Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
2 LQWHUID SRDWH H[WLQGH DOW LQWHUID 6SUH H[HPSOX GDF VH GRUHWH H[WLQGHUHD PHWRGHORU 7'$ OLVW VH SRDWH H[WLQGH PDL nti LQWHUID D /LVWD FX GHFODUDUHD QRLORU PHWRGH SDFNDJH /LVWH SXEOLF LQWHUIDFH /LVWDF H[WHQGV /LVWD ^ SXEOLF YRLG VWHUJH2EMHFW R SXEOLF ERROHDQ FDXWD2EMHFW R ` $SRL VH YD FUHD R QRX FODV FDUH YD H[WLQGH FODVD /LVWDBL L YD LPSOHPHQWD LQWHUID D /LVWDF 2ULFH FODV FDUH LPSOHPHQWHD] LQWHUID D /LVWDF YD WUHEXL V LPSOHPHQWH]H GLUHFW VDX SULQ FODVHOH GLQ FDUH GHULY PHWRGHOH GLQ /LVWD L FHOH GHFODUDWH vQ /LVWDF
SDFNDJH /LVWH SXEOLF FODVV /LVWDBLF H[WHQGV /LVWDBL LPSOHPHQWV /LVWDF ^ SXEOLF ERROHDQ FDXWD2EMHFW [ ^ (OHPHQW S IRUS VWDUW S QXOO UHWXUQ S QXOO SHTXDOV[ S SXUPDWRU
SXEOLF YRLG VWHUJH2EMHFW [ ^ LI HVWHBYLGD UHWXUQ LIVWDUWHTXDOV[ VWDUW VWDUWXUPDWRU (OHPHQW SD S IRUSD VWDUW S VWDUWXUPDWRU S QXOO SHTXDOV[ SD S S SXUPDWRU LIS QXOO SDLQLW8UPSXUPDWRU `
Q H I #CPH
GFCB 1 E D
SXEOLF VWDWLF YRLG PDLQ6WULQJ>@ DUJY ^ /LVWDBLF OBLQO QHZ /LVWDBLF LQW L IRUL LL OBLQODGDXJDBLQFHSXW QHZ 'RXEOHGRXEOHL 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQOBLQO IRUL L L LI OBLQOFDXWDQHZ 'RXEOHGRXEOHL 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ 1X VD JDVLW GRXEOHL
OBLQOVWHUJHQHZ 'RXEOH OBLQOVWHUJHQHZ 'RXEOHGRXEOH OBLQOVWHUJHBSULPXO 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ 'XSD VWHUJHUHD OXL VL ?Q OBLQO ` `
/LVWDBL ^ ` 1X VD JDVLW 'XSD VWHUJHUHD OXL VL /LVWDBL ^ `
,QWHUID D GHILQHWH L XQ VXSHUWLS $FHDVWD vQVHDPQ F VH SRW GHFODUD UHIHULQ H GH WLSXO LQWHUIH HL DD FD vQ H[HPSOXO XUP WRU XQGH H[LVW R LQVWDQ /LVWDBL L R UHIHULQ GH WLS /LVWD FHO DO LQWHUIH HL GHVFULV DQWHULRU FDUH HVWH LQL LDOL]DW FX YDORDUHD UHIHULQ HL LQVWDQ HL
SXEOLF FODVV 'HPRBL ^ SXEOLF VWDWLF YRLG PDLQ6WULQJ>@ DUJY ^ /LVWDBL OVW QHZ /LVWDBL /LVWD LQWI OVW OVWDGDXJDBLQFHSXW D LQWIDGDXJDBLQFHSXW E
Q H #CIRQ
GFCB 1 E D
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQOVWSULPXO OVWDGDXJDBLQFHSXW F 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQLQWISULPXO HURDUH 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ /LVWDBLLQWISULPXO OVWVWHUJHBSULPXO 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQLQWI
6H SURGXFH LHVLUHD
E F /LVWD ^E D`
WRDWH PHWRGHOH VSHFLILFDWH GH LQWHUID SRW IL DSHODWH ILH SULQ OVW ILH SULQ LQWI UHIHULQ D GH WLSXO LQWHUIH HL L VH DSOLF DFHOHLDL LQVWDQ H 1XPDL PHWRGD SULPXO QX SRDWH IL DSOLFDW OXL LQWI GLUHFW FL SULQ FDVWXO GHRDUHFH DFHDVW PHWRG QX IDFH SDUWH GLQ LQWHUID
/LVWDBLLQWISULPXO
6H SRDWH GH]YROWD L R DOW FODV FDUH V UHSUH]LQWH VWUXFWXUD GH OLVW SULQWUXQ YHFWRU GH RELHFWH L FDUH V LPSOHPHQWH]H DFHHDL LQWHUID /LVWD LQWHUIDFH /LVWD ^ YRLG DGDXJDBLQFHSXW2EMHFW R YRLG VWHUJHBSULPXO ERROHDQ HVWHBSOLQD ERROHDQ HVWHBYLGD ` 1RXD FODV YD SXWHD vQORFXL FODVD /LVWDBL vQ SURJUDPHOH XWLOL]DWRU I U PRGLILF UL n FHHD FH SULYHWH PHWRGHOH VWDQGDUGL]DWH GH LQWHUID 3HQWUX D IDFLOLWD RSHUD LLOH UHIHULWRDUH OD vQFHSXWXO OLVWHL FDS WXO GLQ ID DO OLVWHL VLQJXUXO OD FDUH VH UHIHU WRDWH RSHUD LLOH LPSOHPHQWDWH DLFL D IRVW FRQVLGHUDW D IL HOHPHQWXO GH LQGLFH PD[LP Q DFHDVW YHUVLXQH VD SURJUDPDW PHWRGD SULPXO V ODQVH]H R H[FHS LH DWXQFL FkQG OLVWD HVWH YLG Q DFHVW VFRS VD GHFODUDW vQ SDFKHWXO /LVWH R FODV YLG ([FHSWLH/LVWD9LGD FH H[WLQGH FODD ([FHSWLRQ SDFNDJH /LVWH SXEOLF FODVV ([FHSWLH/LVWD9LGD H[WHQGV ([FHSWLRQ ^ `
0HWRGD SULPXO vQFHDUF WRWGHDXQD V UHWXUQH]H Y>LQFHSXW@. Cnd lista HVWH YLG LQFHSXW L H[SUHVLD LQGLFLDO DUH YDORDUHD Q DFHDVW VLWXD LH OD XQ DSHO DO PHWRGHL SULPXO VH SURGXFH R H[FHS LH VLVWHP GH WLSXO
Q H #CITS
GFCB 1 E D
$UUD\,QGH[2XW2I%RXQGV([FHSWLRQ FDUH HVWH UHFXSHUDW vQWUXQ FDWFK L VH ODQVHD] H[FHS LD XWLOL]DWRU ([FHSWLH/LVWD9LGD
SDFNDJH /LVWH SXEOLF FODVV /LVWDBY LPSOHPHQWV /LVWD ^ SULYDWH 2EMHFW>@ Y SULYDWH LQW QUBPD[ LQFHSXW OLVWD YLGD SXEOLF /LVWDBYLQW QPD[ ^ Y QHZ 2EMHFW>QUBPD[ `
QPD[@
SXEOLF 2EMHFW SULPXO WKURZV ([FHSWLH/LVWD9LGD ^ WU\ ^ UHWXUQ Y>LQFHSXW@ ` FDWFK$UUD\,QGH[2XW2I%RXQGV([FHSWLRQ H ^ WKURZ QHZ ([FHSWLH/LVWD9LGD ` ` SXEOLF ERROHDQ HVWHBYLGD ^ UHWXUQ LQFHSXW ` SXEOLF ERROHDQ HVWHBSOLQD ^ UHWXUQ LQFHSXW QUBPD[ ` SXEOLF YRLG DGDXJDBLQFHSXW2EMHFW [ ^ LQFHSXWXO OLVWHL VH FRQVLGHUD FHO LQGLFDW GH LQFHSXW LIY QXOO UHWXUQ LI HVWHBSOLQD ^ 2EMHFW WPS>@ QHZ 2EMHFW>QUBPD[@ IRULQW L LQUBPD[ L WPS>L@ Y>L@ Y WPS QUBPD[ ` Y>LQFHSXW@ [ ` SXEOLF YRLG VWHUJHBSULPXO ^ LQFHSXWXO OLVWHL VH FRQVLGHUD FHO LQGLFDW GH LQFHSXW LI HVWHBYLGD LQFHSXW ` SXEOLF 6WULQJ WR6WULQJ ^ 6WULQJ V LIHVWHBYLGD V /LVWDBY YLGD HOVH ^ V /LVWDBY ^ IRULQW L LQFHSXW L! L ^ V Y>L@WR6WULQJ
Q H #CIRU
GFCB 1 E D
` UHWXUQ V
` V
LIL `
V
$FHDVW QRX FODV SRDWH IL WHVWDW FX R FODV 'HPR/BY LGHQWLF FX 'HPR/BL FX H[FHS LD GHFODUD LHL /LVWDBY O QHZ /LVWDBY &ODVD XUP WRDUH SXQH vQ HYLGHQ vQV DYDQWDMXO XWLOL] ULL LQWHUIH HORU FD VXSHUWLS
LPSRUW /LVWH
(YLGHQWLHUHD LQWHUIHWHL /LVWD FD VXSHUWLS DO FODVHORU /LVWDBL VL /LVWDBY SXEOLF FODVV 'HPR/BLY ^ SXEOLF VWDWLF YRLG PDLQ6WULQJ>@ DUJY ^ /LVWDBL OBLQO QHZ /LVWDBL /LVWDBY OBYHF QHZ /LVWDBY XQ WDEORX GH OLVWH FX LPSOHPHQWDUL GLIHULWH /LVWD>@ LQWI LQWI>@ OBLQO LQWI>@ OBYHF 6WULQJ V DEFGHIJKLMNO IRULQW M MM ^ LQWI>@DGDXJDBLQFHSXW QHZ ,QWHJHUM LQWI>@DGDXJDBLQFHSXWVVXEVWULQJMM ` IRULQW L LLQWIOHQJWK L 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQLQWI>L@ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW 6H HOLPLQD WU\ ^ ZKLOHWUXH ^ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW/LVWDBYLQWI>@SULPXO LQWI>@VWHUJHBSULPXO ` ` FDWFK([FHSWLH/LVWD9LGD H ^ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ ! H QHZ /LVWD>@
Q H #CITV
GFCB 1 E D
LQWI>@
!
'HRDUHFH LQWHUID D /LVWD HVWH XQ VXSHUWLS DO DPEHORU FODVH /LVWDBL L /LVWDBY DWXQFL D IRVW SRVLELO FUHDUHD XQXL WDEORX /LVWD LQWI>@ L DSHOXULOH GHRDUHFH LQGLIHUHQW GH UHIHULQ D PHPRUDW LPSOHPHQWDWH DFHOHDL PHWRGH )LLQGF PHWRGD SULPXOQX HVWH PHWRGHL SULQ H[SUHVLD
LQWI>@DGDXJDBLQFHSXW LQWI>@DGDXJDBLQFHSXW LQWI>@VWHUJHBSULPXO
GHFODUDW
DU IL LQFRUHFW 'H DFHHD VD IRORVLW XQ FDVW /LVWDBY n GHRDUHFH SULPXO HVWH R PHWRG D FODVHL /LVWDBY
LQWI>@VWHUJHBSULPXO
7UHEXLH VXEOLQLDW F QX VH SRDWH RE LQH DFHODL UH]XOWDW GDF FHOH GRX FODVH QX DU IL LPSOHPHQWDW DFHHDL LQWHUID &KLDU GDF VDU IL IRORVLW DFHOHDL QXPH SHQWUX PHWRGH LDU WDEORX LQWI DU IL IRVW GHFODUDW
2EMHFW>@ LQWI QHZ 2EMHFW>@
FRPSLODWRUXO DU IL GHWHFWDW HURUL GHRDUHFH FX WRDWH F 2EMHFW HVWH VXSHUWLSXO WXWXURU FODVHORU QX VH UHXHWH V VH IDF OHJ WXUD FX PHWRGHOH GH DFHODL QXPH GHFkW SULQWUR LQWHUID FRPXQ
Q H #CITE
GFCB 1 E D
LPSRUW MDYDXWLO9HFWRU LPSRUW MDYDXWLO(QXPHUDWLRQ SXEOLF FODVV /LVWD9HFWRU H[WHQGV 9HFWRU LPSOHPHQWV /LVWD ^ SXEOLF /LVWD9HFWRU ^ VXSHU ` SXEOLF /LVWD9HFWRU LQW QPD[ ^ VXSHUQPD[ ` SXEOLF 2EMHFW SULPXO ^ UHWXUQ ODVW(OHPHQW ` SXEOLF ERROHDQ HVWHBYLGD ^ UHWXUQ LV(PSW\ ` SXEOLF ERROHDQ HVWHBSOLQD ^ UHWXUQ IDOVH ` SXEOLF YRLG DGDXJDBLQFHSXW2EMHFW [ ^ DGG(OHPHQW[ ` SXEOLF YRLG VWHUJHBSULPXO ^ LI HVWHBYLGD UHPRYH(OHPHQW$WVL]H ` SXEOLF 6WULQJ WR6WULQJ ^ 6WULQJ VO QXPH&OV WKLVJHW&ODVVJHW1DPH QXPH&OV QXPH&OVVXEVWULQJ QXPH&OVODVW,QGH[2I
LIHVWHBYLGD UHWXUQ QXPH&OV YLGD HOVH ^ 6WULQJ V QXPH&OV ^ IRULQW L VL]H L! L V HOHPHQW$WL L " UHWXUQ V ` ` ` `
Q H #CITW
GFCB 1 E D
6H REVHUY F QX PDL HVWH QHYRLH GH YDULDELOHOH QUBPD[ L LQFHSXW GHRDUHFH vQWUHDJD JHVWLXQH D HOHPHQWHORU OLVWHL HVWH WUDQVIHUDW PHWRGHORU VXSHUFODVHL 9HFWRU 3HQWUX D RE LQH QXPHOH FODVHL VD DSHODW OD H[SUHVLD WKLVJHW&ODVVJHW1DPH 'HRDUHFH QXPHOH FXSULQGH L LGHQWLILFDUHD SDFKHWXOXL vQ FD]XO QRVWUX /LVWH/LVWD9HFWRU XUP WRDUHD H[SUHVLH UH LQH vQ YDULDELOD ORFDO QXPH&OV VXELUXO GHOLPLWDW GH FDUDFWHUXO FH XUPHD] XOWLPXOXL . L GH VIkULWXO LUXOXL LQL LDO
2EVHUYD LH 'DF VDU IL LPSRUWDW L MDYDXWLO(QXPHUDWLRQ L vQ IXQF LD WR6WULQJ VH XWLOL]D VHFYHQ D ^ 6WULQJ%XIIHU V QHZ 6WULQJ%XIIHU QXPH&OV ^
DWXQFL FRQ LQXWXO OLVWHL HUD DILDW n sens invers celui dorit (GH OD LQGLFHOH F WUH LQGLFHOH PD[LP 6H UHDPLQWHWH F DP FRQVLGHUDW F lista ncepe cu elementul dH LQGLFH PD[LP SHQWUX D HILFLHQWL]D RSHUD LLOH GH DG XJDUH L WHUJHUH D SULPXOXL HOHPHQW 3HQWUX WHVW VD XWLOL]DW FODV 'HPR/BLYB9HFWRU
LPSRUW /LVWH
(YLGHQWLHUHD LQWHUIHWHL /LVWD FD VXSHUWLS DO FODVHORU /LVWDBL /LVWDBY VL /LVWD9HFWRU SXEOLF FODVV 'HPR/BLYB9HFWRU ^ SXEOLF VWDWLF YRLG PDLQ6WULQJ>@ DUJY ^ /LVWDBL OBLQO QHZ /LVWDBL /LVWDBY OBY QHZ /LVWDBY /LVWD9HFWRU OBYHF QHZ /LVWD9HFWRU XQ WDEORX GH OLVWH LQ WUHL LPSOHPHQWDUL GLIHULWH /LVWD>@ LQWI QHZ /LVWD>@^OBLQO OBY OBYHF`
IRU(QXPHUDWLRQ HY HOHPHQWVHYKDV0RUH(OHPHQWV VDSSHQGHYQH[W(OHPHQWDSSHQG VVHW&KDU$W VOHQJWK
`
UHWXUQ VWR6WULQJ
Q H #CIYX
GFCB 1 E D
`
LQWI>@DGDXJDBLQFHSXW QHZ ,QWHJHUM LQWI>@DGDXJDBLQFHSXWVVXEVWULQJMM LQWI>@DGDXJDBLQFHSXW /LVWDBLLQWI>@SULPXO /LVWDBYLQWI>@SULPXO
LQW L IRUL LLQWIOHQJWK L 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQLQWI>L@ IRUL LL LQWI>@VWHUJHBSULPXO 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ ?Q)DUD SULPHOH HOHPHQWH
LQWI>@
Q H #CIT`
GFCB 1 E D
6WLYD
7LSXULOH GH GDWH DEVWUDFWH OLVWD L VWLYD IDF SDUWH GLQ SDFKHWXO MDYDXWLO 3HQWUX D IL[D PDL ELQH FRQFHSWHOH GH PRWHQLUH D FODVHORU L LPSOHPHQWDUH D LQWHUIH HORU VH YD FRQVLGHUD R LPSOHPHQWDUH GLGDFWLF D DFHVWXL 7'$ 3HQWUX DFHDVWD VH GHILQHWH PDL nti R LQWHUID D SURSULH 7'$ VWLY SXEOLF LQWHUIDFH 6WLYD ^
YRLG SXVK2EMHFW R YRLG SRS 2EMHFW WRS ERROHDQ HVWHBSOLQD ERROHDQ HVWHBYLGD $SRL YRP FRQVLGHUD R LPSOHPHQWDUH D 7'$ VWLY SULQ PRWHQLUHD XQHLD GLQ FODVHOH /LVWDBL VDX /LVWDBY VDX /LVWD9HFWRU 'HRDUHFH WRDWH DFHVWH WUHL FODVH LPSOHPHQWHD] DFHHDL LQWHUID /LVWD DGDSWDUHD HVWH GHRVHELW GH VLPSO
SDFNDJH 6WLYH LPSRUW /LVWH
SXEOLF FODVV 6WLYDBL H[WHQGV /LVWDBL LPSOHPHQWV 6WLYD ^ SXEOLF YRLG SXVK2EMHFW R ^ DGDXJDBLQFHSXWR ` SXEOLF YRLG SRS ^ VWHUJHBSULPXO ` SXEOLF 2EMHFW WRS ^ UHWXUQ SULPXO `
3URJUDPXO GH WHVW SUHLD LUXULOH GLQ OLQLD GH FRPDQG DSRL DILHD] XQ HOHPHQW UHWXUQDW GH WRS H[HFXW SRS DILHD] FRQ LQXWXO VWLYHL vQ PRG UHSHWDW SkQ FkQG VWLYD GHYLQH YLG
LPSRUW 6WLYH
SXEOLF FODVV 'HPR6BL ^ SXEOLF VWDWLF YRLG PDLQ6WULQJ>@ DUJY ^
Q H I a bT#H
GFCB 1 E D
6WLYDBL V QHZ 6WLYDBL 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQV IRULQW L LDUJYOHQJWK L VSXVKDUJY>L@ 6\VWHPRXWSULQW 3ULPXO HOHPHQW ZKLOH VHVWHBYLGD ^ 6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQV VSRS ` VWRS ?Q
6H REVHUY F DWXQFL FkQG HVWH DILDW RELHFWXO 6WLYDBL DSDUH WH[WXO /LVWDBL FHHD FH HVWH RDUHFXP GHUXWDQW SHQWUX XWLOL]DWRU 'DF VH XWLOL]HD] R FODV 6WLYD9HFWRU GHULYDW GLQ /LVWD9HFWRU
SDFNDJH 6WLYH LPSRUW /LVWH
SXEOLF FODVV 6WLYD9HFWRU H[WHQGV /LVWD9HFWRU LPSOHPHQWV 6WLYD ^ SXEOLF YRLG SXVK2EMHFW R ^ DGDXJDBLQFHSXWR ` SXEOLF YRLG SRS ^ VWHUJHBSULPXO ` SXEOLF 2EMHFW WRS ^ UHWXUQ SULPXO `
Q H I H bPH
GFCB 1 E D
VH YD REVHUYD F DSDUH DILDW GHQXPLUHD FODVHL FDUH D LQVWDQ LDW RELHFWXO L QX DO FODVHL S ULQWH FXP VH vQWkPSOD OD H[HFX LD MDYD 'HPR6BL FDUH XWLOL]D FODVD 6WLYDBL
&?SJ?VG?&XUV!MDYD 6WLYD9HFWRU YLGD 3ULPXO HOHPHQW 6 6WLYD9HFWRU ^6 & 6WLYD9HFWRU ^& 5 6WLYD9HFWRU ^5 , 6WLYD9HFWRU ^, 1` 6WLYD9HFWRU ^1` &?SJ?VG?&XUV! 'HPR6BY 5 , 1` , 1` 1` 1 , 5 & 6
LPSRUW 6WLYH SXEOLF FODVV 'HPR6BY ^ SXEOLF VWDWLF YRLG PDLQ6WULQJ>@ DUJY ^ 6WLYD9HFWRU V QHZ 6WLYD9HFWRU LQ UHVW LGHQWLF FX 'HPR6BL ` `
Acest lucru este posibil deoarece n claseOH 6WLYDBL L 6WLYD9HFWRU QX VD UHGHILQLW WR6WULQJ L GHFL VH DSHOHD] PHWRGD WR6WULQJ GLQ FODVD S ULQWH iar n cazul clasei /LVWD9HFWRU n metoda WR6WULQJ QXPHOH FODVHL HVWH RE LQXW GLQDPLF SULQ DSHODUHD PHWRGHL JHW1DPH D FODVHL &ODVV
Q H I Q bRH
GFCB 1 E D