Dr.

George Rueckert

Citation and Reference APA Style

Academic Writing

The purpose of citation and reference is to increase a writers authority. Citations and references prove that the writers information is not made up, but can be confirmed from a legitimate outside source. Academic institutions in the U.S. and Europe use various styles of citation and reference. Two of the most popular are the MLA Style (developed by the Modern Languages Association) and the APA Style (developed by the American Psychological Association). Here at KIMEP we use the APA Style. However, the differences between these two styles are so minor that if you know one, then you basically also know the other. Both MLA and APA styles eschew the footnote system. Instead, they prefer a system of intext citation. This system has two steps. In the first step, the writer creates an alphabetized list of sources at the end of the paper. The list can be titled either References or Works Cited. It can also be called a Bibliography, but only if all the sources are books (biblio is the Greek word for book). The MLA and APA handbooks illustrate dozens of variations on how a particular source can appear on this list. However, all citation and reference styles follow the same basic protocol. The author is by far the most important information, followed by the title, followed by the publication data. Here are some general tips, with some of the most common examples on the next page. Author. Because the list is alphabetized, the name of the author is always written with the last name first. Any name after the authors name, though, is written in the normal order. If the work has no known author, then it is alphabetized according to its title. Title. The title of any work that stands independently is underlined or italicized. The title of any work that is part of a larger work is put into quotation marks. Publication Data. The examples on the next page show how to list publication data. Because websites can be updated, you must list not only the URL but also the date you retrieved it. Also, if the website has no known author or title, then it must be alphabetized separately by URL. Format. All references on the list are formatted with hanging indents. On MS Word, click on the Format menu, then select Paragraph > Indents and Spacing > Special > Hanging. Once the References list has been prepared, the writer moves on to the second step. At any point where a statement of fact or opinion needs support, the writer inserts a parenthetical note into the text, which functions like an internet link. Usually this parenthetical in-text citation includes either the authors last name or the first word of the title, if there is no author. For printed sources, the page number is also included. Heres an example from an actual student research paper: The worsening of school food in the UK began in the late 80s and early 90s, when a conservative government forced schools to sell contracts to private bidders. The result was that they often opted for cheaper rather than better food. One example was the socalled Turkey Twizzler, which contained 21 percent fat when cooked (McGuiness 35). Students were forced to eat food that was obviously unhealthy for them.

Dr. George Rueckert

Citation and Reference APA Style Examples Book with One Author

Academic Writing

Rueckert, George L. (1993). Global Double-Zero: The INF Treaty from Origins to Implementation. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Article in a Journal Rueckert, George and Sofiya Yuzefpolskaya (2006). No Empty Game: Arsenii Tarkovskys Memorial Verse to N.A. Zabolotsky and A.A. Akhmatova. Slavic and East European Journal 50:1 (Spring). 201-229. Chapter in an Anthology or Book Rueckert, George R. (2003). Translation as Sentimental Education. In Povedenie perevoda v kulture. Ed. Peter Torop. Tallinn, Estonia: Tartu University Press. 60-79.

Film, Video, or DVD Demme, Jonathan, dir. (2004). The Manchurian Candidate. DVD. Paramount. Audiotape, LP, or CD Beatles, the (1990). Sergeant Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band. LP. Capitol. Interview Rueckert, George (2003). Interview with Sabine Lange, DAAD Fellow, University of Washington. June 10, 2003. Signed Article on an Internet Site Rueckert, George (2002). New Developments at the Tartu School of Semiotics. Retrieved on September 20, 2011 at http://aatseel.org/program/aatseel/2002/abstracts/Rueckert.html

Unsigned Internet Sites (Listed Separately) www.uni-giessen.de (Retrieved September 21, 2011) www.washington.edu (Retrieved September 21, 2011)

Dr. George Rueckert

Citation and Reference Exercises

Academic Writing

1. A book called The Town and the City by Jack Kerouac, published in San Diego by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich in 1978.

2. An article called Celebrations of the New World by Bob Shacochia in an anthology titled Histories of the Heartland. The anthology was edited by Rick Blount and published in 1986 by Westphalia Press in New York City. The article appears on pages 201-219.

3. A translation by Eric Sutton of Jean-Paul Sartres novel The Reprieve. The translation was published in 1987 by Penguin Books in Harmondsworth, UK.

4. An anthology of new fiction called Hot Type, published in 1998 by Macmillan Press in New York. The editor was John Miller.

5. An article called Archers of the Rain Forest by Robert C. Bailey. The article came out in November 1989 in National Geographic Magazine, volume 176, issue number 5, on pages 665-686.

6. A film directed by Robert Altman called Short Cuts. It was released by Fine Line Features in 1993.

7. An unsigned article from the internet site http://vivisectioninfo.org/.