Modern Mechanics and Mathematics

An International Conference in Honour of Ray Ogdens 60th Birthday Keele University, 26-28 August 2003

ABSTRACTS

Combined axial shearing and straightening of elastic annular cylindrical sectors

M. Aron, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA. Email: M.Aron@plymouth.ac.uk The axial shear deformation of compressible nonlinearly elastic circular cylinders has received considerable attention over the past decade. In particular, it was shown by Beatty & Jiang (1999) and Kirkinis & Ogden (2003) that in an isotropic material this deformation may coexist with the circular shear deformation of such cylinders, and by Polignone & Horgan (1992) that this deformation is not possible ( with zero body forces ) in any Hadamard-Green solid that is not of Neo-Hookean type. Here we consider the combined axial shearing and straightening of an annular cylindrical sector which is a deformation that, following Truesedll & Noll (1965) and Hill (1973), we describe in terms of two prescribed constants and two unknown functions that depend only on the radial material co-ordinate. Under the assumption that the material is elastic, compressible and isotropic, we show that for equilibrium in the absence of body forces the unknown functions must satisfy a system of 1st order non-linear ordinary dierential equations. The system of dierential equations can be de-coupled for certain material classes one of which is the (whole ) class of Hadamard-Green materials. Thus, several new exact solutions are obtained and, under the assumption that the annular cylindrical sector is composed of a Hadamard-Green material that is strongly-elliptic, the existence and uniqueness of solutions for two types of boundary conditions is established.

References
1. Beatty, M.F. and Jiang, Q.: On compressible materials capable of sustaining axisymmetric shear deformations III. Helical shear of isotropic hyperelastic materials. Quart. Appl. Math. 57 (1999), 681-697. 2. Hill, J,M.: Partial solutions of nite elasticity- Three dimensional deformations. ZAMP 24 (1973), 609-618.

3. Kirkinis,E. and Ogden, R.W.: On helical shear of a compressible elastic circular cylindrical tube. Q. Jl. Mech. Appl. Math. 56 (2003), 105-122. 4. Polignone, D.A. and Horgan, C.O.: Axisymmetric nite anti-plane shear of compressible nonlinearly elastic circular tubes. Quart. Appl. Math. 50(1992), 323-341. 5. Truedell, C. and Noll, W.: The non-linear eld theories of mechanics. Handbuch der Physik III/3, ed., S.Flugge, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1965.

Investigation of mechanical properties of cell membranes

Eveline Baesu, Department of Engineering Mechanics University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lexington, KY 40591-0215. Email: ebaesu@unlserve.unl.edu It has been observed that subtle changes of mechanical properties of cells are correlated with changes in the state of their health. A theory is presented to describe the nonlinear mechanical properties of living cell membranes, and in particular the response to probing by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The general theory of liquid crystal bilayer surfaces with local bending resistance is used in a variational setting to obtain the equations that describe equilibrium states. This analysis will guide the development of a new generation of cantilever-based MEMS/NEMS for in vivo/vitro investigation of microbiological systems. Renements associated with global constraints on the enclosed volume, and contact with a rigid substrate, taking the cytoskeleton into consideration are introduced and discussed. A procedure is also given for identifying material constants for the cell membrane through correlation with AFM data.

Dead loading of a unit cube of compressible isotropic elastic material

R.S. Rivlin and M.F. Beatty, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015 and University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 910215, Lexington, KY 40591-0215. Email: res0guxi@verizon.net A unit cube of compressible isotropic elastic material undergoes homogeneous dilatation by dead loading forces applied to its faces. Conditions are obtained for stability of the resulting equilibrium state. The physical nature of these conditions is described and the results are illustrated for a compressible Blatz-Ko foamed rubber material.

On Jaeger shear and shearing

Ph. Boulanger and M. Hayes, Dpartement de Mathmatique, Universit Libre de Bruxe e e elles, Campus Plaine C.P.218/1, 1050 Bruxelles - Belgium, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College Dublin, Beleld, Dublin 4 - Ireland. michael.hayes@ucd.ie Email: phboul@ulb.ac.be, and michael.hayes@ucd.ie

At any point P in a body which is subjected to a nite deformation, the angle between a pair of material line elements at P is generally changed. The change in angle is called the Cauchy shear of this pair of material line elements. Jaeger introduced another concept of shear. He considered a material line element and the planar material element orthogonal to this line element, so that the normal to the planar element is along the line element. After deformation, the line element and the normal, which were initially along the same direction make a certain angle. We call this angle the Jaeger shear associated with this direction. Analogously to the denition of Jaeger shear we introduce and examine the concept of Jaeger shearing. It depends upon just one direction, whereas shearing in the sense of Cauchy depends upon two directions. Results are presented relating the Jaeger shear and Jaeger shearing to corresponding orthogonal shear and shearing, in the sense of Cauchy, of appropriate pairs of material line elements. Also it is seen that the maximum Jaeger shear or Jeager shearing at P at time t is also the maximum Cauchy shear or Cauchy shearing at P at time t.

On maximum shear

Ph. Boulanger and M. Hayes, Dpartement de Mathmatique, Universit Libre de e e e Bruxelles, Campus Plaine C.P.218/1, 1050 Bruxelles - Belgium, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College Dublin, Beleld, Dublin 4 - Ireland. michael.hayes@ucd.ie Email: phboul@ulb.ac.be, and michael.hayes@ucd.ie The problem of the determination at any point P in a body of that pair of innitesimal material line elements which suers the maximum shear in a deformation has been solved [1]. For arbitrary pairs of material line elements, whether orthogonal or not, it was shown analytically that the pair suering the greatest shear lies in the principal plane of largest and least stretch, denoted by 3 and 1 respectively, and is symmetrically disposed about the principal axis corresponding to the least stretch 1 . It subtends the angle max , given by tan(max /2) = (1 /3 )1/2 . Also, the maximum shear, denoted by max , is max = 2max . Here that problem is revisited and a short proof, of geometrical type, of the result is presented.

References
1. Ph. Boulanger and M. Hayes, On Finite Shear, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 151 (2000), 125185.

Swelling of particle-enhanced elastomers and gels

S. Therkelsen and M.C. Boyce, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA Email: mcboyce@mit.edu

The mechanics of swelling of elastomeric materials has been extensively addressed in the literature and is reasonably well understood. Recent interest in the mechanics of active polymers, gels, and soft biological tissues has led to a renewed interest in the mechanics of swelling of polymeric and polymeric-like materials where reversible swelling is a primary functional mechanism of many of these materials. Additionally, the properties of elastomers, active polymers, and gels are often enhanced and selectively tailored by the addition of particles which act to alter both mechanical and swelling behavior. In this paper, we study the nite deformation mechanics of swelling of particle-enhanced elastomeric and elastomeric-like materials. A simple closed form solution for the swelling behavior of the lled elastomers is presented.

On instabilities in pure bending

C. Coman, Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH. Email: cdc6@mcs.le.ac.uk Structural instability is one of the typical failure modes of thin-walled structures. The importance of this type of failure is shown by extensive numerical and experimental studies. However, far less attention has been paid to cylindrical shells under the action of pure bending or transverse shear. In consequence, these problems are poorly understood, at least from an analytical point of view. In this work we consider a circular cylindrical shell subjected to a combined loading (bending and transverse shear) and perform an asymptotic analysis which captures the physics of the problem remarklbly well; numerical results which back up the analytical study are included as well.

Twisting of chiral shafts

M. Fraldi and S. C. Cowin, Dipartimento di Scienza delle Costruzioni, Facolt di Ingegneria, Universit di Napoli Federico II , Italy, and New York Center for Biomedical Engineering Departments of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering The City College 138th Street and Convent Avenue New York, NY 10031-9198, USA. Email: scccc@cunyvm.cuny.edu, Web: www.ccny.cuny.edu/NYCBE Solutions are presented for a class of torsion problems for cylinders of a material with trigonal material symmetry. In particular the solutions for elliptical, circular and equilateral triangular cross-sections are presented. These solutions show that the stress distributions are non-chiral and the same as they would be if the material were isotropic; however the in-plane displacements are chiral and dierent from the isotropic case. The results show that there will be transverse, in-plane stress interactions between the layers of a composite cylinder composed of concentric cylinders of dierent trigonal materials in torsional loading. Such composite cylinders are structural designs used by nature and by man.

References
1. P. Chadwick, M. Vianello and S. C. Cowin, A new proof that the number of linear anisotropic elastic symmetries is eight, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 49 (2001), 2471-2492. 4

2. S. C. Cowin and M. M. Mehrabadi, On the Identication of Material Symmetry for Anisotropic Elastic Materials, Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math., 40 (1987), 451-476. 3. S. C. Cowin and M. M. Mehrabadi, Anisotropic symmetries of linear elasticity, Appl. Mech. Rev. 48 (1995), 247-285. 4. S. C. Cowin, Elastic symmetry restrictions from structural gradients in, Rational Continua, Classical and New- A collection of papers dedicated to Gianfranco Capriz on the occasion of his 75th birthday, (P. Podio-Guidugli, M. Brocato eds.), Springer Verlag, ISBN 88-470-0157-9, (2002). 5. M. Fraldi and S. C. Cowin, Chirality in the torsion of cylinders with trigonal symmetry, accepted by Journal of Elasticity. 6. Darcy Thompson, W. On Growth and Form, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1942). 7. W. Thompson (Lord Kelvin), Baltimore Lectures on Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light, London (1904).

On constructing the unique solution for a phase transition problem: necking in a hyperelastic rod

Hui-Hui Dai and Qinsheng Bi, Department of Mathematics, City University of Hong Kong,83 Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China. Email: mahhdai@cityu.edu.hk We use a rod theory to study the probem of the large axially symmetric deformations of a rod composed of an incompressible Ogdens hyperelastic material subject to a tensile force (or a given displacement) when its two ends are xed to rigid bodies. The attention is on the class of energy functions for which the strain-stress curve in the case of the uniaxial tension has a peak and valley combination (typical characteristics of a phase transition problem). Phase plane analysis is introduced to study the qualitative behaviour of the solutions and a few theorems are then presented to show the types of the critical points and their dependence on the physical parameters. Transition boundaries are given to divide the physical parametric plane into dierent regions corresponding to qualitatively dierent phase planes. In total, we nd ve types of qualitatively dierent phase planes. Then, by using the boundary conditions, the solutions corresponding to trajectories in dierent phase planes are obtained and the associated graphic results are presented. It is found that for certain physical parameters, bifurcations may take place, which lead to jump phenomena for the deformation with the change of the external force. Furthermore, in the region bounded by the bifurcation sets, three types of the deformations are found, in two of which the azimuthal stretch is almost constant in the middle portion of the rod, while the other type possesses a critical concavity in the middle of the rod, which represents necking. In all solutions obtained, there is a rapidly changing zone near each end, showing the existence of a boundary layer.

An important and dicult issue in phase transitions is the nonuniqueness of solutions. Here, by considering the eects of the end boundary layers (which arise due to the nontrivial boundary conditions imposed), our results show that the domain in which the multiple solutions arise can be much more reduced and further the number of solutions can be reduced from four (found in the literature) to three. Further, by converting the problem into a displacement-controlled problem, the unique solution is obtained. The engineering strain and engineering stress curve plotted from our solution exhibits the two well-known phenomena observed in experiments: (i)After the stress reaches the peak value there is a sudden stress drop; (ii)Afterwards it is followed by a stress plateau. Mathematical explanations for these two phenomena are then given from our model.

10

Interface waves for misaligned deformed incompressible half-spaces

Michel Destrade, Laboratoire de Modelisation en Mecanique, CNRS, UMR 7607, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, Tour 66, Case 162, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Email: destrade@lmm.jussieu.fr, Web: www.lmm.jussieu.fr/ destrade Some relationships, fundamental to the resolution of interface wave problems, are presented. These equations allow for the derivation of an explicit secular equation and explicit displacement components for problems involving waves localized near the plane boundary of anisotropic elastic or viscoelastic half-spaces, such as Rayleigh, Sholte, or Stoneley waves. They are obtained rapidly, without using the Stroh formalism. As an application, the problems of Stoneley wave propagation and of interface stability for misaligned predeformed incompressible half-spaces are treated. The upper and lower half-spaces are made of the same material, subject to the same prestress, and are rigidly bonded along a common principal plane. The principal axes in this plane do not however coincide, and the wave propagation is studied in the direction of the bisectrix of the angle between a principal axis of the upper half-space and a principal axis of the lower half-space.

11

Null condition for nonlinear elastic materials

Wlodzimierz Domanski and Ray Ogden, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Swietokrzyska 21, 00-049 Warsaw, Poland, and Department of Mathematics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QW Email: Wlodzimierz.Domanski@ippt.gov.pl and rwo@maths.gla.ac.uk Smooth solutions to the Cauchy problem for the equations of nonlinear elastodynamics exist typically only locally in time. However, under the assumption of small initial data and an additional restriction, the so-called null condition, global existence of a classical solution can be proved. We investigate this condition and its connection with the property of genuine nonlinearity. We also discuss its connection with the phenomenon of nonlinear wave resonance. Moreover, we analyse the null condition for dierent type of elastic materials, including 6

some models for soft tissues and rubberlike materials. This allows us to formulate criteria for existence of classical solutions to the initial value problem for the elastodynamics equations in terms of the strain energy for these nonlinear models.

12

The Pseudo-elastic response of rubberlike solids

Luis Dorfmann, Institute of Structural Engineering, Peter Jordan Street 82, 1190 Vienna. Email: dorfmann@mail.boku.ac.at The seminar focuses on the mechanical behaviour and on important aspects of material modelling of lled and unlled natural rubber. This interest has been generated by the increasing use of elastomers, for example in vibration isolators, vehicle tires, shock absorbers, earthquake bearings and others. Filled and unlled elastomers under cyclic loading show noticeable dierences between the mechanical response under loading and unloading during the rst cycles in oscillation tests. We examine the change in material response associated with the Mullins eect and with cavitation nucleation arising from tensile hydrostatic stresses of sucient magnitude. The second part of this seminar focuses on the formulation of constitutive equations using the theory of pseudo-elasticity due to Ogden and Roxburgh (1999). The basis of this theory is the inclusion of a damage variable in the strain-energy function W. Specically, the strain-energy function of an elastic material depends on a scalar parameter, which provides a means for modifying the form of the strain-energy function, thereby reecting the stress softening associated with unloading and the accumulation of residual strains. The dissipation of energy, i.e. the dierence between the energy input during loading and the energy returned on unloading is also accounted for in the model by the use of a dissipation function, which evolves with the deformation history. A good correspondence between the theory and the data is obtained.

References
1. Ogden, R.W., Roxburgh, D.G., A pseudo-elastic model for the Mullins eect in lled rubber. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 455 (1999), 2861-2878.

13

On a class of inhomogeneous deformations controllable in isotropic incompressible elastic solids

J. Dunwoody, School of Mathematics and Physics, The Queens University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. Email: j.dunwoody@qub.ac.uk In 59 of Truesdell & Noll (1965) a class of deformations involving one or more unknown functions was proposed for consideration as statically possible in isotropic, incompressible elastic materials. One or more of the unknown functions must be determined using semiinverse methods by solution of non-linear ordinary dierential equations arising from the equations for static equilibrium for specic materials. Saccomandi (1996) examined this

class of deformations in perfectly elastic inhomogeneous materials, the inhomogeneity arising from layering due to a temperature gradient. He restricted his analysis to physical problems involving rectangular Cartesian coordinates. By adopting Fouriers law of heat conduction in which the heat conductivity is a scalar constant, Saccomandi (1996) was able to determine the temperature and hence the nature of the inhomogeneity independently of the deformation. He then solved specic boundary value problems for neo-Hookean materials Here we consider this class of deformations without the restriction to rectangular Cartesian coordinates. Two forms of Fouriers law of heat conduction which allow the determination of the temperature to be independent of the deformation are proposed. A form of inherent inhomogeneity due to the material having a layered structure, the layers being innitesimally thin, is also considered (cf. Wang 1968 and Bilgili et. al. 2003). In the presence of either type of inhomogeneity, it is deduced using the criteria of Dunwoody (2003) that none of the deformations belong to any of the families of universal deformations which are controllabe in homogeneous materials. Three subclasses of the general class of deformations are dened. Within these subclasses, existence of controllable solutions to the equations of static equilibrium involving the unknown functions is established for neo-Hookean materials using conventional inequalities, and more generally for materials satisfying the constraints of the well known Baker-Ericksen inequalities. Acknowledgement: This work has been supported by a grant, GR/27196, from the EPSRC, UK.

References
1. C. Truesdell and W. Noll.: Non-linear eld theories of mechanics. Handbuch der Physik, III/3, ed. S. Flgge. Springer-Verlag. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1965. u 2. G. Saccomandi.: A note on inhomogeneous deformations of nonlinear elastic layers. IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics 57 (1996), 311324. 3. C. C. Wang.: Universal solutions for incompressible laminated bodies. Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 29 (1968), 161173. 4. E. Bilgili, B. Berstein and H. Arastoopour.: Eect of material inhomogeneity on the inhomogeneous shearing deformation of a Gent slab subjected to a temperature gradient. International Journal of Non-linear Mechanics 38 (2003), 13511368. 5. J. Dunwoody.: On universal deformations with non-uniform temperatures in isotropic, incompressible elastic solids. Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 8 (2003), in press. 6. M. Baker and J. L. Ericksen.: Inequalities restricting the form of the stress deformation relations for isotropic elastic solids and Reiner-Rivlin uids. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science 44 (1954), 3335.

14

Dynamic extension of a compressible nonlinearly elastic membrane tube

H.A. Erbay and V. H. T zel, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and u Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey, and Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ik University, Maslak 80670, Istanbul, s Turkey. Email: erbay@itu.edu.tr The dynamic response of an isotropic compressible hyperelastic membrane tube, subjected to a dynamic extension at its one end, is studied. The analysis contained in the present study parallels quite closely that described in Tuzel and Erbay (2003) where the same problem has been studied for an incompressible hyperelastic membrane tube. The main dierence between Tuzel and Erbay (2003) and the present study arises in consideration of the tube material. Here we consider a circular cylindrical tube composed of a general compressible hyperelastic material. For incompressible hyperelastic membrane tubes, problems of this type were rst discussed by Tait and Zhong (1994a, b). In the rst part of the study, an asymptotic expansion technique is used to derive a nonlinear membrane theory for nite axially symmetric dynamic deformations of compressible nonlinearly elastic circular cylindrical tubes by starting from the three-dimensional elasticity theory. The equations governing dynamic axially symmetric deformations of the membrane tube are obtained for an arbitrary form of the strain-energy function. In the second part of the study, nite amplitude wave propagation in a compressible hyperelastic membrane tube is considered when one end is xed and the other is subjected to a suddenly applied dynamic extension. The equations of motion along with compatibility conditions are written as a quasilinear hyperbolic system of rst-order partial dierential equations. A Godunov-type nite volume method is used to solve numerically the corresponding problem. Numerical results are given for both the neo-Hookean compressible material and the Blatz-Ko compressible material. The question how the present numerical results are related to those obtained for incompressible materials in the literature is discussed.

References
1. V. H. Tuzel and H. A. Erbay, The dynamic response of an incompressible non-linearly elastic membrane tube subjected to a dynamic extension. Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. (in press). 2. R. J. Tait and J. L. Zhong, Wave propagation in a non-linear elastic tube. Bull. Tech. Univ. 47 (1994a), 127. 3. R. J. Tait and J. L. Zhong, Dynamic extension and twist of a non-linear elastic tube. Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 30 (1994b), 887.

15

On travelling wave solutions of a generalized Davey-Stewartson system

Alp Eden and Saadet Erbay, Department of Mathematics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey, and Department of Mathematics, Isik University, Istanbul, Turkey. Email: serbay@isikun.edu.tr In a recent study [1], coupled evolution equations that may be called generalized DaveyStewartson (GDS) equations were derived iu + u + u = |u|2 u + b(1, + 2, )u, 1, + m2 1, + n2, = (|u|2 ) , 2, + m1 2, + n1, = (|u|2 ) . (1)

The system (1) involves three equations, two for the long waves, 1 and 2 , and one for the short wave, u, propagating in an innite homogeneous elastic medium. The GDS system was classied in [2] according to the values of its parameters as hyperbolic-ellipticelliptic, hyperbolic-hyperbolic-hyperbolic and hyperbolic-elliptic-hyperbolic. Special travelling wave solutions to GDS were exhibited in [1] that were of sech-tanh-tanh and tanhtanh-tanh forms. In this note, we rst seek the validity of solutions within the classication scheme, then establish via Pohazaev-type identity the non-existence of travelling waves in the elliptic-elliptic-elliptic case. In a similar manner, in the hyperbolic-elliptic-hyperbolic case some specic parameter constraints are introduced as necessary conditions for the existence of travelling waves.

References
1. C. Babaoglu and S. Erbay, Two-dimensional wave packets in an elastic solid with couple stresses, Int. J. Non-Linear Mechanics, (in press, 2003). 2. C. Babaoglu, A. Eden and S. Erbay, A blow-up result for a generalized DaveyStewartson system, (submitted, 2003).

16

On phase transitions in nonlinear elastic media and structures

Victor A. Eremeyev, Mechanics and Mathematics Department of Rostov State University, Zorge str., 5, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia. Email: eremeyev@math.rsu.ru For stress-induced phase transformations in solids, the mathematical model is proposed on the base of Gibbss variational principles. The constitutive equations of the 2D and 3D micropolar elastic media under nite deformations are considered. Each point of the micropolar media has additional rotational degrees of freedom. This model possesses couple stresses and takes into consideration orientational interaction of material particles. The mathematical models based on the theories of polar media have signicant applications to 10

description of real materials with microstructure such as composites, granular materials, nanostructures, magnetic uids, liquid crystals. The equilibrium conditions of two-phase body are obtained. These conditions consist of equilibrium equations in phase volumes and the boundary relations at the phase surface. The last relations describe the balance of forces and couples and contain the relation that is required to determine the a priory unknown phase surface. For the micropolar media the energy-momentum tensors are introduced. As an example the phase transformation in bodies with dislocations is investigated. Within the framework of the general non-linear theory of shells (2D micropolar continuum), thermodynamical equilibrium conditions are derived for a shell undergoing phase transition of martensitic type. Following the variational methods, the balance equations at the phase separation curve are obtained. For elastic micropolar shells, the energy-impulse tensor is introduced. Some applications to modelling of thin lms made of shape-memory alloys like NiTi are considered. Such thin lms are among the best for production of micro-actuators in micro-electro-mechanical systems. The proposed models may be useful to description of the phase and structural transitions of orientational type in solids and thin-walled structures.

17

Equilibrium spherically-symmetric two-phase deformations of nonlinear elastic solids within the frameworks of phase transition zone

A. B. Freidin and Y.B. Fu, Institute of Mechanical Engineering Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi pr. 61, V.O., St. Petersburg 199178, Russia, and Department of Mathematics, Keele University, Staordshire ST5 5BG, UK. Email: freidin@mechanics.ipme.ru, and y.fu@maths.keele.ac.uk. We study two-phase spherically symmetric deformations that can be supported by a nonlinear elastic isotropic material. We develop a general procedure for the construction of the solution for an arbitrary nonlinear elastic material. Then we study stress-induced phase transformations for the Hadamard material. We demonstrate that even in this simplest case the solution is not unique. Two dierent equilibrium two-phase states as well as a uniform one-phase state can be found under the same boundary conditions. We show that one of the two-phase solutions is unstable. The stability properties of the other two-phase solution are not yet entirely claried, but it is shown that the energy of this solution is less than the energy of the one-phase solution. We study characteristic features of the distribution of deformations in an equilibrium two-phase body in detail. Then we consider the spherically symmetric solutions in the context of a phase transition zone (PTZ) formed in a strain space by all deformations which can exist on the equilibrium phase boundary (Freidin and Chiskis 1994, Freidin et al. 2002). The PTZ boundary acts as a phase diagram or yield surface in strain-space. We study how deformations associated with each solution are related with the PTZ. Finally, we compare our results with the results obtained earlier by a small strain approach (Morozov et al. 1996, Nazyrov and Freidin 1998). The work is supported by the Royal Society and the Russian Foundation for Basic

11

Research (Grant N 01-01-00324).

References
1. A.B. Freidin and A.M. Chiskis Regions of phase transitions in nonlinear-elastic isotropic materials. Part 1: Basic relations. Izvestia RAN, Mekhanika Tverdogo Tela (Mechanics of Solids), Vol. 29, No. 4 (1994), 91-109. Part 2: Incompressible materials with a potential depending on one of deformation invariants. Izvestia RAN, Mekhanika Tverdogo Tela (Mechanics of Solids) Vol. 29 (1994) No. 5, 46-58. 2. A.B. Freidin, E.N. Vilchevskaya and L.L. Sharipova. Two-phase deformations within the framework of phase transition zones. Theoritical and Apllied Mechanics, Vol. 28-29 (2002), 149-172. 3. N.F. Morozov, I.R. Nazyrov and A.B. Freidin, One-dimensional problem on phase transformation of an elastic sphere. Doklady Akademii Nauk (Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Vol. 346 (1996), No. 2, 188-191. 4. I.R. Nazyrov and A.B. Freidin, Phase transformation of deformable solids in a model problem on an elastic sphere. Izvestia RAN, Mekhanika Tverdogo Tela (Mechanics of Solids). Vol. 33 (1998), No. 5, 52-71

18

On the stability of piecewise-homogeneous deformations

Y.B. Fu and A. B. Freidin, Department of Mathematics, Keele University, Staordshire ST5 5BG, UK, and Institute of Mechanical Engineering Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi pr. 61, V.O., St. Petersburg 199178, Russia. Emails: y.fu@keele.ac.uk, and freidin@mechanics.ipme.ru Many solid materials exhibit stress-induced phase transformations. Such phenomena can be modelled with the aid of the nonlinear elasticity theory with appropriate choices of the strain-energy function. It was shown by Gurtin (1983) that if a two-phase deformation (with gradient F) in a nite elastic body is a local energy minimizer, then given any point p0 of the surface of discontinuity, the piecewise-homogeneous deformation corresponding to the two values F (p0 ) of F(p0 ) is a global energy minimizer. Thus, instability of the latter state would imply instability of the former state. In this paper we investigate the stability and bifurcation properties of such piecewise-homogeneous deformations. More precisely, we are concerned with two joined half-spaces that correspond to two dierent phases of the same material. We rst show how such a two-phase deformation can be constructed. Then we determine the condition under which such a two-phase piecewise-homogeneous deformation bifurcates into an inhomogeneous deformation with a wavy interface, the incremental inhomogeneous deformation decaying to zero exponentially away from the interface. The stability of the piecewise-homogeneous deformation is investigated with the aid of two criteria. One is a dynamic stability criterion based on a quasi-static approach; the other is by determining whether the deformation is a minimizer of the potential energy. The two criteria are found not to coincide with each other. A numerical example is used to show that when perturbations/variations of the interface in the undeformed conguration are 12

allowed, the region of stability (when either stability criterion is used) is only a subset of the corresponding region of stability when such perturbations/variations of the interface are not allowed.

References
1. V.A. Eremeyev, On the stability of nonlinear elastic bodies with phase transformations. Proc. 1st Canadian conference on nonlinear solids mechanics (ed. E.M. Croitoro), Vol.2 (1999), 519-528. 2. V.A. Eremeyev and L.M. Zubov, On the stability of equilibrium of nonlinear elastic bodies with phase transformations. Proc. USSR Academy of Science. Mech. Solids (1991), 56-65 (in Russian). 3. V.A. Eremeyev, A. Freidin and L. Sharipova, On nonuniqueness and stability of centrally symmetric two-phase deformations. Proc. Advanced Problems in Mechanics Conference 2001 (eds V.A. Palmov and D.A. Indeitsev), 2001, 198-206. 4. A.B. Freidin and A.M. Chiskis, Phase transition zones in nonlinear elastic isotropic materials. Part 1: Basic relations. Izv. RAN, Mekhanika Tverdogo Tela (Mechanics of Solids) 29 (1994), 91109. 5. A.B. Freidin and A.M. Chiskis, Phase transition zones in nonlinear elastic isotropic materials. Part 2: Incompressible materials with a potential depending on one of deformation invariants. Izv. RAN, Mekhanika Tverdogo Tela (Mechanics of Solids) 29 (1994), 4658. 6. Y.B. Fu and A. Mielke, A new identity for the surface-impedance matrix and its application to the determination of surface-wave speeds. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A458 (2002), 2523-2543. 7. M.E. Gurtin, Twophase deformations of elastic solids. Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 84 (1983), 129.

19

Vibrations of layered thermoelastic continua

M. Gei, D. Bigoni, and G. Franceschini, Department of Mechanical and Structural Engineering, University of Trento Via Mesiano, 77, I-38050 Trento, Italy. mgei@ing.unitn.it, Web: www.ing.unitn.it/ mgei A framework for thermoelastic analysis of wave propagation in multilaminated structures is given. Layered, compressible, nonlinear materials, described by a free-energy function within the modied entropic theory, are considered, deformed an arbitrary amount with deformations having principal Eulerian axes aligned parallel and orthogonal to the layers. Temperature is assumed uniform in this conguration and equal in all layers. Thermoelastic, plane strain, and small-amplitude waves are analyzed from this state, in a fully coupled formulation. Within the analyzed range of parameters, it is shown that the coupling terms, yielding complex propagation velocities, introduce a small dispersion eect. 13

However, temperature and pre-strain result to play an important role in determining the propagation characteristics of the structures.

20

Simple models for rebound

R. J. Knops and Piero Villaggio, Department of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale, Universita degli Studi di Pisa, via Diotisalvi, 2 56126 Pisa. Three simple models are discussed to help explain the process that occurs when deformable bodies rebound on impact. The models assume the colliding bodies are a onedimensionalised rod and half-space, and the rod to be (a)linear elastic (b)elastic-plastic (c)rigid. The half-space is rigid for (a) and (b), while it is supposed elastic for (c). Appropriate factors, such as the time of rebound, are calculated in each example.

21

Some properties of a new model for slow ow of granular materials

D. Harris, Department of Mathematics, UMIST, Manchester M60 1QD. Email: David.Harris@umist.ac.uk The problem of constructing a continuum model for the bulk ow of a dense granular material in which neighbouring grains are in contact for a nite duration of time and in which the contact force is non-impulsive - the so called slow ow regime - has proven to be both a difcult and controversial problem. There is no consensus of opinion on many basic issues, for example, there is no agreement as to whether the governing equations should be well-posed. Many models exhibit a particular form of linear ill-posedness, for example the plastic potential model for non-associated ow rules and the double-shearing model, which implies that solutions are unstable, and that the instability is of a particularly strong form. A model of slow granular ow with a domain of well-posedness is presented here. The equations generalise both the plastic potential and double-shearing models and contain an additional kinematic quantity - the intrinsic spin. The stress tensor is, in general, non-symmetric and a second yield condition governs the rotational yield. The problem of dilatant simple shear ow is considered here and it is demonstrated that dilatant/contractant ows are unstable and that of the simple shear ows for the plastic potential and double- shearing models, the former is stable and the latter is unstable.

22

On rigid-elastic bending and buckling deformations of long beams

K.A. Lazopoulos, Mechanics Division, School of Applied Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens, Greece 157 73. Email: kolazop@central.ntua.gr Localized bending and buckling of long beam-like straight lms due to the change of stiness

14

is presented. A two-phase beam model is developed. The one phase is considered of innite stiness (rigid deformation). The localized phase is studied and the rigid deformation is dened. This kind of two -phase deformations may be exhibited in thin surface structures such as lms.

23

Recovery of residual stress in a vertically heterogeneous elastic medium

Sergei A. Ivanov, Chi-Sing Man, and Gen Nakamura, Russian Center of Laser Physics, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, 198904, Russia, Department of Mathematics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0027, USA, and Department of Mathematics, Graduate School of Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan. Email: mclxyh@ms.uky.edu We study the problem of identifying residual stress in an elastic medium occupying a region = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) R3 : 0 < x3 < L, where L } in space, where all parameters depend only on the depth x3 . Under the theoretical framework of linear elasticity with initial stress, the incremental elasticity tensor of each material point is written as a sum of two terms, namely the elasticity tensor and the acoustoelastic tensor, both of which are taken here as isotropic functions of their arguments. Giving some loads and measuring the displacements at the boundary, we recover the residual stress and its gradient at the boundary x3 = 0. If the residual stress has a diagonal form, we can recover the residual stress inside the medium.

24

Propagation of waves in composites, high-order homogenization and phononic band gap structures

A.B. Movchan, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX. Email: abm@maths.liv.ac.uk This lecture includes results of the recent work based on analysis of mathematical models of elasticity describing Bloch waves in doubly periodic structures. The work includes the following three parts: 1. The background model incorporates the spectral problem for the Navier system posed in a region containing a doubly periodic array of circular voids or elastic inclusions. The Bloch-Floquet conditions are set on the boundary of an elementary cell, and the Neumann boundary conditions are prescribed on the contour of voids (for the case of elastic inclusions, we prescribe transmission conditions that represent continuity of displacements and tractions across the interface). Pressure and shear waves are coupled via the boundary conditions, and the waves propagating within such a system are dispersive. The eigen-solutions are represented by multipole series, and an accurate algorithm has been developed for analysis of the dispersion equation. When the inclusions/voids are suciently close to each other, the stop bands appear in the dispersion diagram which indicates that no waves of

15

given polarisation can propagate through the periodic structure within certain range of frequencies. The work covers both cases of transverse and oblique incidence. 2. The spectral analysis is complemented by the study of scattering problems for stacks of elastic inclusions. The analytical model has been developed for evaluation of transmission and reection coecients characterising the interaction of elastic waves with the stack. 3. The nal part of the talk will include analysis of structures with defects and discussion of the coupling eects involving electromagnetic and elastic waves. The model enables one to make an accurate prediction of frequencies corresponding to localised dilatational modes and to explain the important experimental observations made by P.St.J.Russell and his colleagues. In addition, I will show how to use simple discrete lattice approximations for analysis of phononic band gaps in doubly periodic elastic structures.

25

Inhomogeneity, couple-stress, and time-dependent material systems a molecular-based continuum viewpoint

Ian Murdoch, Department of Mathematics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond street, Glasgow G1 1XH. Email: aim@maths.strath.ac.uk A procedure for the derivation of continuum equations of balance from a simple model of molecular behaviour will be outlined. Particular attention will be paid to highlyinhomogeneous and time-dependent material systems such as are encountered in crack propagation and at phase interfaces, motivated by the work of Gurtin and Maugin on so-called congurational forces.

26

Inhomogeneous prestressing of cylindrical tubes

Jerry Murphy, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland. Email: jerry.murphy@eircom.net The bending of a cylindrical sector so that it forms a cylindrical tube has been recently proposed as a method of introducing an inhomogeneous prestress in a tube of an incompressible, homogeneous, isotropic, elastic material. The eect of this prestress on some qualitative features of the behaviour of such tubes, and, in particular, the response of the tube to an internal pressure, will be explored. Some non-uniqueness issues will also be discussed. The behaviour of incompressible materials will be contrasted with that of some special compressible materials for which solutions describing the bending of cylindrical sectors have also been recently obtained.

27

Swelling induced cavitation of elastic spheres

Thomas J. Pence and Hungyu Tsai, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Email: pence@egr.msu.edu 16

Swelling, generally referring to the volumetric change due to mass addition resulting from a variety of diusive and transport mechanisms, is central to a variety of physical phenomena. Here we discuss a mathematical framework for the swelling of elastic solids within the setting of nite deformation continuum mechanics. The general framework is based on the minimization of potential energy that prefers the locally prescribed swollen state. We also consider a material that behaves otherwise incompressibly in that the volume change is dictated by the given swelling eld. The treatment follows that of incompressible, isotropic hyperelasticity with a local volume constraint representing the additional swelling eld. This framework is then applied to the case of spherical symmetry so as to treat a problem that has been extensively studied in the classical theory of isotropic, incompressible hyperelasticity, namely cavity formation at the center of a solid sphere due to radially symmetric tensile load on the outer surface. In the extended theory that includes swelling, both load and swelling can drive the cavitation processes. Further, cavitation can be driven by swelling alone in the absence of load. Specically, we consider a two-zone, piecewise constant swelling eld wherein the outer portion of the sphere swells more than the inner core. The problem is formulated in terms of the inward advance of a spherically symmetric swelling front separating the outer and inner swelling zones. For suciently high swelling ratio (outer/inner), cavity nucleation is found to occur at the sphere center as the swelling front advances past a critical radius. The continued advance of the swelling front gives an initial period of cavity growth followed by a secondary period of cavity collapse with cavity disappearance as the front approaches the cavity surface.

28

On quasi-fronts in a bi-axially pre-stressed incompressible plate

A. V. Pichugin, J. D. Kaplunov and G. A. Rogerson, Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, and Mathematics, School of Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4W. Email: pichugin@ma.man.ac.uk A rened long-wave low-frequency theory is used to investigate the far eld response of a biaxially pre-stressed incompressible plate subjected to the instantaneous impulse loading at an edge point. Whereas the leading order plate theory is hyperbolic and predicts undistorted propagation of wave fronts, the higher-order derivative terms introduced within the rened theory produce the boundary layers, which smooth the discontinuities associated with wave fronts. The described quasi-fronts are studied using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The explicit analytic solutions for the vicinity of quasi-fronts are obtained and analysed numerically. The inuence of pre-stress is most strikingly demonstrated by the presence of bending quasi-front that has no analogue in isotropic theory. It is also possible to vary pre-stress to modify the type of generated quasi-front from the classical receding to the advancing.

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29

A WKB analysis of the buckling of a cylindrical shell of arbitrary thickness

M. Sanjarani Pour, Mathematics Department, Science College, Sistan & Baluchestan University, Zahedan, IRAN. Email: msanjarani@yahoo.co.uk In this paper we apply a full asymptotic analysis to the plane-strain buckling of a cylindrical shell of arbitrary thickness, which is subjected to an external hydrostatic pressure on its outer surface. The material of the cylindre is Varga. We follow Fu (1998) and Fu & Sanjarani Pour (2001) and use the WKB solution in such an equivalent form in order to be able to solve the eigenvalue problem. Symmetric buckling takes place at a value of 1 which depends on A1 /A2 and the mode number, where A1 and A2 are the undeformed inner and outer radii and 1 is the ratio of the deformed inner radius (a1 ) to the undeformed inner radius. We show that for large mode numbers, the dependence of 1 on A1 /A2 has a boundarylayer structure. It is independent of the thickness of the shell and is constant over almost the entire region of 0 < A1 /A2 < 1 and decreases sharply from this constant value to unity as A1 /A2 tends to unity. The existence of a second solution can also be conrmed by the argument of Ogden and Roxburgh (1993) or Rogerson and Fu (1995) that in the large mode number limit, the small wavelength buckling modes do not feel the curvature of the cylindrical tube and so the tube is like a at plate with respect to such modes. It is known that a pree-stressed plate can suport two types of buckling modes, one is exural and the other extensional. The main solution found over the entire region mentioned above corresponds to the exural mode whereas the second solution corresponds to the extensional mode. Asymptotic results for A1 1 = O(1) and A1 1 = O(1/n) agree with the numerical results obtained by using the compound matrix method.

References
1. Y.B. Fu, Some asymptotic results concerning the buckling of a spherical shell of arbitrary thickness. Internat. J. Non-Linear Mech. 33 (1998), 1111-1122. 2. Y.B. Fu and M. Sanjarani Pour, WKB method with repeated roots and its application to the buckling analysis of an everted cylindrical tube. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 62 (2002), 1856-1871. 3. R.W. Ogden and D.G. Roxburgh, The eect of pre-stress on the vibration and stability of elastic plates. Int. J. Engng Sci. 31 (1993), 1611-1639. 4. G.A. Rogerson and Y.B. Fu, An asymptotic analysis of the dispersion relation of a pre-stressed incompressible elastic plate. Acta Mechanica 111 (1995), 59-74.

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30

Low and high frequency motion in compressible nitely deformed elastic layers

G. A. Rogerson and L. A. Prikazchikova , Department of Computer and Mathematical Sciences University of Salford Salford M5 4WT UK. Email: g.a.rogerson@salford.ac.uk The dispersion of small amplitude waves in a compressible, nitely deformed elastic layer, with incrementally traction-free upper and lower surfaces, is investigated The associated dispersion relation is derived and numerical solutions presented in respect of two-dimensional motions. The main goal of the work is to derive asymptotically consistent models for low and high frequency long wave motion. To achieve this, appropriate long wave approximations of the dispersion relation are rst established. These are then used to estimate the orders of the displacement components. After gaining knowledge of the relative orders of displacements, and introducing appropriate space and time scales, approximate governing equations are established. To illustrate the main results attention is focussed on anti-symmetric motion. In the case of anti-symmetric low frequency motion, asymptotic integration of the appropriate approximate equations results in a leading order one-dimensional string-like theory. A higher order string-like equation, containing fourth order derivatives, is also derived. In the vicinity of the so-called quasi wave front, this higher order governing equation for the mid-surface deection becomes asymptotically leading. A simple edge-loading problem for a semi-innite plate is set up and solved to illustrate the theory. In the case of high frequency motion, asymptotic models are established for motion within the vicinity of the various families of cut-o frequencies. In contrast to previous studies, for the corresponding incompressible problem, both thickness stretch and thickness shear resonance are observed to be possible.

31

Superposition of generalized plane deformations with antiplane shear deformations with in isotropic incompressible hyperelastic materials

G. Saccomandi, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Universit di Lecce, Italy. Email: giuseppe.saccomandi@unile.it The purpose of this research is to investigate the basic issues that arise when generalized plane deformations are superimposed on anti-plane shear deformations in isotropic incompressible hyperelastic materials. Attention is conned to a subclass of such materials for which the strain-energy density depends only on the rst invariant of the strain tensor. The governing equations of equilibrium are a coupled system of three nonlinear partial dierential equations for three displacement elds. It is shown that this system decouples only the plane and ant-plane displacements for the case of a neo-Hookean material. Even in this case, the stress eld involves coupling of both deformations. For generalized neo-Hooken materials, universal relations may be used in some situations to uncouple the governing equations. It is shown that some of the results are also valid for inhomogeneous materials and for elastodynamics. 19

32

Wave stability for constrained materials in anisotropic generalised thermoelasticity

N.H. Scott, School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ. Email: n.scott@uea.ac.uk In generalised thermoelasticity Fouriers law of heat conduction in the classical theory of thermoelasticity is modied by introducing a relaxation time associated with the heat ux. Equations are derived for the squared wave speeds of plane harmonic body waves propagating through anisotropic generalised thermoelastic materials subject to thermomechanical constraints of an arbitrary nature connecting deformation with either temperature or entropy. In contrast to the classical case, it is found that all wave speeds remain nite for large frequencies. As in the classical case, it is found that with temperaturedeformation constraints one unstable and three stable waves propagate in any direction but with deformation-entropy constraints there are three stable waves and no unstable ones. Many special cases are discussed including purely thermal and purely mechanical constraints.

33

Equilibrium two-phase deformations and phase transition zones in a small strain approach

Leah L. Sharipova and Alexander B. Freidin, Institute of Mechanical Engineering Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi pr. 61, V.O., St. Petersburg 199178, Russia Email: leah@mechanics.ipme.ru, and freidin@mechanics.ipme.ru If phase transitions take place in some parts of a deformable body, phase boundaries can be considered as surfaces across which the deformation gradient suers a jump and displacements are continuous. On the equilibrium interface a thermodynamic condition has to be put in addition to conventional displacement and traction continuity conditions. The thermodynamic condition can be satised not by any deformation on the interface. The deformations which can coexist on the equilibrium phase boundary form the phase transition zone (PTZ) (Freidin and Chiskis 1994, Morozov and Freidin 1998, and Freidin et al. 2002). The PTZ boundary acts as a yield surface or phase diagram in strain-space. In this paper a procedure for the PTZ construction is developed by a small-strain approach. It is demonstrated that dierent types of strain localization due to phase transformation are possible on dierent loading paths. Depending on material parameters, the PTZ can be closed or unclosed. The last means that phase transitions are impossible on some deformation paths. A model of phase transformation due to multiple appearance of new phase layers is developed. Paths of transformation are related with the PTZ. Average stress-strain diagrams on the path of transformation are constructed. Eects of internal stresses induced by new phase areas and the anisotropy of a new phase are discussed. This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grants N 01-0100324, 02-01-06263).

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References
1. A.B. Freidin and A.M. Chiskis, Phase transition zones in nonlinear elastic isotropic materials. Part 1: Basic relations. Izv. RAN, Mekhanika Tverdogo Tela (Mechanics of Solids) 29 (1994) No. 4, 91-109. 2. N.F. Morozov and A.B. Freidin, Zones of phase transition zones and phase transformations in elastic bodies under various stress states. Proceedings of the Steklov Mathematical Institute, 223 (1998) 219232. 3. A.B. Freidin, E.N. Vilchevskaya, L.L Sharipova, Two-phase deformations within the framework of phase transition zones. Theoretical and Apllied Mechanics, 28-29 (2002) 149172.

34

Convergence of regularised minimisers in nite elasticity

J. Sivaloganathan, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. Email: j.sivaloganathan@maths.bath.ac.uk Consider a hyperelastic body which occupies the domain in its reference conguration and which is held in a state of tension under imposed boundary displacements. Let x0 be given (this represents one of possibly many aws in the material). It is shown in [1] that there exists a minimiser of the energy in a class of deformations containing maps which may be discontinuous at x0 . For weak materials it is known that any such minimiser must be discontinuous if the imposed boundary displacement is suciently large. We will prove that such a discontinuous minimiser is a limit (as 0) of a corresponding sequence of minimisers of regularised problems in which the body contains a pre-existing hole of radius (centred on x0 ) in its reference conguration (see [3]). These results involve use of the Brouwer degree and an invertibility condition introduced by Muller and Spector [4]. Finally, using ideas from [2], we indicate possible applications of these results to modelling the initiation of fracture.

References
1. J. Sivaloganathan and S. J. Spector, On the existence of minimisers with prescribed singular points in nonlinear elasticity, J. Elasticity 59 (2000), 83113. 2. J. Sivaloganathan and S. J. Spector, On cavitation, congurational forces and implications for fracture in a nonlinearly elastic material, J. Elasticity 67 (2002), 2549. 3. J. Sivaloganathan, S.J. Spector and V. Tilakraj, The convergence of regularised minimisers for cavitation problems in nonlinear elasticity, (Preprint 2003). 4. S. Muller and S.J. Spector, An existence theory for nonlinear elasticity that allows for Cavitation, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 131 (1995), 166.

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35

Finite indentation of an elastic bre-reinforced sheet

A.J.M. Spencer, Department of Theoretical Mechanics, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD. Email: anthony j m.s@which.net In the forming of bre- reinforced sheets, it is often observed that thinning of the sheet occurs in regions of high normal pressure (which are usually areas in which the curvature is large), with consequent spread of the bres. As an initial contribution to the analysis of this phenomenon, we consider the problem of nite indentation by normal pressure of a at sheet of initially unidirectionally reinforced elastic material of uniform thickness. The model incorporates the kinematic constraints of incompressibility and bre inextensibility. The governing equations are hyperbolic, with the deformed bre directions and their normal trajectories as characteristics. If the deformed thickness is specied, then the problem is kinematically determined and a numerical procedure is described which determines the deformed bre directions. However if normal pressure rather than displacement is specied on part of or the entire surface, then it is necessary to take account of the material properties through a constitutive equation for the stress. A nite elastic model is developed for the considered class of deformations. In the case of specied pressure it is not possible to separate the kinematic problem from the determination of the stress response, but an iterative procedure is developed that leads to a complete solution. Test problems considered are (a) a sheet indented by the curved surface of a circular cylinder lying oblique to the bres, and (b) a sheet indented by a sphere. An analytical solution to problem (a) is obtained and is used to verify the numerical procedure.

36

Stability of localized buckling solutions for dead and rigid loading in a model structure

M.K. Wadee, School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Devon, EX4 4QF. M.K.Wadee@exeter.ac.uk Localized (homoclinic) post-buckling solutions are known to be the preferred form of deection pattern for the model problem of an axially-compressed elastic strut resting on a softening elastic foundation. Some stability results have previously been derived for solutions which bifurcate from a Hamiltonian-Hopf bifurcation at least for a certain type of nonlinearity. We apply a non-periodic Rayleigh-Ritz procedure and use basic arguments about the potential energy of the structure to study the stability of localized solutions under conditions of load- and displacement-control for a broader variety of nonlinearities which, it may be argued, are more applicable to real structural problems. Comparisons with published results is encouraging.

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37

A fracture criterion of Barenblatt type for an intersonic shear crack

J.R. Willis, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA. Email: J.R.Willis@damtp.cam.ac.uk Steady-state intersonic propagation of a shear crack is considered, with the admission of cohesion across the crack faces. The asymptotic limit of small-scale cohesion, which occurs when the magnitude of the cohesive stress far exceeds that of the applied stress, is developed explicitly, to obtain a criterion of Barenblatt type. The application of this criterion requires only the calculation of the applied stress intensity coecient with cohesion disregarded; an equation of motion follows by equating this coecient to a modulus of cohesion which depends on the cohesive model that is employed. An explicit formula for the modulus of cohesion is given for the special case of a cohesive zone of Dugdale type.

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