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Loading Options for Sybase IQ 15

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 1 Loading Overview. Bulk Loading Methods 2 LOAD TABLE 5 INSERTLOCATION 6 INSERTSELECT using Proxy Tables 6 9 11 12 12 Incremental Loading Methods ETL Extract, Transform and Load 9 Sybase ETL Stream Loading Methods 11 RAP/CEP Row-based INSERTVALUES Summary

1. LOADING OVERVIEW There are many choices for loading data into Sybase IQ. The following picture depicts the choices:

SYBASE IQ

ASCII BCP Binary

Direct INSERT... LOCATION

ASCII
(serial mode)

INSERT...LOCATION

INSERT...SELECT Using Proxy Tables

INSERT...VALUES

Staged RTL from ASE Rep Server

ETL

RAP/ CEP

(optional client side load)

Load Table Parallel

(Sybase)

Values

File

Direct Connect
(Non Sybase)

Database

Stream

Reading the image from bottom to top, we start with the data sources and move into the various load methods. The load methods are placed above valid data sources. For example, the INSERTLOCATION method is designed to load data directly from databases. ETL can load data from either files or databases. The color of the box indicates the relative speeds of the loading methodred is suitable for smaller tables, yellow is faster, green is very fast, and blue is the fastest. RAP/CEP from streams was designed for the low latency requirements of financial services markets. It is the fastest of the options, but works in a more narrow context than the other methods Your best option for performance is the LOAD TABLE bulk loader, which can handle thousands to millions of rows per second. You will want to run it in parallel mode, rather than serial mode, for optimum results. ETL is listed in yellow, because an ETL process generally means that more data processing is done between the raw data and the database engine. Although INSERTLOCATION is an excellent method for loading IQ, it is not as fast as LOAD TABLE due to the inherent slowness of the data arrival rate through the Open Client connection. For those environments with load requirements higher than just a few hundred rows per second, the red boxes should be avoided. INSERTVALUES, and direct trickle loads from Sybase Replication Server are row based operations. These methods do not take advantage of Sybase IQs loading engine, which has been designed for large, bulk loads. Replication Server combined with staging and Replication Server Real-time Loading option (discussed later), let you make incremental, close to realtime updates to Sybase IQ, with good performance. 2. BULK LOADING METHODS Bulk loading creates a new set of data in Sybase IQ from a source data file or a database. LOAD TABLE is a SQL command that loads data into IQ from a flat file located on either the client or the server. It can also load from a named pipe. INSERTLOCATION is a SQL command that loads data directly from a database, without the need to dump it to a flat file first. INSERTSELECT uses proxy tables mapped to remote server tables to access remote data as though it were local.

2.1 LOAD TABLE The LOAD TABLE SQL statement imports data from an ASCII or binary formatted file into an existing database table. An ASCII source file may be in fixed width format (each field occupies a fixed length of bytes) or delimited format (each field is terminated by a specified delimiter). The LOAD TABLE statement loads both the data and all indexes that have been created, and does not require any further table reorganizations or index rebuilds. The statement syntax looks like this: LOAD [ INTO ] TABLE [ owner.]table-name ... ( load-specification [, ] ) ... { FROM | USING [ CLIENT ] FILE} { filename-string | filename-variable } [, ] ... [ CHECK CONSTRAINTS { ON | OFF } ] ... [ DEFAULTS { ON | OFF } ] ... [ QUOTES OFF ] ... ESCAPES OFF ... [ FORMAT { ascii | binary | bcp } ] ... [ DELIMITED BY string ] ... [ STRIP { ON | OFF | RTRIM } ] ... [ WITH CHECKPOINT { ON | OFF } ] ... [ BYTE ORDER { NATIVE | HIGH | LOW } ] ... [ LIMIT number-of-rows ] ... [ NOTIFY number-of-rows ] ... [ ON FILE ERROR { ROLLBACK | FINISH | CONTINUE } ] ... [ PREVIEW { ON | OFF } ] ... [ ROW DELIMITED BY delimiter-string ] ... [ SKIP number-of-rows ] ... [ WORD SKIP number ] ... [ START ROW ID number ] ... [ ON PARTIAL INPUT ROW { ROLLBACK | CONTINUE } ] ... [ IGNORE CONSTRAINT constrainttype [, ] ] ... [ MESSAGE LOG string ROW LOG string [ ONLY LOG logwhat [, ] ] ... [ LOG DELIMITED BY string ] The various LOAD TABLE options specify the formatting of the input file, how to handle errors, and how to notify the user of loading progress. Here is an example of a LOAD TABLE statement that loads ASCII, pipe delimited data from a file on a Windows platform: load table TPCD.SUPPLIER ( S_SUPPKEY, S_NAME, S_ADDRESS, S_NATIONKEY, S_PHONE, S_ACCTBAL, S_COMMENT ) from C:\\MyFolders\\tpchdb\\data\\supplier.tbl quotes off escapes off format ascii delimited by | row delimited by \n
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Loading involves three major steps: 1. Reading the data out of the file and placing it into data structures in memory 2. Building indexes from the data structures in memory a. For FP, LF, HNG, CMP, DATE, DTTM and TIME indexes, data is inserted directly into the index b. For HG, WD and text indexes, data is sorted during a first pass, and then inserted during a second pass 3. Writing the data and indexes into the database The format of the source data file for the LOAD TABLE command may be one of the following: ASCII BCP Binary ASCII files may be created by any means available to the user. BCP is the format generated by Adaptive Servers BCP bulk copy utility. Binary files can be created using the Sybase IQ data extraction facility, or via a user defined program that follows the binary data format as outlined in the IQ manuals. The data extraction facility lets you redirect the output of a SELECT statement from the standard input interface to one or more files or named pipes. The format of the output file is specified by setting various database TEMP EXTRACT options prior to executing the SELECT. For ASCII format, the file may contain either fixed-length fields or variable-length fields terminated by a delimiter. Binary files contain only fixed-length fields. LOAD TABLE can operate in either serial or parallel mode, with parallel mode being significantly faster. During serial mode loading, IQ will allocate a single thread to reading the source data file from disk into memory. Parallel mode allocates multiple threads for parallel reading of the data from disk into memory. Once in memory, all data is processed in parallel. The format of the input data file and LOAD TABLE statement dictates whether the load will be serial or parallel: Format FORMAT BINARY (fixed width) FORMAT ASCII (fixed width) FORMAT ASCII (delimited) using DELIMITED BY and ROW DELIMITED BY options FORMAT ASCII (delimited) with the delimiters specified in the column list FORMAT BCP (delimited ASCII format generated by BCP command) using DELIMITED BY and ROW DELIMITED BY options Parallel Serial Serial or Parallel Parallel (fastest format to load from) Parallel Parallel

The above chart references load options for delimited files in ASCII format. These options define the row and column delimiters for the source data: ROW DELIMITED BY: specifies the character string that marks the end of a record. Each record in the input file corresponds to a row to be created in Sybase IQ. DELIMITED BY: specifies the character string that marks the end of each field in a record. Each field corresponds to a column specified in the LOAD TABLE statement. Either the row or column delimiter can be any valid ASCII character from the standard comma or tab to unprintable characters line ^K or ^G.

Note that even if you have an input data file that should dictate a parallel load, the load might not be done in parallel for the following reasons: You are doing a partial width insert (only a subset of the columns are being loaded into a table) You are using the SKIP option to skip a set of rows in the input file, or the LIMIT option to stop reading the input file after a certain number of rows You do not have enough threads configured for IQ (-iqmt server option) You do not have enough threads configured for a user (Max_IQ_Threads_Per_Connection and Max_IQ_Threads_ Per_Team options) You can tell whether a load was done in serial or parallel by looking at the Sybase IQ message file. There will be a message indicating that portions of this load may be single threaded if the load was done in serial. If you are planning to load a table from multiple files, it is faster to load all files with one LOAD TABLE command, rather than a separate LOAD TABLE command for each file. LOAD TABLE gives you the option of specifying multiple input files separated by commas. 2.1.1.1 Client Side Loading With LOAD TABLE, the input data source file may exist on either the client or the server. If the file is on the client, issue the command with the USING CLIENT FILE option. Client side loading is supported by clients that use the IQ/SQL Anywhere database drivers: ODBC, JDBC using the iAnywhere driver, OLEDB, ADO.NET, Perl, PHP, and Python. It is not supported by the TDS protocol used by Open Client and JDBC for jConnect. LOAD TABLE USING CLIENT FILE supports all load options, including LOB support. It is a true bulk loader and performance approximates a server side LOAD TABLE plus network latency to transfer the source data over the network. In a client side load, the client application opens the file and then sends data packets across the network. Each packet contains a portion of the file. The packets are consumed by the server in memory without recreating the file on the server side. Client side loading avoids cluttering up the file system on which the server is running. Furthermore, the average user may not have any privileges to write a file on the server file system. To improve security of client side loading, use Transport Layer Security (TLS) to encrypt data across the network. Additionally, the database administrator can control or disable client side loading with various layered security mechanisms that are available. 2.1.2 Advantages When performed in parallel mode, it is the fastest data load method for IQ (thousands to millions of rows per second) It is very easy to implement with as little as one SQL statement per IQ table It can be scheduled at any interval to meet the business needs It can capture rejected data and handle it after good data has been loaded Data may reside on either the server or the client (with the client side option) 2.1.3 Disadvantages It supports only new data (changes can be handled via work tables and deletes) It can be used only with data files, not external applications or data streams There must be software developed to capture source data and write to files or pipes for load

2.2 INSERTLOCATION INSERTLOCATION allows Sybase IQ to reach into remote Sybase data sources or non-Sybase data sources (via Enterprise Connect Data Access, or ECDA), execute a query, and load the result set into an IQ table The syntax is defined like this: INSERT [ INTO ] [ owner.]table-name[ ( column-name [, ] ) ] ... insert-load-options insert-select-load-options LOCATION servername.dbname [ location-options ] ... { { select-statement } | select statement } Here is an example (detroit is the IQ server name, and iqdb is the IQ database name): INSERT INTO lineitem (l_shipdate, l_orderkey) LOCATION detroit.iqdb SELECT l_shipdate, l_orderkey FROM lineitem INSERTLOCATION works as follows: 1. The INSERTLOCATION command is executed from a client connected to IQ 2. IQ opens an Open Client connection to the Remote Sybase Server 3. IQ executes the SQL statement on the remote server 4. The results of the SQL statement are returned to IQ and loaded into the table With non-Sybase source databases, you need to access the database via the Sybase ECDA product:
Sybase ASE

ASE

IQ

Sybase IQ

Sybase ASA

ASA

Sybase IQ

IQ

Sybase EnterpriseConnect

Remote Servers: - Oracle - MS SQL Server - DB2 UDB - ODBC - Mainframe Sources

2.2.1 Advantages It is very easy to implement with as little as one SQL statement per IQ table It can be scheduled at any interval to meet the business needs It is only as slow as the source system and network transmission 2.2.2 Disadvantages You must know how to detect inserts, updates, and deletes at the source system Inserts and updates must be converted to deletes followed by inserts for best performance INSERTLOCATION can be used only with databases, not external applications or data streams
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2.3 INSERTSELECT using Proxy Tables Sybase IQ includes SQL Anywhere as a component of its architecture and uses it for some of its operations. One of the features of SQL Anywhere is the ability to access data in external sourcesdatabases, spreadsheets and ODBC data sourcesas though that data were local. This is accomplished through Component Integration Services (CIS). To have remote tables appear as local tables to the client, you create local proxy tables that map to the remote data. (You will need to install the ECDA gateway to access non-Sybase databases.) To create a proxy table: 1. Define the type and location of the server where the remote data is located. 2. Map the local user login information to the remote server user login information. 3. Create the proxy table definition. This includes the server where the remote table is located, the database name, table owner name, table and column names. Once you have defined a proxy table, you can then use an INSERT statement with a SELECT clause to insert data from the remote database into a permanent table in your Sybase IQ database. 2.3.1 Advantages Can be used to access a variety of data sources databases, spreadsheets and ODBC data sources Location transparency gives you a uniform view of local and remote tables 2.3.2 Disadvantages You must know how to detect inserts, updates, and deletes at the source system You must create proxy tables to map to the remote tables CIS must go through the SQL Anywhere layer within Sybase IQ to execute SQL commands against proxy tables This causes it to be slower than commands that execute purely within the Sybase IQ engine. (Note that CIS has undergone performance improvements in Sybase IQ 15.2, so that less of the processing must occur within SQL Anywhere.)

3. INCREMENTAL LOADING METHODS While the bulk loading methods are fast and simple to use, they are not designed to capture and load incremental updates from your source database. Sybase recommends using Sybase Replication to keep your data warehouse current in near real-time as your source data changes. Sybase Replication is a data movement product that provides: Non-intrusive transaction capture of database changes from heterogeneous sources via the transaction logs Flexible transformation of data Efficient routing of changes across networks Near real-time delivery to and synchronization with replicate heterogeneous targets (databases and message buses) With Sybase Replication, a Replication Agent (there is a different agent for each supported source database platform) reads the transaction logs from primary databases and sends the data changes across the network to Replication Server. Replication Server accepts the information from the agent, and applies the changes to Sybase IQ. You can choose to replicate any changes to the entire source database (database-level replication), or you can selectively choose tables and columns to replicate (table-level replication). There are three ways to configure a replication environment, depending on your performance requirements, and your source database platform: 1. Direct replication: Replication Server connects directly to Sybase IQ and applies the transactions in order to the target IQ system. 2. Replication with Staging: Replication Server queues the source data changes for delayed bulk loading into IQ with higher performance. 3. Replication Server Real-Time Loading Option: If your source database is Sybase ASE 15.0.3 or version 15.5 and later, and your source database schema is the same as your Sybase IQ schema (no transformation required), Replication Server can replicate to Sybase IQ using Sybase IQ bulk loading for high performance.
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Each of these scenarios is described below. 3.1.1 Direct Replication In this scenario, Replication Server sends each replication operation to Sybase IQ directly, row-by-row and in log order in a continuous replication mode. This is the slowest of the three options:

Adaptive Server Enterprise SQL Anywhere Oracle Microsoft SQL Server DB2 UDB (Unix/Linux, Windows) DB2 OS/390 (IMS, VSAM)

IQ
Replication Agent Replication Server Sybase IQ

3.1.1.1 Advantages It is very simple to set up You can use database-level rather than table-level replication to minimize complexity No custom code or scripts are needed All architecture can be designed with Sybases PowerDesigner modeling tool 3.1.1.2 Disadvantages All data is applied to IQ in OLTP, single-row format Performance is slow: 1 100 rows per second 3.1.2 Replication with Staging In this scenario, data is captured from the source database transaction log and moved to a staging database (ASE or ASA) as quickly as possible. Data is queued for delayed movement into Sybase IQ:

Continuous Capture of Changed Data

Continuous Movement into Staging

Scheduled Uploads to IQ

ASA
Replication Agent Replication Server Staging Server (ASE/ASA) Sybase IQ

ASE

IQ

Data is continuously replicated into the staging database via custom function strings so that all inserts, updates and deletes are captured. The before and after image of each data row is maintained so that the following can be accomplished in IQ: Insert/Update: an attempt is made to delete the row should it exist, and the new data is copied in Delete: the original data in IQ is simply deleted

At scheduled intervals, the data is moved into IQ via the bulk loader: (Insert/Update/Delete): the primary key of the before image will be copied using INSERTLOCATION into a work table in IQ, and then a delete performed by joining the work table with the permanent table on the primary key (Insert/Update): the after image will be copied into the IQ permanent table using INSERTLOCATION from the staging database Once the data changes have been fully applied from the staging database to Sybase IQ, the data in the staging database is cleaned out. 3.1.2.1 Advantages Operates with better performance than direct replication All architecture can be designed with PowerDesigner You have full control over what data (tables, columns, rows) is moved into IQ You can utilize Replication server function strings to perform data cleansing and transformations 3.1.2.2 Disadvantages This scenario requires a staging database: ASA or ASE You must custom code three function strings for each table being replicated You must custom write data movement logic from the staging area to IQ, and create scripts to pause Replication Server so that loading of the current batch can complete, and the staging area can be cleaned up 3.1.3 Replication Server Real-Time Loading Option Replication Server 15.5 has a new licensing option called REP_RTL_IQ for Real-Time Loading into Sybase IQ. You can replicate from Sybase ASE (15.0.3 or 15.5 and later) to Sybase IQ (12.7 ESD #3 and later) with better performance than normal continuous replication mode. This works in a similar manner to Replication with Staging, but without requiring a separate staging database and user-defined scripting. With RTL, the schemas for the source ASE database and the target IQ database must be the same, since data transformation is not supported. Real-time loading performs these steps during replication: Compilation: rearranges replicate data by grouping it by table and operation (insert, update and delete), and then compiles the changes into bulk operations to be performed in the next step Bulk apply applies the net result of compilation to IQ using IQ bulk loading commands. Replication Server uses an in-memory database to store the changes to apply to IQ. You can control the amount of data that is grouped together for bulk apply by adjusting the group size:

Continuous Capture of Changed Data

In memory database

Grouped bulk loads

ASE
Sybase ASE Replication Agent Replication Server 15.5

IQ
Sybase IQ

3.1.3.1 Advantages You have full control over what data (server-level, database-level, table-level) is moved into IQ Reduced number of external components (no staging database) Reduced latency without the overhead of either the staging solution, or the row-based performance of the direct replication solution Simpler maintenance and manageability the configuration is straightforward compared to the staging solution, and does not require function string mapping, replication suspend and resume, and data population from staging area to Sybase IQ. 3.1.3.2 Disadvantages The only source database platform that is supported is Sybase ASE Data transformation is not supported, and the source and target schemas must be equivalent 4. ETL EXTRACT, TRANSFORM AND LOAD ETL products have their place in loading Sybase IQ, when data must be transformed or cleansed before insertion. Sybase IQ works with a variety of commercial products (Informatica, IBM Ab Initio, IBM DataStage, Talend, SyncSort ,and others), and Sybase has its own ETL product. Sybase ETL is tuned for Sybase IQ by utilizing its special bulk loading methods. 4.1 Sybase ETL Sybase ETL 4.9 lets you extract data from multiple heterogeneous data sources, apply data transformations, and load the resulting data into one or more targets. One of the supported database targets is Sybase IQ. Sybase ETL includes two major components: Sybase ETL Development: a graphical tool for designing data transformation projects. This tool also provides a debugging environment. You design a project by placing data source, data transformation and data destination components on a canvas and linking them together. Sybase ETL Server is a distributed grid engine, which executes the ETL projects designed using the Sybase ETL Development tool. There is also an ETL Scheduler to create and execute scheduled jobs and a Runtime Manager to monitor job execution and performance. Sybase ETL can extract data from files, databases, and Sybase Replication (for incremental updates), transform it and load it into Sybase IQ:

ETL
Flat Files ETL Server Relational Source Databases
Oracle, IBM DB2, Sybase, ODBC, OLE DB Transaction log changes Metadata Repository Replication

IQ
IQ Server

IQ
IQ Database

Sybase, Oracle Databases only

Replication Agent

Replication Server
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4.1.1 ETL Data Sources This table lists all the data sources that ETL can extract data from: Data Source Database Full Load Database Index Load Text Data Provider XML via SQL CDC (Change Data Capture) from Sybase Replication Server Description Extracts all data from selected database tables SybaseIQLoading Page: 13 Version: 1, May 8, 2010 using a user definable SQL query. Incrementally extracts new source data from selected tables. New source data is detected based on a table column containing an ascending index value. Extracts records from fixed-length or delimited text files. Each record corresponds to a row to be created in a database table. Reads hierarchical XML data via HTTP, FTP, URL or file name. Receives data changes from Sybase Replication Server. Also automates the process of configuring Sybase Replication Server replication definitions, connections and subscriptions. SUPPORTS ASE AND ORACLE AS THE ONLY SOURCE DATABASE PLATFORMS Stages replicated data in either Sybase IQ temporary tables (for large amounts of replicated data), or in memory. Optionally performs an initial load prior to performing incremental loads. 4.1.2 ETL Sybase IQ Data Target This table lists all the data destination components that work with Sybase IQ. Data Destination DB Bulk Load Sybase IQ Description Performs a bulk load, delete or upsert (replace existing records and insert new records) from a data file or a named pipe. Supports client-side loading from a file for IQ 15.0 and above. DB Data Sink Delete DB Data Sink Insert DB Data Sink Update Removes rows from a table. Can be configured to do a batch delete for better performance. Inserts records into a table. Can be configured to batch up the inserts and do a LOAD TABLE bulk load. Updates records in a table. Can be configured to group the updates and do a batch update (involves merging unchanged and updated values, a batch delete and insert). 4.1.3 ETL Sybase IQ Loader Components Sometimes, you want to load data from a source database with the same schema as your Sybase IQ target database without any transformation. In this case, Sybase ETL provides two Loader components to streamline the load into Sybase IQ: Loader IQ Loader File Description Use this component to load or upsert (replace existing and insert new) data from a file into a target IQ database using the LOAD TABLE statement. This component supports client-side loading as well as server-side loading. IQ Loader DB Use this component to load or upsert (replace existing and insert new) data from a source database into a target IQ database using the INSERT LOCATION statement. Works with Sybase databases only, but can load from heterogeneous sources through Sybase ECDA.

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4.1.4 Advantages Includes a wide variety of transformation components (supports JavaScript for user defined transformations) It is tuned to perform well with Sybase IQ by invoking its bulk loading methods It is integrated with Replication Server to replicate continuous real-time updates from a source Sybase or Oracle database to Sybase IQ Supports client-side loading of flat files into Sybase IQ 15.0 and above, so flat files dont need to be transferred via FTP to the Sybase IQ server machine. (Note that client side loading is not supported for named pipes.) Sybase ETL supports multiple writers to separate tables for parallel loading into Sybase IQ. It can be configured to utilize multiple writer nodes in a Sybase IQ Multiplex. 4.1.5 Disadvantages ETL does not support LOB data processing or transfer. Replication Server can pass replicate data to Sybase ETL from Sybase and Oracle databases only.

5. STREAM LOADING METHODS 5.1 RAP/CEP Sybase RAP is an analytics platform for capital markets:
Sybase CEP Studio

Sybase CEP Engine

Message Bus Output Adapters Input Adapters Internal Systems Application Transactions Market Data Feeds Operational Applications Spreadsheets/ Visualization Reporting

SYBASE RAP
Risk Managers Subscriber

RAPCache

Publisher
Subscriber

Quantitative Analysts

RAPStore

It consolidates market data from vendor feeds, historical time series data, real-time trades and quotes, and reference data to an in-memory cache database (RAPCache) and a historical data store (RAPStore). RAPCache is an Adaptive Server Enterprise (ASE) database; RAPStore is a Sybase IQ database. Sybase CEP (Complex Event Processing) is an event processing engine that continuously executes queries against incoming data streams. Its input and output adapters convert external data into Sybase CEP streams and vice versa. Sybase CEP is integrated with Sybase RAP to enable the storage of market, trade, pre-analytics and other data in real time.

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Feed handlers direct inbound market data into the RAP environment. They manage connectivity and message transformation directly from exchanges, like the NYSE, or consolidated service providers, like Reuters. RAP provides two sample feed handlers: the FAST feed handler and the demo feed handler. All other feed handlers are currently third party. Developers create custom feed handlers using an API and other development tools. Consumersautomated trading applications and various user communities with analytic needscan direct queries requiring real-time data to RAPCache, and queries requiring historical or aggregated data to RAPStore. These databases can be accessed from Java applications (JDBC), direct querying (ISQL), C++ applications (ODBC, CT-Library) and .Net applications (ADO.Net). 5.1.1 Advantages Very fast with proven load and query benchmarks Flexible - the customer can pick and choose components of the architecture based on business needs Very quick development lifecycle to build feed handlers Includes a wide array of time-series, statistical and OLAP functions for sophisticated analytics 5.1.2 Disadvantages Must custom write inbound data feed handlers Does not work directly with database sources or files expects data streams

6. ROW-BASED INSERTVALUES INSERTVALUES can be used to insert individual rows. A commit should be performed at the end of the sequence of inserts to end the transaction. 6.1 Advantages Simple, familiar SQL

6.2 Disadvantages INSERTVALUES is a row-based operation in Sybase IQ, and is slow, because the IQ load process has been geared towards large, bulk loads not single-row or small batches.

7. SUMMARY This document has covered the various load methods available to you with Sybase IQ. The methods vary by data source type files (including named pipes) and databases and by functionality and performance. Based on your particular needs, you should be able to find a method that works well for you.

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