Properties of MagnetoHydrodynamic Waves in the Solar Photosphere with Hinode

D. Fujimura (NAOJ, Tokyo University) S. Tsuneta (NAOJ) Hinode Team

2009/10/06 US - Japan reconnection workshop

Unresolved issues in solar physics

- Solar wind acceleration - Coronal heating The energy source of these two phenomena has not been identified yet.

Alfvn waves as candidate of the energy source (Suzuki and Inutsuka, 2005)

- Solar wind is accelerated to 800 km/s and the corona is heated to 106 K caused by the footpoint fluctuation of magnetic field at the photosphere. - The outgoing Alfvn waves may generate slow shock and dissipate, but no observational evidence has been reported.

Transverse waves detected with Hinode

108

217 Ca II movie, Okamoto et al. (2007)

Transverse oscillations are detected in prominences (Okamoto et al., 2007) and in spicules (De Pontieu et al., 2007) but these studies could not rule out the possibility that the observed fluctuations are standing waves.

Fine magnetic structures observed with Solar Optical Telescope aboard Hinode
(1) Pores around sunspot (2) Inter-Granular Magnetic Structure (IMS)

108

54

108

54

Detection of MHD waves in the photosphere

- High spatial resolution of SOT/SP (~0.32) allows us to detect the fluctuations in small-scale flux tubes such as pores and inter-granular magnetic structures. - Stable observations from space allow us to detect clear fluctuations in the intensity , as well as in the magnetic field and in the velocity. We obtained the phase relations between the fluctuations in the magnetic field, in the velocity, and in the intensity, and determined the mode of the MHD waves in the flux tubes.

Detection of transverse MHD waves at the limb

Rough estimation (substituting the observed values) B0=2 KG, VA=20 km/s, v=0.1 km/s B=10 G Detection limit of Hinode/SOT Line-of-sight (LOS) :1-5 G Perpendicular to LOS:30 - 50 G We intentionally choose target region far away from disk center, to detect transverse fluctuations in the LOS magnetic field, in the LOS velocity, and in the intensity.

Stokes Profiles and Dataset

Our target: (1) pore (2) Inter-granular Magnetic Structure (IMS) Region: 25 - 49 west away from disk center Time resolution: 67 s we can detect waves with period of 134 s (Nyquist criticia) Duration: 1 hour or 3 hours

Time profiles

Power spectrum

- We detect 20 clear strong peaks in the magnetic flux, in the velocity, and in the intensity with common periods. - There are 8 cases for pores and 12 cases for IMSs. We found common strong peaks in 14 flux tubes out of 29 (48%).

Phase relation and period

mode of MHD waves and intensity fluctuation

kink mode is dominant

sausage mode is dominant

Phase relation of propagating kink waves

- Phase difference between the fluctuations in the magnetic field and the velocity -v should have been 0 or 180, depending on the direction of wave propagation. - The propagating kink waves could not explain the observed phase difference B v ~ - 90.

Phase relation of standing kink wave

-When ascending and descending kink wave reflected at a boundary coexist in the line formation layer, The superposed wave has a property of a standing wave. -phase difference B v is 90 or -90 , which is consistent with our observation.

Standing kink wave

Phase difference between the fluctuations in the magnetic field and the velocity B v is 90 (a,c) or -90 (b,d).

Residual upward Poyning flux of kink wave

- We can estimate the residual (upward downward) Poyning flux with observables. The residual Poynting flux is proportional to cos(B v),

- In one case with low intensity fluctuation (dI/I=0.3%), we substitute the observables (f=0.73, B0=1.7x103 (G), Bs,rms 21(G), vs,rms=0.059(km/s),Bv=96) into the equation, and obtain F=2.7x106 (erg/s/cm2) for the residual upward Poynting Flux. - The coronal energy losses required in the active region is about 106-107 erg cm-2 s-1 (Withbroe and Noyes, 1977)

Phase relation for the sausage mode

Phase difference between the magnetic field and density (in-phase with intensity) is 0 for fast sausage mode and 180 for slow sausage mode, which is consistent with our observation IB~180.

Phase difference B v: 180 (left), 0(right)

Phase difference B v: 90 or 90

Slow sausage standing wave

Phase difference between the fluctuations in the magnetic field and the velocity B vis 90 (a,c) or -90 (b,d), which is consistent with our observation.

Phase relation and type of MHD waves

B v
Observation propagatingkink wave standing kink wave propagating slow sausage wave standing slow sausage wave -90 0 or 180 90 or -90 0 or 180 90 or -90 Not consistent Consistent Not consistent Consistent

Although the two types of waves may coexist in a flux tube, we separate these two for the following discussion.

Seismology of photospheric flux tubes

Observables - magnetic field amplitude (B) - velocity amplitude (v) - vertical magnetic field (Bi) - fluctuation period (P)

Calculated physical parameters - mass density inside (i) and outside (e) a flux tube - plasma beta () - Alfvn velocity (VA) - wavelength (L) - distance between a boundary and a line formation height (d)

Phase difference B v: 90 (a) 90 (b)

Plasma density of flux tubes with kink waves

The dispersion relation for kink mode is (e.g. Edwin & Roberts, 1983) Giving transverse component for the magnetic field and assuming Be=0, we obtain the relation between the amplitude in the magnetic field and the velocity.

Since flux tubes with kink waves are in pressure equilibrium, we have Thus we can estimate internal and external plasma densities (i and e) substituting the observables (B, v, Bi).

Plasma density of flux tubes with slow sausage waves

We consider only the components longitudinal to the magnetic field. The equation of energy conservation is,

Taking the derivative of the equation, we obtain the relation between the amplitude between the magnetic field and the velocity. The phase speed for the sausage mode is (e.g. Edwin & Roberts, 1983) We can estimate the mass density inside the flux tube (i) substituting the observables (B, v, Bi)

Other physical parameters

The plasma beta and the Alfvn velocity are derived substituting i, Substituting the Alfvn velocity, we can estimate the phase speed for both the kink wave and the sausage wave, We can also obtain the wavelength (L) and the distance between the boundary and the line formation layer (d).

Result of the photospheric seismology

- The detection of clear strong fluctuations allows us to estimate the physical parameters (especially i, , VA) from the observables (v, B, B0). - Magnetic field can be measured by inversion of the Stokes profiles, but the plasma density has not been measured yet. - This estimation can be the gate to photospheric seismology.

i e vA d

6.3x10-8 g cm-3 2.4x10-7 g cm-3 0.22 21 km s-1 4.9x103 km

Conclusion (1)
- Performing spectro-polarimetric observation of the flux tubes in the photosphere, we detect clear strong fluctuations in the magnetic flux, in the velocity, and in the intensity with common periods in both pores and the IMSs.
Peaks Amplitude Fluctuation Period Phase difference Pore8(all flux tubes)IMS12 (1/3 of flux tubes) 4-17 G (0.3-1.2%) 0.03-0.12 km/s Pore36 minIMS49 min -90 (Bv) -90 (v- I) 180 (I - B)10 (I(core) -I(cont)) Intensity Fluctuation 0.11.0%

Conclusion (2)
B v
Observation propagatingkink wave standing kink wave propagating slow sausage wave standing slow sausage wave -90 0 or 180 90 or -90 0 or 180 90 or -90 Not consistent Consistent Not consistent Consistent

- The residual upward Poyning flux is estimated to be 2.7x106 (erg/s/cm2) for a case of kink mode, enough to heat the corona and accelerate the solar wind. - Seismology of the magnetic flux tubes in the photosphere is possible to obtain various physical parameters from the amplitudes in the magnetic field and the velocity, and the vertical magnetic field strength, and so on.

Thank you!

Backup slides

Opacity effect
- Opacity effect is caused by the opacity fluctuation due to the temperature and/or density perturbation. - Magnetic field fluctuation without MHD waves take place because of the magnetic field gradient. - The phase difference between the magnetic field and the intensity would not be consistent with that from our observation (IB~180), if we assume (1)dB/dz is negative towards the observer. (2)The magnetic field is fixed. (i.e. it does not move upward nor downward)

dB/dz<0 dT/dz<0 dI0/dz<0 (LTE)

Location of SP field-of-view

Method to select region for analysis

d- Diagram

We found a solution with d=4.9x103 km, which is consistent with the separation between the chromospheric/coronal boundary and the line formation layer.