DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MESRA: RANCHI. VIII SEM.B.E.

EE8101-UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL POWER tutorial sheet for MID Sem. 1.

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Why a dc series motor ideally suited for traction purpose? Explain the requirements for ideal traction and show which drive satisfies almost all the requirements. What are the various types of tractive efforts? Define specific energy consumption and discuss the factors on which it depends. Define the term Coefficient of Adhesion and explain the factors on which it depends. Why acceleration and retardation for mainline traction is limited, whereas for suburban services which is always high? How this acceleration can be made high for suburban and high speed traction services? Why power factor is an important factor in traction system? Describe the series and parallel operation of series and shunt motors with unequal wheel diameters. Discuss how loads are shared in each case? The average speed of a train is 50 kmph. Determine its maximum speed assuming trapezoidal speed time curve if the distance between stops is 2.5 km, acceleration 1.8 kmphps and retardation 3 kmphps. Ans : 58.4 kmph. A 250 tonnes motor coach train with four motors takes 20 sec to reach a speed of 60 kmph when moving up a gradient of 1 %. The gear ratio is 3 and gear efficiency 90%. Wheel diameter 91.5 cms train resistance 50 Newton per tonne and rotational inertia of the dead weight. Determine the torque developed by each motor. Ans : 11261 Nm. An electrical train weighing 400 tonnes moves up a gradient of 1 % with the following speed time curve. a. Acceleration of 1.5 kmphps for 25 secs. b. Constant speed of 40 secs. c. Coasting for 30 secs. d. Braking at 3 kmphps to rest. e. Determine the specific energy consumption if tractive resistance is 50N per tonne, rotational inertia 10%. Overall efficiency of the system 80%. Ans: 59.35 Wh/Ton-Km. A train has schedule speed of 60 km per hour between two stops which are 6 km apart. Determine the crest speed over the run, assuming trapezoidal speed-time curve. The train accelerates at 2 kmphps and retards at 3kmphps. Duration of stop is 60 sec. Vm = 81.2 Kmph

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A Train weight of 200 tonnes uses regenerative braking on a downgradient of 2% when the speed is changed from 60km/h to 20km/hr over a distance of 4kms. a. Determine the electrical energy and average power returned to the supply system. Assume tractive resistance of 40N/tones & rotational inertia of 10% and efficiency of energy conversion is 75%. b. If the regenerative braking is applied to maintain the speed at constant value of 60km/h, determine power feedback to the supply system. The distance between two stations is 1.6 Kms and the average speed of train is 40 Kmph. The acceleration, retardation during coasting and braking are 2 kmphps and 3.2 kmphps respectively. Assume quadrilateral approximation of speedtime curve, determine the duration of the acceleration coating and braking periods and distance covered during these periods. The distance between two stations is 1.92 kms. The schedule speed and the duration of stops respectively are 40 kmph and 20 sec. Assume quadrilateral approximation of the speed-time wire and the coasting and braking retardation as 0.16 kmphps and 3.2 kmphps respectively. Determine the acceleration if the speed at the end of the accelerating period is 60.8 kmphps. Also determine the duration of coasting period. acceleration= 2.12 kmphps, 110.63 sec. A 250 tonnes train with 10 % rotational inertia effect is started with uniform acceleration and attains a speed of 60 kmph in 30 secs. on a level track. Determine the specific energy consumption if the journey is to be made according to a simplified trapezoidal speed time curve, the acceleration is 2 kmphps, braking retardation 3 kmphps and distance between stations is 2.5 km, efficiency of motor 90%, track resistance 5kg/tonne. Ans:33.05 Whtton-km. A good train weighing 300 tonnes is to be hauled by a locomotive up a gradient of 2% with acceleration of 1.0 kmphps, coefficient of adhesion 20% track resistance 45 N/tonne and effective rotating masses 10% of dead weight. If axle load is not to exceed 20 tonnes, determine the weight of locomotive and number of axles. Ans : 6 Axeles. Compare a dc series motor with an a.c. series motor for traction purpose. Give energy diagram for plain and series parallel starting. Show that efficiency of plain starter is 50% whereas that of series parallel starter 66.67%. Find expression for efficiency of starter for series parallel and plain starter. Explain clearly regenerative braking when used for dc series traction motors. How does it differ from the regenerative braking as used for dc shunt motor?

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An electric train weighing 400 tonnes moves up a gradient of 1 % with an acceleration of 0.8 kmphps. Assume the coefficient of adhesion of 0.25. a. Determine the minimum adhesive weight of locomotive. Assume train resistance of 50N per tonne and allow 10% for the effect of rotational inertia. 76.2 Tonnes A local train uses motor and trailer coaches in the ratio of 1 : 2. The weight of each motor coach is 40tonnes and that of trailer coaches is 35tonnes. All the wheels in a motor coach are driving wheels. The train resistance is 30N/tone. Effective rotating mass is 10% of the dead weight. If the coefficient of adhesion is 0.2, calculatea. The maximum train acceleration on a level track. b. What will be the maximum acceleration if the motor and trailer coaches are used in the ratio of 1 : 1. Ans: =2.23km/h/s, =3.32km/h/s Describe briefly various method of speed control of single phase a.c. series and three phase induction motors. Describe with neat diagrams the construction, principle of operation and application of metadyne converter. How the power and speed balanced can be obtained by incorporating 'variator' winding and 'Regulator' winding in metadyne converter. Explain the requirements for ideal traction and show which drive satisfies almost all the requirements. Sketch the typical speed-time curve for (i) main line service (ii) suburban service with electric traction, and discuss the main features of the various train services. What type of train services correspond to trapezoidal and quadrilateral speed-time curves ? Derive the expression for (i) the tractive effort for propulsion of a train on level track (ii) the tractive effort for propulsion of a train up and down a gradient. Discuss the 'bridge' transition and shunt transition methods used during starting of traction motors. Compare their performance and state their application. Describe the (i) shunt connection and (ii) separate exciter method of regenerative braking used for dc series motors. Differentiate between crest speed and schedule speed. Differentiate between DC and AC traction. Give some example in Indian prospect. Explain the operation of dc-dc converter based dc traction in motoring as well as different electric braking. What are the different modes of speed control of dc traction motor for high speed locomotive? Explain briefly. Draw and explain the block diagram of dc and ac traction system in Indian railways. Explain the operation of ac-dc controlled converter based dc traction motor.

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What are the advantages of two stage controlled converter fed dc locomotive. Explain the speed control of diesel-electric locomotive Explain the operation of VSI based three phase locomotive. Explain the different mode of speed control of three phase locomotive in high speed train services. With circuit diagram explain the operation of composite braking in three phase ac locomotive. Discuss advantages of electrically produced heat, state the properties of a heating element that you will look for. What are the different methods of electric heating? Describe briefly the methods of direct and indirect resistance heating. List the application of these two methods. Discuss various methods of controlling temperature in resistance ovens. What are the factors which limit the choice of frequency in induction and dielectric heating? Explain the principle of higher frequency induction heating. What are the factors affecting depth of penetration of heat. Give application of this form of heating. What are the various sources of generating high frequency energy for induction heating? What is a dielectric heating? How is it different from induction heating? On which factors dielectric losses in a dielectric material depend? The power required for dielectric heating of a slab of resin 150 sqcm in area and 2 cm thick is 200 W at frequency of 300 MHz. The material has relative permittivity of 5 and a pf 0.05. Determine the voltage necessary and current flowing through the material. If the voltage is limited to 600V, what will be value of the frequency to obtain the same heating. Ans: 800V, 5A, 53.3 MHz. Estimate the rating of an induction furnace to melt two tonnes of zinc in one hour if it is operates at an efficiency of 70%. Specific heat of zinc = 0.1. Latent heat of fusion of zinc = 26.67 Kcal per kg. Melting point is 455 C. Assume initial temperature to be 250 C. A 4.5 KW 200 V 1-phase resistance oven is to have nichrome wire heating elements. If the wire temp. is to be 1000 C and that of the charge 500 c, estimate the diameter and length of the wire. The resistivity of nichrome alloy is 42.5 micro ohm-cm. Assume the radiating efficiency and the emissivity of the element as 1.0 and 0.9 respectively. Ans. d = 0.9 mm, l = 13.5 m.

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Explain with neat sketches, the construction, principle of operation and Application of Ajax Wyatt furnace. What is the different way the arc developed in an arc furnace? Differentiate between direct and indirect arc furnaces. Differentiate between heating and welding. Explain the operation of different resistance welding. What are the factors which improves the property of final weld metal? Explain the operation of different arc welding techniques. Explain the operation of Ultrasonic welding, laser beam and electron beam welding. What are the requirements for DC and AC welding? Draw the circuit diagram. Explain various theories propounded for light radiations. Define the term: solid angle, luminous flux, lumens, candle power, luminous intensity, uniform diffuse source, illuminations, luminous efficiency or efficacy, luminance or brightness, glare, MSCP, MHCP. Derive relation among E,L and I for a uniform diffuse source. What are polar curves? Explain Rousseau Diagram and its importance in illumination engineering. Discuss laws of illumination and its limitation in actual practices. A 220 tonne motor coach having four motors, each developing a torque of 7500N.m during acceleration, starts from rest. If the up-gradient is 2.5%, gear ratio is given by 3.2, gear transmission efficiency is 90 %, wheel diameter is 92 cm, train registance is 45 N/tones, assume 8% rotational inertia. Estimate the current taken by each motor during acceleration period, if the supply voltage is 3000V and motor efficiency is 87%. A goods locomotive with a mass of 5000tonnes is to be hauled down a gradient of 2% at a maximum speed of 30 km/hr and started on a level track at an acceleration of 0.29 km/hr/s.Train resistance during stating=29.4 N/tones and train resistance at speed of 30 km/hr=49 N/tones; Coefficient of adhesion=0.3; rotational inertia is assumed as 10% . How many locomotives each weighing 75 tonnes, will have to be employed? A light source having an intensity of 200 C.P in all directions is fitted with a reflector so that it directs 85 % of its light along a beam having a divergence of 200. Calculate:i) the total light flux emitted along the beam ii) The average illumination produced on a surface normal to the beam direction at a distance of 5 metres.

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