Propagation Models & Scenarios: Hybrid Urban Indoor

2007 by AWE Communications GmbH

www.awe-communications.com

Contents
Overview: Propagation Scenarios Scenario: Rural and Suburban
Pixel Databases (Topography and Clutter)

Scenario: Urban
Vector databases (Buildings) and pixel databases (Topography)

Scenario: Indoor
Vector databases (Walls, Buildings)

Combined Network Planning Hybrid Rural Urban Indoor Scenarios

Pixel and Vector Databases

Aug 2007

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Propagation Models
Propagation Scenarios (1/2) Different types of cells in a cellular network
Macrocells Cell radius > 2 km Coverage Microcells Cell radius < 2 km Capacity (hot spots) Picocells Cell radius < 500 m Capacity (hot spots)

Aug 2007

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Propagation Models
Propagation Scenarios (2/2)

Macrocell

Microcell Vector data Raster data 2.5D building (vector) Topography (pixel) Knife Edge Diffraction COST 231 WI Ray Tracing Dominant Path r < 2000 m r > 200 m

Picocell

Database type

Raster data Topography Clutter Hata-Okumura Two Ray Knife Edge Diffraction Dominant Path r < 30 km r > 2 km

Vector data 3D building 3D indoor objects Motley Keenan COST 231 MW Ray Tracing Dominant Path r < 200 m

Database

Path Loss Prediction Models

Radius

Aug 2007

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Propagation Models
Propagation Models
Different types of cells require different propagation models Different databases for each propagation model Rural, urban, and indoor projects with different options Empirical and deterministic propagation models available CNP used to combine different propagation environments

Types of databases
Pixel databases (raster data) Topography, DEM (Digital Elevation Model) Clutter (land usage) Vector databases Urban Building databases (2.5D databases Urban 3D databases (arbitrary roofs) Indoor 3D databases
Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 5

polygonal cylinders)

Combined Scenarios (Urban

Indoor)
indoor

Combined Network Planning (CNP): urban Problem (Motivation)

Penetration into buildings with complex structure inside Transmitter located inside buildings (micro BTS, Repeater, WLAN, ) interfering with outdoor network

Modeling whole scenario in indoor mode? Computational demand too high for large scenarios!
Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 6

Combined Scenarios (Urban

Indoor)
indoor

Combined Network Planning (CNP): urban Problem (Motivation)

Indoor penetration If transmitter located outdoor it should consider indoor walls but two environments involved (urban & indoor) which propagation environment should be used?

Radiation from indoor transmitters and interference with outdoor environment If transmitter located indoor (e.g. repeater) the interference with the outdoor environment of interest but two environments involved (urban & indoor) which propagation environment should be used?
Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 7

Combined Scenarios (Urban

CNP Prediction: urban

Indoor)

indoor
Combination of urban and indoor prediction Dynamic resolution of results: Indoor higher resolution than urban Automatic adaptation of parameter settings (path loss exponents, interaction losses,..) if a transition between urban and indoor environment occurs Multiple transition from indoor outdoor indoor are possible to include e.g. the indoor penetration into different buildings from an indoor transmitter

3D Mode Only needed if horizontal objects are located between prediction plane and transmitter plane Multiple prediction layers analyzed Path finding over multiple floors Highly accurate
Aug 2007

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Combined Scenarios (Urban

CNP Database: urban

Indoor)

indoor

Shape around indoor database (polygonal cylinder). Indoor database (with indoor walls and objects) is imported into urban building database. Shape of indoor database represents the building when using the urban propagation model. Rays are handled by using the Angular Power Delay Profile (APDP) for the transition between the models (includes field strength, delay time, angles of incidence). Allows the prediction of delay spread and impulse response

Aug 2007

by AWE Communications GmbH

Combined Scenarios (Urban

CNP Database: urban
Urban database (polygonal cylinders) of the surrounding environment can be saved in indoor data format (i.e. as polygonal planar objects) as CNP database Indoor databases (with walls inside buildings) can be imported into the CNP database to substitute selected shapes of buildings by their indoor structure The resulting database is saved as indoor database and the project is also handled as indoor propagation project (incl. the (urban) shape of the neighboring buildings)
Aug 2007

Indoor)

indoor

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Combined Scenarios (Urban

CNP Prediction: urban

Indoor)

indoor

Rays in one environment reaching the shape of the indoor database are stored and later traced in the other environment with the corresponding propagation model Multiple transition from indoor outdoor indoor are possible to include e.g. the indoor penetration into different buildings from an indoor transmitter Transition COST 231 WI Transition IRT Urban Transition IRT Indoor Handled in urban project If indoor walls at a building are detected the indoor coverage is computed with consideration of the indoor walls. If transmitter is located inside building and if indoor walls of this building are available the CNP module is automatically activated.
Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 11

COST 231 MW is possible Indoor Dominant Paths is possible

Transition Urban Dominant Paths

COST Indoor is possible IRT Urban is possible

Combined Scenarios (Urban

Indoor)

Propagation Models: Dominant Path Model Determination of Paths 0

4
C D B A d a E F M H I K L O N P X Y c Z V
W

Analysis of types of walls in scenario

0

Generation of tree with walls Searching best path through walls Computation of path loss
Transmitter

1 9

S
8 0 7

5 0

U R

Q T S

1
A B C D H I J K L

Layer 1

2
B

2
A

3
D F E

3
C F E

............

Layer 2

1 4 5 1 4 5

C D H I J K L

............
12

Layer 3

3 3 5 6 7 8 9

............

Aug 2007

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Combined Scenarios (Urban

Indoor)

Propagation Models: Dominant Path Model Computation of field strength/path loss

Path length d Path loss exponent p individual interaction losses f(,i) for each interaction i of all n interactions Penetration loss tj for all m transmissions through walls Gain due to waveguiding wk at c pixels along the path Gain gt of base station antenna Power pt of transmitter
m d n dBV 1 c 10 p log f (, i) t j + wk + gt + pt e = 104.77 m i =0 m c k =0 j =0
Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 13

Combined Scenarios (Urban

Indoor)

Propagation Models: Dominant Path Model Parameters for prediction (1/3)

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Combined Scenarios (Urban

Indoor)

Propagation Models: Dominant Path Model Parameters for prediction (2/3)

Large areas enable Adaptive Resolution Management (resolution of result must be fine because of indoor structures, but for outdoor areas larger resolution is sufficient) CNP propagation does not consider breakpoint Definition of different path loss exponents for LOS (line of sight) OLOS (obstructed line of sight => no transmission through a wall) NLOS (non line of sight => at least one transmission through a wall) 2D and 3D mode 2D only if transmitter and receiver are in the same floor 3D must be used for all hybrid scenarios (TX on neighboring building) and if multi floor buildings are analyzed Vertical distance between prediction layers must be defined Prediction at all layers + TX layer
Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 15

Combined Scenarios (Urban

Indoor)

Propagation Models: Dominant Path Model Parameters for prediction (3/3)

Interaction losses (at points where the path changes its orientation) can be defined depending on the number of interaction in the propagation path (e.g. higher losses could be assigned to the first interactions) Interaction losses can be defined individually for vertical and horizontal interactions (e.g. to distinguish between rooftop and corner diffraction) Interaction losses are defined independent of material properties of buildings (calibration is more convenient) Interaction losses can be weighted with angle in propagation path (0 leads to no loss and 90 to medium loss and 180 to max. loss) Interaction losses can be defined individually for indoor walls and for urban building shapes Individual reflection loss assigned to walls influences waveguiding effect
Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 16

Combined Scenarios (Urban

Indoor)

Propagation Models: Preprocessing with WallMan

Single preprocessing of building database required once for each database Preprocessed Database Files (oib, ocb opb)

Project File Preprocessing (*.pre)

Preprocessing (Computation)

Original Binary Database file (*.odb)

Materials (electrical properties) can still be modified after preprocessing. Re-assignment of materials to objects is not possible after preprocessing.
Aug 2007

Database Extensions: *.odb Outdoor Data Binary *.ocb Outdoor COST Binary *.oib Outdoor IRT Binary *.opb Outdoor Dom. Path Binary
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Combined Scenarios (Urban

Example: Urban Indoor

Indoor)

Indoor Coverage Outdoor Transmitter (1500 MHz)

Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 18

Combined Scenarios (Urban

Example: Urban

Indoor)

Indoor: UMTS Base Station on Neighbor Building

Antenna (2.1 GHz, 40 dBm) located on top of building Prediction in neighbor building on 4 layers inside the building

Aug 2007

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Combined Scenarios (Urban

Example: Urban

Indoor)

Indoor: GSM Base Station on Top of Building

f = 948 MHz Omnidirectional antenna

Aug 2007

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Combined Scenarios (Urban

Example: Urban

Indoor)

Indoor: GSM coverage in multi floor office building

Antenna (948 MHz) located in dense urban area Prediction inside building on 7 layers

Aug 2007

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21

Combined Scenarios (Urban

Example: Indoor Urban

Indoor)

Outdoor Coverage, Indoor Transmitter (948 MHz)

Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 22

Combined Scenarios (Urban

Example: Indoor

Indoor)

Urban: WLAN Access Point (Inside Building)

f = 2400 MHz Omnidirectional antenna

Aug 2007

by AWE Communications GmbH

23

Combined Scenarios (Urban

Example: Indoor

Indoor)

Urban: WLAN Access Point (Inside Building)

Antenna (2.4 GHz) located inside multi floor building Prediction on 4 layers inside building

Aug 2007

by AWE Communications GmbH

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Combined Scenarios (Urban

Example: Indoor Urban

Indoor)

Omnidirectional GSM antenna in the highest floor of an office building, Computed with the Dominant Path Model in CNP mode
Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 25

Combined Scenarios (Urban

Example: Indoor Urban

Indoor)

Omnidirectional GSM antenna in the highest floor of an office building, Computed with the Dominant Path Model in CNP mode
Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 26

Combined Scenarios (Rural

Urban

Indoor)

Example Rural (Topo) / Urban (Buildings) / Indoor (Walls)

Omnidirectional antenna on a hill in the Hong Kong area

Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 27

Combined Scenarios (Rural

Urban

Indoor)

Example Rural (Topo) / Urban (Buildings) / Indoor (Walls)

Coverage inside a building (multiple floors) due to an omnidirectional antenna on a hill in the Hong Kong area
Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 28

Combined Scenarios (Urban

Evaluation with Measurements
Investigated Scenario:
I.

Indoor)

Campus of University of Stuttgart, Germany

Aug 2007

by AWE Communications GmbH

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Combined Scenarios: Evaluation

Scenario I: Campus of University of Stuttgart, Germany

Penetration Scenario!

Scenario Information Material Total number of objects Number of walls Resolution Transmitter height concrete and glass 1893 1004 1.0 m 40.0 m 17.0 m 30

3D view of database
Aug 2007

Prediction height

by AWE Communications GmbH

Combined Scenarios: Evaluation

Scenario I: Campus of University of Stuttgart, Germany
For the predictions in this scenario, the 3D mode was used.

Prediction with 3D Indoor Dominant Path Model for transmitter 3

Aug 2007

Prediction with 3D Indoor Dominant Path Model for transmitter 4

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Combined Scenarios: Evaluation

Scenario I: Campus of University of Stuttgart, Germany

Difference of prediction with IDP and measurement for transmitter 3

Site 3 4

Difference of prediction with IDP and measurement for transmitter 4

Statistical Results for Indoor Dominant Path

Mean Value [dB]

0.90 4.26

Std. Dev. [dB]

5.43 7.48

Comp. Time [s]

154 156

Remark: Standard PC with an AMD Athlon64 2800+ processor and 1024 MB of RAM
Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 32

Combined Scenarios: Summary

Summary: Features of WinProp Hybrid Urban
Highly accurate propagation models
Empirical: Multi Wall Deterministic (ray optical): 3D Ray Tracing, 3D Dominant Path Arbitrary number of transitions (from indoor to urban and vice versa) within one path Optionally calibration of 3D Dominant Path Model with measurements possible

Indoor Module

Building data
Models are based on 3D vector (CAD) data (indoor) and 2.5D vector building data (urban) Consideration of material properties (also subdivisions like windows or doors)

Antenna patterns
Either 2x2D patterns or 3D patterns

Outputs
Predictions on multiple heights simultaneously Signal level (path loss, power, field strength) Delays (delay window, delay spread,) Channel impulse response Angular profile (direction of arrival)
Aug 2007 by AWE Communications GmbH 33

AWE Communications
Otto-Lilienthal-Str. 36 D-71034 Boeblingen Germany Phone: +49 7031 71497 - 19 Fax: +49 7031 71497 12

mail@AWE-Communications.com

Aug 2007

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by AWE Communications GmbH

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