LETTERS IN APPLIED AND ENGINEERING SCIENCE, Vol. 3, Pergamon Press, Inc. Printed in the United States.

pp.

435-439.

ON THE COINCIDENCE OF THE PRINCIPAL AXES OF STRESS AND STRAIN IN ISOTROPIC ELASTIC BODIES

R. C. Batra Engineering Mechanics Department University of Missouri Rolla, Missouri 65401

ABSTRACT

It is shown that for isotropic elastic axes of stress are also the principal the empirical inequalities hold.

materials the axes of strain

principal provided

1. A general form of the

Introduction
equation for an unconstrained iso-

constitutive

tropic

homogeneous elastic

material + fl~

is

([~J,

Eqn.

(47.9))
(1.1

~ = fO~
where T is respect to
(cx

+ f-l~-l

the

Cauchy

stress

tensor, configuration,

B is -

the

left

Cauchy-Green response

tensor

with f
cx

an undistorted

and the

coefficients

= -1,0,1)
a symmetric consequence the

are functions
positive of (1.1) definite that axes not f

of the principal
tensor a proper of strain and vector are also

invariants
T is of symmetric. B is the also

of B.
It

We note
is

that

B
-

is ate

an immedivector of stress. upon of (1.1): of

a proper axes are special

T so that That the the

principal need

principal

converse

be true

unless from

some restrictions the following

imposed case

response

coefficients

cx

is

clear

~ =fO

(III)

~ .

(1.2)

In (1.2). ion (1.2) er vector

III

is the third

principal fluid

invariant

of B. that

The constitutive every vector

relatof B. -

represents of T but it -

an elastic

and states

is a prop-

gives no information 435

about the proper vectors

436

COINCIDENCE OF PRINCIPAL AXES OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Vol.

3.

No.6

Here

we show that

a principal that

axis of stress is also a principal

f1 > 0, f-1
f-1

axis of stPain provided (1.3)

~ o.
requirement 51.27) that fa

(1.4)
~
0 were first

These

restrictions by Truesdell

on f1

and

and the ([lJ, Eqn.

proposed as Empirical First then

and Noll

who named

these

inequalities

inequalities. we prove it for the result for unconstrained isotropic isotropic elastic elastic materials;

we prove

incompressible

materials.

2.
Given vectors a Cauchy bases, stress tensor as the

Proof T at

of

(1.3) point, form with respect to its proper

any the

we can write

T in

~
The (2.1) constitutive gives relation

= diagonal
(1.1)

(TII'
requires

T22'
that

T33
T B

(2.1)

- -

=B

--

T.

This

together

with

(Tll
When Tll is of also B. -

- T22

B12

0,

(T22 - T33 B23 = 0 .

follows from proper at of all, (2.2) (2.2) that

(T33 - Tll
B12 of

B31

O.

(2.2)
~

T22

T33' and,

it

= B13 = B23 =
also values proper of

0 so that vectors equal,

diagonal

therefore, that, in view if

vectors atmost ~ has two the

T are

We now assume

proper form

say Tll

T are -

T22.

Then

BII
B = 0

B12

B22
0

(2.3)

Since

B is

positive

definite

Bll>
Substituting from
0

0,
(2.3)

B33

> 0,

C :: Bll
into

B22
(1.1), we obtain

(2.4)

and
-

(2.1)

(f1

1 C f-1)

B12 '

Vol.

3, No.6

COINCIDENCE OF PRINCIPAL AXES OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Tll

= fa

+ fl

Bll

1 + C f-l

B22

T22 = fO + fl

1 B22 + C f-l

Bll

(2.5)

T33 = fa + fl When inequalities diagonal (1.4) hold, = T22' the

B33 + ~ it

1 f-l

. (2.5)1 that B12

33 follows

from

=0

so that

~ is

even when Tll

We now consider q~, where q is

case when all Thus (1.1)

principal becomes ~ -1 .
not With

stresses

are equal

i.e.

a constant.

q ~ = fO~ + fl~
Assuming we take diagonal that proper matrix this equation of therefore can be

+ f-l
solved, bases.

necessarily respect to

uniquely, these bases

for

B, ~ is a

vectors and q

B as the

= fO

+ f1 B11 + f-1

-1 B11

Subtraction B11 = B22 tensor,

The elastic

of (2.6)1 from (2.6)2 and (2.6)3 gives equations which imply that = B33 = b provided that (1.4) holds. Thus for a spherical stress
tensor.
for an incompressible homogeneous isotropic

B is also a spherical
constitutive material is relation

T = -p 1 + f
~ ~ where the p is first an arbitrary and second

1 ~

B + f

-1

B-1 -

hydrostatic invariant of B; -

pressure the third

and,

f1

and

f-1 of

are

functions

of The E

invariant

inequalities

suggested
f 1

as plausible
> 0 ,

by Truesdell

([2],

Eqn.

B equals 1. 41.24) are

f-l.s:. 0
this type that on f1 and f-1 in proving imply (1.3) (1.3) for for incom-

Since

we used

restrictions materials, it

of

unconstrained

follows

E inequalities

COINCIDENCE OF PRINCIPAL AXES OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Vol.

3, No.6

pressible

homogeneous isotropic

materials

3.
Subtraction tions which

Remarks

of (2.5)3
with

from (2.5)2
the inequalities

and of (2.5)4
(1.4) imply

from (2.5)3
that

gives equa-

together
Bll

B22

~ B33 wheneverTll
are greater has ordered principal been to
(i,j

~ T22 ~ T33 .
in the stress same way occur as are in the the

(3.1

That

is,

the

principal

stretches That the stretch this is

principal of the

stresses. greater showed principal that

direction [3]

proposed the

by Baker

and Ericksen

who also

equivalent

inequalities

'1

~1

f-l ~ O.
proper is values also obtained Hence

1,2,3,

i # j)

(3.2)
si~ from from holds (2.5) only if

In

(3.2)

bl'

b2'

b3 are

of

~ and

the to

equality conclude (2.6)1

b. = b.. We note that (3.2) ]. J B12 = 0 and from the equations

sufficient by -

1 that
and also

subtracting Ericksen

(2.6)2 (3.2)

(2.6)3
imply

that
(1.3). Batra

Bll

= B22 = B33'
proved elastic that

Baker

inequalities

(4J

a simple

tensile

load (1.4)

produces holds.

a simple This is

extension case

in

an isotropic

material

provided (3.2). for For both

a special

of

(3.1)

and is

also that

implied
(3.1)

by

We remark
isotropic are solutions solutions elastic

holds

unconstrained materials,

and

incompressible B11' B22' B11' and (2.5)4 and B33

materials. (2.5)2,3,4 of equations

unconstrained for

of

whereas

incompressible by subtracting

materials, (2.5)3

B22 and from ~

solu-

B33 are

obtained

(2.5)2
whenever

and the
T = q

equation
1. For

B11 B22 B33 = 1.

unconstrained isotropic

As is

shown in Section
elastic materials,

2, ~
b is

=b
a

tion of
q = fO + fl
where materials solution exist lies fO' fl b for and f-l are functions that

b + f-l
of (3b,

b-l
3b2, neither of (3.3) is b3). shown even greater (2.8) if For that it than then incompressible (3.3) is has

(3.3)

1.

We remark q nor 0 and and f-l ([lJ, that

we have

a real to q be

real between

a solution negative constants p.351).

assumed 1 for (2.7)

1 for are

q and which

positive can

However, solved for

when

fl

satisfy

~ uniquely

Vol.

3, No.6

COINCIDENCE OF PRINCIPAL AXES OF STRESS AND STRAIN

439

We note material point.

that

the

results

obtained

above

hold

locally,

that

is,

at

Acknowledgement:

thank

Professor Truesdell Eqn.

C. Truesdell provided (51.25) of

for me with

his

critism another

of proof

the of

work. (1.3)

Professor based upon

[1].

References
1.

TRUESDELL, C. and W. NOLL, The Non-Linear

Field

Theories
York:

of Mechanics.
Springer (1965)

Handbuah der Physik

III/J.

Berlin-Heidelberg-New

2.

TRUESDELL,C'J The Mechanical Foundation of Elasticity and Fluid pynamics, J. Rational Mech. Anal. 1 (1952) 125-300; Corrections and additions, ibid. 2(1953) 593-616 and 3(1954) 801. Reprint containing these and further corrections, with a new preface and appendices (1962), published as ContinuumMechanics I. NewYork: Gordon & Breach (1966). BAKER, M. and J. L. ERICKSEN, Inequalities Restricting the Forms of the Stress-Deformation Relations for Isotropic Elastic Solids and ReinerRivlin Fluids, J. of the Washington Aaademy of Scienaes, 44(1954) 33-35. BATRA, R. C., Deformations produced by a Simple Tensile Isotropic Elastic Body, J. EZasticitu (in uress). Load in an

3. 4.