEC Decoding/ De-Scrambling De-Scrambling

Timing & Timing & Frequency Frequency Synchronization Synchronization

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

Inter-Carrier Interference(ICI) Due to Frequency Offset

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

OFDM Operation (ICI problem)

FloatToTimed F16 TStep=0.0 sec

N_Tones N1 TStep=tstep sec Frequency1=FCarrier MHz Power1=.010 W Phase1=0.0

N_Tones N2 TStep=tstep sec Frequency1=(FCarrier-0.06) MHz Power1=.010 W Phase1=0.0 RandomPhase=No

Frequency offset = 60 kHz

0.00 -0.01 -0.02

0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03

Symbol to be transmitted (Magnitude spectrum)

I-channel signal (after IFFT)

Demodulated I-channel signal

Recovered symbol contains ICI

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

Effects of Frequency Offset Without Frequency Correction

1.0 0.5 0.5 1

-1.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

-1.5 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

-10 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Index AA=0.000 AA=1.000 AA=2.000 AA=3.000 40 40 40 40

ReceiverEVM 1.198E-5 0.025 0.268 2.840

Freq. Offset / Freq. Spacing

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

Frequency Offset Estimation Using Preambles

Wireless Networking Design Seminar DesignGuide November, 2001

Frequency Offset Estimation and Correction

WLAN_BurstSync FrameSy nc Order=Order

Coarse frequency offset correction