PB

181468

Price

$1.25

MECHANICAL HIGH-MANGANESE STEEL

PROPERTIES SEMIKILLED PLATE

OF

ssc-144

BY R. W. VANDER.BECK

SHIP

STRUCTURE

COMMITTEE

For

sale

by

the

U.

S.

Department

of

Commerce, 25, D. C.

Office

of

Technical

Services,

Washington

Serial

No. SSC-144

Final Report of Project SR- 141 to the SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEE on MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH- MANGANESE SEMIKILLED STEEL PLATE

by R. W. Vanderbeck Applied Research Laboratory U. S. Steel Corporation

transmitted

through

Committee on Ship Steel Division of Engineering and Industrial Research National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council uncle r Department of the Navy Bureau of Ships Contract NObs- 84321 Index No. S-R 009 0301, Task 2004

U.S.

Department

Washington, D. C. of Commerce, Office of Technical Z January 1963

Services

ABSTRACT Test results taining rolled obtained on seven production and 1.00 to 1.3570 heats of semikiiledsteel manganese indicate conthat as-

O. 2070 maximum carbon plates of this composition Bureau of Shipping toughness

in thicknesses tensile

over 1 to 1- 1/2 in. would meet but might not have suffisubstitute for as-rolled ABS

the American cient Class notch

requirements a suitable The results

to be considered over 1 in.

C steel in thicknesses

of V-notch Charpy and droptransition temhigher

weight tests peratures than those interpretation with l-in. nesses steel

were not in complete

agreement,

and drop-weight specimens

obtained with full-plate-thickness obtained with specimens

were appreciably

of reduced

thickness.

The most favorable te sts

of notchtoughne specimens,

ss behavior was obtained using drop-weight and, on this basis, was the experimental as suitable that

thick

steel in thickas ABS Class B is

over 1 to 1-1/2

in. , inclusive, of 1 in.

about

in its maximum thickness the best test

It is

believed

further

testing

needed to determine ice performance experimental

and te sting techniques

for evaluating however,

the servthat this

of plates

over 1 in. thick. condition

It does appear,

steel

in the normalized

would be sufficiently Class

notch tough if war-

to allow its substitution ranted by economic

for either as-rolled

or normalized

C steel,

and other considerations.

.. . .

CONTENTS

J?zE
Introduction. Melting Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...* of Heats . . . . . . .....
. . .

1 2 2 5 6 7 9 13 13 18 18 21 24 24 24 24 27 29
30 31

and Processing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
q 

Conducted

. . . . . . . . . .....00DD.**oc-0

Discus sionof

Test Results

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
q q

Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tensile Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . v-Notch Charpy Impact Tests . . . . . Ferrite Grain Size ..;.... . . . . . . Drop-Weight Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . Explosion Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tests on Normalized Plate.. . . . . . Comparison of Transition Temwratures Underbead-Cracking Susceptibility . Interpretation of Test Results.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . ..* . . . . . .
q         

. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..tct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . .

s .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Tension Tests . . . . . . . . . . . V- Notch Charpy Tests . . . . . . Drop -Weight Tests . . . . . . . . Tests on Normalized Plate.. . Fracture Transition Temperatures .* . ...*. Underbead C-king Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments Reference Appendix s . . . ...* .
q  

. ...***.

. ...*...

d



31 33

c.

..00

-. *-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-

34

A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

36

.-. ....-

SR-

141

PROJECT ADVISORY COMMITTEE Steels for the COMMITTEE ON SHIP STEEL over 1 in.

Semiskilled

Chairman: M. W. Lightner Vice President, Research and Technology United States Steel Corporation Members: W. J. Harris, Jr. Battelle Memorial W. S. Pellini Superintendent, Naval Research Institute Division

Metallurgy Laboratory

Division

T. S. Washburn Manager, Quality Control Inland Steel Company

Department

T. T. Watson Assistant to General Manager Lukens Steel Company Liaison: G. W. Place

INTRODUCTION

In 1956, the guidance National

Harris

and Williams

1 issued

a report that was prepared

under

of the Committee Council

on Ship Steel

of the National Committee

Academy of Scienceson the Metallurgical In the of a

Research

for the Ship Structure

and Economic report,

Aspects

of Ship Steels

and their Relation .

to Ship Failures. . . _

it is recommended

that consideration hot-rolled,

be given to the development semiskilled plate steel

low-carbon,

high-manganese,

that could be (ABS)

used as an alternate Class steel C steel.

or as a substitute substitute

for American for ABS Class

Bureau of Shipping C steel, essential available

A semiskilled

which is a killed during a national in the United concluded from

used in thicknesses because

over 1 in. , is considered hot topping steel. capacity

emergency States

of the limited of killed

for the production

Harris

and Williams

their analysis

of the notch toughness

behavior

of plates

that failed fracture

in ship servif it had an 10 F. experi-

ice that the new steel average 15 ft-lb

would be virtually Charpy transition

free from brittle temperature

V-notch

not exceeding

During the period in which the above mental re suits were obtained sernikilled indicate heats containing

report was being prepared,

on plate product from two 25-ton relatively

basic-open-hearth 2 The results in plate

low C and high Mn content. propetties

that the desired

notch toughness containing It was also

could be obtained

over 1 in. to 1- 3/4 in. thick 1.00 to 1. 35Jo Mn content.

a maximum of about O. 207o C and about desired to maintain the tensile properties

specified

by ABS, and the above of these promising

composition re suits,

seemed

to meet this requirement. recommended semiskilled a alter-

On the basis

Harris

and Williams

program aimed at gaining native for ABS Class Accordingly, a number of production semiskilled variety d.

production

experience

with a proposed

C steel.

the Committee open-hearth

on Ship $tee 1 outlined heats of the low-carbon,

a program to produce high-manganese, and the plate

so that production

experience

could be obtained

product evaluate

The present

study describes

the test

results

obtained

on seven

300-ton

-2open-hearth heats of the proposed experimental semiskilled steel.

MELTING AND PROCESSING The seven heats of semiskilled District Works steel

OF HEATS

were melted and rolled to plate States Steel Corporation. of O. 2070

product at the Homestead All heats

of United

were melted to meet the general and 1.00

composition

requirements

maximum C

to 1. 35~0 Mn content. 0.16,

Heats A, B, and C were melted so that the optimum could be determined. of tensile proper-

to aim C contents C content Inasmuch ties

of O. 12,

and O. 2070, respectively, requirements

for meeting

the ABS tension-test

as Heat B exhibited

the most suitable four heats,

combination

of the three heats,

the remaining

D, E, F, and G, were melted

to an aim C content

of O. 16%. plates were rolled to thicknesses of 1 in. of 3/4, I- 1/4, and

The experimental 1-1/2 heats. in. on all seven

heats

and also to a thickness thicknesses,

on the first three plates ABS near

Major interest

was in the heavier comparison

but the 3/4-in.

were produced Class B steel.

so that a direct The plates heat,

could be made with 3/4-in. selected

were rolled

from one or more ingots of the test 1. steels samples

the middle of each position

and the location

with regard to

of the plate in the ingot is given in Table Product yield from ingot to plate for these

was considered B semiskilled

normal steel.

and not materially

different

from that obtained

on ABS Class

TESTS CONDUCTED The various cooperative organizations that conducted Steel tests on these steels in this

program were United States (ABS), Naval Research

Corporation

( US S), American New York Naval conducted by

Bureau of Shipping Shipyard

Laboratory (Wat. 2.

(NRL),

(NYNSY), and Watertown are outlined

Arsenal in Table

Ars. ).

The tests

the se organizations participant As indicated malized

The heats letter

that were tested

by each

are indicated in this table

by the appropriate and Table

designations

for the heats. on the norcondition.

1, some tests

were performed

product

in addition

to the tests

on the plates

in the as-rolled

-3TABLE 1 LOCATION OF PLATE SAMPLES TESTED Plate Thickness, in. 3/4 1 1-1/4
1-1/2

Heat A, B, C

I!2wL
R R s s s s T R R R R R R R R R R

Position of Slab in Ingot Middle Middle ToP Middle Middle Bottom Middle ToP ToP ToP Middle Middle Bottom Bottom ToP Middle Bottom

Plate

Cut

Te steal By Uss others Uss Uss Others Uss Others Uss Others Uss Uss Others Others tTSS Uss Uss Uss

TOP Bottom ~ ToP ToP Bottom::, Bottom Whole Slab:: ToP Middle: : Bottom ToP Bottom>:+< Top::x Bottom ToP ToP Bottom

D, E

3/4

1-1/4

1-1/2

F, G

3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2

No asterisk

- Tests on hot-rolled product. ~ - Tests on hot-rolled product from Heats A, B, C, and on normalized product from Heat A. ~~- Tests on hot-rolled and normalized product.

The crackPuzak and Babecki, scribed measured V-notch ated. The crack-

starter

drop-weight

test

has been adequately

described procedures

by de-

3 and any departure will be called

from the normalization to attention. initiation

in the reference

The transition temperature

temperature

( NDT) is meant to be a crack Charpy temperature)

(like the 15 ft-lb initi-

below which brittle

fracture

may be readily

starter

explosion

tests

developed

by Puzak and Pellini4 temperature

were

used in this instance

to determine

the fracture-arrest

above which

-4TABLE 2 HEATS TESTED AND TESTS CONDUCTED BY THE VARIOUS INVESTIGATORS

Investigating As-Rolled NRL G A,B, C Plate ABS A,B, C A, B, C

Type Test Chemical Tensile Ferrite V-Notch Analysis Properties Grain Size Charpy

Uss Athru

Laboratory _Norrn. Wat. Ars NYNSY .. .

Plate NYNSY

A thru G A thru G A thru G A thru G Athru E Athru E A thru E

A, B, C

A, D, E A, D, E

Drop-Weight Crack-Starter van der Veen Low-Blow UnderbeadCracking Explosion

A, I), E A, D, E ( 3/4)

A, D, E

A thru G

crack

propagation

would be unlikely transition

under elastic temperature defines

loading. for elastic

This temperature loading. temperature, below

is called

FTE, the fracture

The van der Veen te st5 also which is selected at that temperature Since

a fracture

transition

at which the depth of shear fracture

the notch is 32 mm. sition te rnperature is,

the net section selected appearance.

below the notch is 67 mm, the tranat a temperature c orre spending to ap-

in ef feet,

proximately

50% shear fracture V-notch

The low-blow ture transition

Charpy testG also

defines

a crack-arrest

or frac-

temperature. test7 was used to determine the amount of

The underbead-cracking cracking cellulose

that could occur in the heat-affected -c oated electrodes at various initial

zone of a we ldment made with plate temperatures. The percentweld-

age of cracking ments because

obsewed is usually

higher than that found in comm~rcial and the re suiting

of the low heat input employed

high cooling

-b-

TA13LE 3 ABS COMPOSITION

Plate Thickness, in, All
A

AND STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS Composition, per cent

J_ . . -0.23 max Specified Mn --Si --2__ TyPical Mn Si

ABs
Specification Before
1948

1948
Class

0.24
0.23

0.44 0.50 0.75 .0.95

0.75 0.75

--

to

1/2 1/2 to 1

1948

Class

Over

1956 Class E 1962 class ~

1948 1956 1962 Class Class Class C C C

Over 1/2 to 1 Over 1/2 to 1

Over Over Over 1 1 1 to 26

0.21 max 0.21 max

0.25 0.24 0.23 max max maxc

0.60-0.90 0.80 -I.10

0.80 -1,10A 0.60-0.90 0,60-0.90

---0.15 -o.30* 0.15-O.30*

0=19 0.17
0.18 0018

0022* 0022*

0.60-0.904

0.10-0.35

:Fine-grain Upper

practice exceeded providecl C +(Mn/6)is not greater than O.40.

Limit of Mn maybe

Where plates of over 1-3/8 in. thickness required that such plates be producedto thickness are to be produced to specially c Plates specified to be normalized

are used unimportant structural parts, it maybe Plates over 2 in. in special specifications. agreed upon specifications. a maximum carbon of O.Z4.

may have

Yield Point psi 1956 1962 32, 000 min -.

Tension-Test Requirements Tensile Strength, psi 58,000 58,000 to 71,000 71, 000

Elongation in 8 in. 70 21 min 21 min

~0

rate in the test of the cracked

specimens. area times

The percentage 100 arid divided

of cracking by the total

is equal to the length length of the weld bead.

DISCUSSION Throughout this report,

OF TEST RESULTS will be made to the steels and the properties steels reviewed produced

reference requirements,

to the 1956 ABS specification will be compared reference, in Table 1948, 3. with those

of the ABS steels here. For ready

of the experimental

therefore,

the ABS composition

and strength

requirements

are listed in

It will be noted that the composition The 1956 Class B steel,

requirements

were revised

1956 and in 1962.

which is limited

to thicknesses

-6TABLE 4 USS CHECK CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF PLATES AT THE QUARTER-WIDTH POSITION

Plate Thickness, in. 3/4 1 L1/4
1-1/2

Heat A

Mn

F --

0.12 0.10 0.16 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.21 0.2h o.21 0.19

0.12 0.13

1.25 1.30 1.29

1.22

s -0.034 -0. 02L

Total
Si Cu Ni .Cr --

Al _

0.0L6 .0.015 .. 0.015 .. 0.014 -0.016 -0.015 0.019 0.018 0.019 0.018 0.015 0.018 0.019 0.016 0.013 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.015 0.016

0.031 0.030 0.028 0.040 0.025 0.024 -0.026 0.026 0.030 0.027 0.030 0.034 0.032 0.034 0.050 0.024 0.028 0.020 0.028 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

-0.06 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 -O.oy -0.05 -------.---.. --

-0.005 -0.008 -0.003 -0.009 -+ 0.004 -0.010 --0.006 ---u 0.0011 --0.003 --0.003 .+

--

0.08 -0.08 -0.06 -0.03 -0.09 -0.09 .. ---. -----.. -----

0.03 -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 ----.--. -.. --.---

0.006 -0.004 -o.oo~ -w 0.003 -0.006

B 1

3/4

1.1/2
c

1-1/4

1.24 1.31 1.38 1.34 1.39 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.23 1.18 1.20 1.19 1.16 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.10 1.10 1.06

1.25 1.39 1.26

-0.030 -0.019 -0.040 .0.030 0.032 0.032 0.035 0.028 0.029 0.035 0.038 0.031 0.025 0.022 0.019 0.027 0.023 0.020

3/4 i-1/4 1.1/2

.0.005 --.. 0.005 ---0.005 --0.006 -.. 0.005 --

3/4TOP 0.18 3/1Bottom 0.19 I-l/& 0.20 0.15 L1/2

3/4 TOII 3/4 Bottom 1-1/4 1-1/2 3/4 1-1/4
1-1/2

0.15 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.21 0.19 0.16

~.

3/4 1-1/4
1-1/2

over steels,

1/2

to 1 in.,

inclusive,

is fairly

close

in composition

to the experimental Mn.

but would have on the average

about O. 20 or O. Z57O less

Composition Check seven heats analyses performed 4. by USS on the various The 1 1\2-in. -thick plate plate samples of the

are given in Table

(bottom cut from exhibited (top cut exhibited are con-

bottom slab) the lowest

of Heat A, which was melted to the lowest (O. 10~0) of all the plates,

C content,

C content

and the one-in.

plate

from top slab) the highest sistent

of Heat C, which was melted to the highest (O. 24Yo). The observed extremes

C content,

C content

in C content

with the usual observation and the top, the highest.

that the bottom of an ingot shows the lowest The other plates were in the range of 0.12

C content

-7TABLE 5 TENSILE PROPERTIES

Steel

Plate Thichess, in,

Yield Point, p~i

Edge of Plate Tensile Elonwtion Strength, in 8 ~n.

.~psi

Quarter Line of Plate Elongation Tensile Yield Point, Strength, in 8 In. psi si $

Center Line of Tensile Yield Strength, Point, psi psi

Plate Elongation in 8 m. ~
32.5 36.5 37.2 38.7 34. O* 25.0* 30.5 36.0 35.2

3/L 1 L1/4 1-1/2

38,300 35,400 34,200 32,300 40,100 41,400 36,800 36,700 45,600 42,6oo 39,600 42,500

62,200 61,700 61,100 58,1.00

68,600 68,000
66,800 63,5oo 74,100 72,8oo 72,700 70,900 67,900 68,400 68,000 65,600 62,500 62,200 61,700 61,700 70,800 69,800 66,100 66,000 64,500 61,600

33.5 37-7 36.2 39.5

33.7 33.7
33,7+ 34, 2* 29.2 31.7 31.5 35.2 31.0 30.0 34.0 36.0 33.0 33.0 34.0 37.0 35.0 35.5 39.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

37,300 35,600 34,500 30,200 40,200 Lb,300 42,300 35,600 34,200 45,700 45,300 42,100 41,000 38,000 39,300 42,2oo 37,600 34,000 37,100 37,400 33,500 33,200 44,800 39,200 34,200 40,300 35, 60G 32,700

62,200

62,700 61,900 56,100

68,200

31.2 30. ox 38.5 39.0

31, 7*

37,500 37,700 34,900 31,900 38,700 45,1OG 44,200 36,300 33,000 45,300 46,200 45,600 40,300 37,600 40,200 40,500 38,300 33,400 36,000 39,200 33,500 33,400 44,400 38,400 35,000 40,800 34,000 33,200

62,8oo

62,400 62, OOO 56,200 67:7 75,100 66,400 61,300 7k, 400 81,300 82,200 71,400 67,200 67,700 71,000 6a, 900 64,400 61,000 6k, 400 64,000 60,900 73,500 68,200 65,100 69,900 6b> 400 59,800

3/k 1 L1/4 1-1/2

74,300 74,100 66, PO 61,900 74,700 79,800 80,800 72,2oO 68,200 67,700 71,200 69,800 64,500 62,300 64,700 64,000 60,600
747200

27.0 31.0 35.7 35.0

29.2

c 1

3/4 M/4 1-1/2

30.0
20.O*

26.5 29.5 32.5 35.2 34.0 29.0 35.0 36.0 34.0 31.0 38.0 38.0 31.5 37.5 39.0 34.0 32.0 40.5

28.0 32.7 34.2 30.0 30.0 24. o 35.0 28.0 30.0 34.0 38.0 32.0 36.0 38.0 32.0 39.5 kl.o

3/4 TOP 39,~o 38,700 3/4 Bottorn 37,100 1-1/4 L1/2 35,000 3/4 TOP 3/4 Bdtom L1/4 1-1/2 3/4 L L]4 l-1/2 3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2 35,300 36,000 33>W 32,300 44,300 38, ~o 35,500 42,200 34,100 32,900

68,700 653400 69,000 ::,9& >

NOTE: AU values reported are For single tests. Yield-point values are based on upper-yieldpoint loads determined by drap-oT-the-beam method.

Broke within 2 inches of gage mark.

to O. 217o C content. about O. 30% greater steel. Some chemical have not been reported Uss. Tensile ~roperties The individual iation in Fig. Fig. in yield point,

The Mn content than the average

of the plate Mn content

samples

averaged

1. 25!f0, B

of the present

ABS Class

analyses

were also performed the re suits

by ABS and NRL, but they to those obtained by

here since

are similar

tension-test tensile -thick -thick

results

are presented

in Table

5.

The varis plotted plates, -thick in plates.

strength, plates, plates,

and elongation in Fig.

with C content

1 for the 3\4-in.

2 for the 1-in. -thick 4 for the 1 1/2-in.

3 for the 1 l/4-in.

and in Fig.

-8I
no

I
=
u

N
LEO ENO: i

- EDGE VALES

4-I-+-L--I
-

O- ED(3E

& 0 -CENTERLINE
---___

-QU4MTERL,14E VALES
VALUES -_ rI SPECIFIED STREN07H TENSILE R#NGE

VALCS

_____

____

___

____

I ___

5olE-+-E-E+-+

--+4

50

40
0

- ___
30

MINIMuM SPECIFIED YIELD POINT

.:

l-L___+_~__
A

40

id&kkid
30 0.16 0,10 0,20

c 3
1I i ,- ~

MINIMUM SPECIFIED ELONOATIOW 0.12 0,14 0.16 CARBON O.in CONTENT, % 0.20 0.22

0.22

0..?+

20

0.10

__ I

0,24

CARBON

CONTENT ,

FIG.

1 PROPERTIES

VARIATION IN TENSILE WITH C CONTENT FOR 3/4-IN . -THICK PLATES.

1.

VARIATION IN TENSILE PROPERTIES WITH C CONTENT FOR l-IN. -THICK PLATES .

~I(7J.

2.

0Z :Hk&$ - & : ~ _,>i

10 ~- =.-
(;0

*O

LEOENO? u E0,3E VALUES

A- OUARTERLINE
O CENTERLINE

~ * , - - . - -...

SPECIFIED TENSILE $TQENGTH RANGE

- --- ___

50

10 ]

~ # ;+

- ---
10 10

--- ----

& ____________

MI N!MuM

____ ~-----

YIELD POINT

WEC,F,ED

.~++] $3d=:
40 -.. ~ 30 * 8. IP w - ?0 0.10 --_____ 0.12 _____ 0,14 0,16 CARBON ____ 0,18 CONTENT , % 0.20 MINIMuM WECW9E0 ELOHOATION --0,22 0,24

H OTT-T-TFlli
60

gVALUES

ALCS

SPECIFIED TENSILE.
STRENGTH RAIIGE

---T----r----r----t----[-L--l

z
,.

.+

w
-0.14 -----0,16 CARBON _____ 0,18 CONTENT,

E+>
.
0 MINIMUM SPECIFIED ELONGATION

10

-----o 0.10

----0,12

____ 0.20

____ 0.22

-1 0.24

FTG. 3. VARIATION IN TENSILE PROPERTIES WITH C CONTENT FOR 1 -1/4-IN. -THICK PLATES.

FIG. 4. VARIATION IN TENSILE PROPERTIES WITH C CONTENT FOR 1l/2-INm -THICK pLATEs

-9-

Figure gation contents tensile sile specified

1 shows that the minimum yield point, by ABS were readily

tensile plate

strength,

and elon-

met by the 3/4-in.

for the carbon of O. 21 %, the

investigated strength

(O. 12 to O. 21?70). At the highest plates

C content

of five of the nine 3/4-in.

exceeded

the maximum ten-

strength

of 71, 000 psi. plates were top-plate contehts in these cuts from top slabs, for Heats and, as indicated

The 1-in. in Table

4, the carbon

plates

B and C were higher Figure 2

due to chemical for the 1-in. the average level. tially

segregation

than in plates

from other ingot positions. strength

at O. 2070
C

plates

shows that the tensile strength

was higher on

than the tensile

for the 3/4-in. position,

plates

at the same carbon was substanThis seg-

The strength

at the edge-of-the-plate at the quarterline

moreover,

lower than the strength seems

and centerline in the degree

positions. of chemical

behavior regation, 1-in.

to be associated reliance

with variations

and less samples,

will therefore

be placed

on the results

from the se from the

plate

which involve

only 3 heats, 7 heats.

than on the re suits

other plate thicknesses, The 1 1/4-in. in tensile yield lower, hibited properties

which involve plates in Fig.

3 exhibited

essentially

the same variation except about that the

with carbon

content

as the 3/4-in. the tensile

plates

strength

was about

3000 psi lower, about 470 higher. in strength

strength

1000 psi 4 ex-

and the elongation a further decrease requirements

The 1 1/2-in.

plates

in Fig.

and increase

in elongation,

and the minithan about

mum strength 0.1270C.

would probably

not be met with less

In general, manganese, tions

the re suits

indicate steel

that the experimental

low-carbon, test

high-

hot-rolled

semiskilled

would meet ABS tension 1-1/2 in., provided 1.00

specificais

in plate thicknesses

over 1 through

the C content The

between best

O. 12 and O. 20% and the Mn content to meet the tension-test

between

and 1.3570. appears

aim C content

specifications

to be about

0.1670. lJ-Notch Charpy Impact V-notch Tests test results for the specimens These prepared tables and give both

Charpy impact

te steal by USS are listed

in Table A-1 of the Appendix.

-1o-

the individual ken specimens. scatter. considered curve rises low-carbon

energy

absorption

values

and the fracture values

appearance

of the bro-

The energy

absorption

for Heat A show considerable (O. 12Yo), and it is not temperature as it does for a

Heat A, however, unusual

has the lowest

C content

for such scatter

to occur when the transition energy values

so steeply steel. 9

from low to high average segregation

Chemical seems

may contribute

to this behavior. circumstance,

The abrupt rise in energy even if accompanied Curves ture are plotted

in any event to be a favorable scatter. in energy absorption

by increased

showing the variation

with testing

tempera-

from the above data in Figs. In Fig.

5, 6,

7, and 8 for the four differnote that two locations are the top and typical are

ent plate thicknesses. were tested bottom cuts curves also for Heats

5 for the 3/4-in.

plate,

D and E, as indicated.

The se locations C)n these

of the top plate

or slab of the ingot. behavior

figures,

representing

the average

of the plate thickness in Fig.

involved

drawn.

The se typical

curves

are replotted thickness.

9 to show the trends curve has not been

of impact

behavior

for each plate plate because

An average

drawn for the 1-in. segregation in these

of the small amount of data and the chemical

particular V-notch plates

samples. for the 1 1/4- and 1 l/2-in. curves -

The typical thick experimental of steel

Charpy impact curves are compared in Fig.

10 with average specifications.

for other

ABS grades

made to present is taken

and past

The information

on the ABS grades age curves

mainly from an article B steel,

by D. P. Brown. g Two averupon 19 plates by USS. steel tested

are shown for 1956 Class

one based and tested

by ABS and the other upon 7 plates noted that the V-notch thickness thick). is similar

produced

It will be in 1 1/4-in.

Charpy behavior

of the experimental 1956 Class

to that of present-day

B steel

(over 1/2 to 1 in. steel is 10

The notch-toughness

curve for the 1 1/2-iri.

experimental plate.

to 20 F higher in temperature Charpy V-notch

than that for the 1 1/4-in. were also conducted

impact tests

by ABS on Heats A, 1 1/4-, and I l/2-

B, and C and by NRL, on Heats in. -thick plate.

A, B, C, D, and E for 3/4-,

Average ABS and NRL data for Heats A, B, and C are plotted 11, 12, and 13 to show the extent of agreement among

with USS data in Figs.

-11160
HEAT A B ...----

I
160 HEAT A B ------c 120 = c >: * . 40 .80

-- 0 -60 -40 0 40 80 120 160

TEST

TEMPERATuRE.

TEST TEMPEHAWRE, F

FIG . 5. V-NOTCH C HARPY CURVES FOR 3/4-IN . -THICK PLATES

160 HEAT A B -------

V-NOTCH CHARPY CURVES FOR 1 -IN. -THICK PLATES

FIG . 6.
1

I 2C g = >. : Y . 40 ~

c D - E F G 1

I s : >.

, #

: : .

0 -00

-80 -40 0 40 60 F I 20 160

-40

0 TEST

40 TEMPERATuRE,

80 F

120

160

TESTTEMPERATURE,

FIG. 7. V-NOTCH CHARPY CURVES FOR 1 -1/4-IN. -THICK PLATES

FIG . 8. V-NOTCH CHARPY CURVES FOR 1 -1/2-IN. -THICK PLATES

1201
: =

+
So :

$
R

_ -- ,1-
.. 120 . ---

CLASS C, 1~-, NORM. CLASS C, I 1 +, AS ROLLED 0.20% MAX. c, 1.oo-I,35%Mn, I+ 8!+ 1S56 CL4S$ B, ~l 1948 CLASS B, ~- l ABS BEFORE 1948.1 !A /

80

.//-f,.Ak

1+ in.

ABS

Y .
40

+
w 4C

// ___
0 -80 -40 0 TEST 40 TEMPERATURE, eo F 120 160 o -BO

-40

0
TEST

40 TEMPERATURE,

00 F

IEO

160

FIG . 9. TYPICAL V-NOTCH C HARPY CURVES FOR THE DIFFERENT PLATE THICKNESSES

FIG . 10. TYPICAL V-NOTCH CHARPY CURVES FOR EXPERIMENTAL AND ABS STEELS

-12160

140
I

1
I 20

A
100

;
80

I I
3/4-lNCH-THIC
K PLATES I .l/4-lNcH-T HICK PLATE s j 1 / , , l-l/2INCHTHIG K PLATES

60

40
LEGEND:

20
() o

O-u. ----m

s.s. u - A. B.S. A- N,R.L. I 120 1(

1
FIG.

-40

40
-%

Igo
40 80 1:0

40

I 80

TEST TEMPERATURE, F

11. CHARPY V-NOTCH CURVES FOR HEAT A, TESTED AT DIFFERENT @ORATORIES

160

J 140 / /

120
n

100 80 ~ 60
.

l-1/4 -lNCH-THICK

PLATES

40 20
o

O-u. s.s. -c-z u- A.B.S. - A- N. R.L.

-80

-40

40

-40

80

120

40

so

I20

40

80

120

TEST TEMPERATURE, F

FIG . 12.

CHARPY V-NOTCH CURVES FOR HEAT B , TESTED AT DIFFERENT

-13120

I 00

... .d

80

..- .~ $? ./H .. :J
NGH-THICK-PLATES

60 q
l- I/4 IMCH-THICU PLATE$

40

O /A 1-/2-l I +1

ul
LE~END:
20
O-u. ---w s.s. U - A. B.S.

s
0 40

-40

80

- A-N. R. . L I I
0 40 80 120 160 200

120

TEST TEMPERATURE,

FIG . 13. CHARFY V-NOTCH CURVES FOR HEAT C , TESTED AT DIFFERENT LABORATORIES

test

re suits

from the three laboratories. are reported the V-notch

The 15 ft-lb in Table 6.

transition

temperatures

from the three laboratoriess Table nations 7 summarizes heats.

Charpy transition Charpy V-notch

temperature

determi-

for the seven

The average

15 ft- lb temperature

of 23 F for the 1 l/2-in. Williams objective

experimental

plate is higher than the Harris and The 1 l\4-in. plate, however, meets

of 10 F maximum.

the objective. Ferrite Grain Size Ferrite sus the 15 ft-lb grain size values transition are also shown in Table in Fig. 14. 7 and are plotted verline has been The slope higher than of temperatures points

An average thicknesses.

drawn through the average

for the three plate

this line is 36 F per unit grain size number, values cited in the past. However, hence,

which is somewhat

the range of grain sizes the slope cannot

is small and the precise.

data show appreciable Drop-Weight Tests

scatter;

be considered

The crack-starter

drop-weight

test nil-ductility

temperatures

(NDT)

are

-14-

TABLE 6 COMPAIUSON OF CHARPY V-NOTCH TRANSITION TEMPERATURES OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT LABORATORIES

Steel A

Plate Thickness, in.

3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2 3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2

Uss
-25 -8 20 -30 -3 13

15 Ft- lb Charpy V-Notch Transition Temperature, F. ABs NRL Averaqe -22 -12 8
-22

-lo 10
18

-19 -3 15
-21 -5

-16 10
8

-lo 5 10 24 32
-14

11 -7
17 25

3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2 3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2 3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2

-7 19 28 -22, -18 18
-14, 15 30

16 2

-6 24
2

-11 -12 21 -2 18 26

22 22

NOTE:

For the 1 l/2inchthick plates of Heats A, B, and C, the plate samples tested at USS were obtained from different plates than the plate samples te steal at ABS and NRL (see Table 1). In all other cases, the different laboratoriess tested the same plates.

recorded plate nesses

in T~ble 8. tests

It will be noted that, were also

in addition

to the tests

on the full thick-

thickness,

run on specimens plates.

of various

reduced

that were machined -thick

from these

It is interesting 1 1/4-,

to observe plates

that the 3$4-in.

specimens NDT, about

from the 3/4-, 00F, regardless specimens

and 1 l/2-in.

gave the same average thickness. Tests

of the asrolled

plate

using full-thickness

cn the 1 1/4- and 1 l/2-in.

-15-

TABLE 7 C HARPY V-NOTCH TRANSITION TEMPERATURES AND FERRITE GRAIN SIZE

Charpy V-Notch Transition Temp, F, for Indicated Plate Thicknesses Shear

at

15R-rc
-n.

at 50~

ASTM Ferrite Grain Size at Indicated

Plate Thicknesses 1-1/4 in. l-L/2 3/4in. lin. . in.

Heat A B c D E F G AvE.

&n.

>n

=in.

Z!@7ZUL

Wi=n

. 19*
.21++ -7

-20
-22

24 30 40 51 44 58 g k5

42 30 w

40 48 68 56 58 62 g 56

yo 36 58 ItJ ( 54 66 g 52

7.0

6.8
8.2 8.0

6.5

6.2
7.0 7.5 7.3

35

8,0 8.2
8.o 7.4

7.5
7.8 -I.-I 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.2

-11* -2*
.10

IL

7.8 7.8
7.7

6.5 6.3
6.5 6+8

-9
.

+Jy$.V~=&g~ values from USS, ABS, and N8L data, Table are based upon U,% data. determinations

6.

All other

TABLE 8 CRACK-STARTER DROP-WEIGHT TEST RESULTS

Heat A

PIR-@ lhick., in, _ Specimen ikck., in.-+* O*

3/4 -3A -10?+

10

1
1 14

ND! at Indicated Plate aad Specimm

1-1/4

Thickness, F 1-1/2

2!!EE4!.!L
@ O* ()* -10*

1
10*

Q!i
20*

2!!!&
~ot+

_w_L
.~().K ~(y+

u
20.

3 C)* 10.,.
10* 10* O* 10*

O*

-~()+

14

211

O*

-10.X

20.

10* 10*
10*

-5 O* -5
10

30* 30*

20*
10*.

O*
o

10.,.

-10
E

. 10*
o 0

10*

10

10*

F G Average

0 0
-2

-10

o 0
2

-3
wide tested owr 4-in,

w Subsize
for

* Tests conducted by NTU,;other tests by uSS. speci~us~ in. thick by > im

5/8

span. 411 other specimens were

3-1/2 in,

wide and tested over 12-in, span.

l/4-in.-thick consl$ting or O. 3-lru deflection deflection ror 1 l/2-in,-thick specinwns, and

NOTE: All NDT v&lues werm obtainedusing NRL normalizationpI-O&.we33 0.075-in, deflectionfor 5/8-in. thick subsize specimens. -

3/4through 1

specimens, 0.2-in.

-16-

o~ ~;/ I :-

SLOPE:

36 F

PER

uNIT

GRAIN I ,

SIZE

i+

FIG. 14. INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SIZE ON TRANSITION TEMPERATURE .

FERRITE

GRAIN

SIZE,

ASTM

NUMBER

1
! I-I/2 1-1/4 3/4 THICK THICK THICK I PLATE PLATE PLATE I

o
50 A n 40 -------

30 L

+_J. cmrPIucMC o
SUBSIZE

FIG. 15. EFFECT OF SPECIMEN THICKNESS ON DROP-WEIGHT NDT.

-20L

-et-tl~ I I I
1/2 3/4 SPECIMEN I THICKNESS,

I
I -1/4 INCHES

I
1-1/2

plates,

however,

resulted

in noticeably exists

higher NDT values. in these drop-weight

It is apparent tests even though of the specivs NDT

that a specimen the prescribed men-thickness for each plate A, B, and C. creases

thiakne ss effect normalization effect

procedure S3 were used. by plotting

An estimate

can be obtained as in Fig.

specimen

thickness

thickness,

15, which covers

the NRL data on Heats thickness de-

NDT is observed The slight to 5/8 in.

to decrease increase

as the specimen

to 3/4 in.

in NDT as the specimen associated

thickness

further decreases

is apparently

with the fact that the

-17-

latter

specimen change

is subsize

and of different

dimensions thickness

than the others. is as follows,

The using

average

in NDT attributed

to specimen thickness in.

the 3/4-in.

specimen

as the reference Thic&ness,

5/8

with an NDT OF. NDT, F 10 o 15 25 30

Specimen

(Subsize)

3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2

This consistent wherever test

trend is definitely Of course, whether

significant to evaluate

and should be taken these steels

into account

necessary.

by the drop-weight

it must be decided

it is more appropriate or specimens

to use the full-thickness that have been machined further later. either actual

specimens

or to use subsize

specimens

down to some thickness For the present, or extrapolated, Thus, thickness correction mens.

such as 1 inch. x This will be discussed based upon the re suits,

the data will be analyzed for specimens in Table of full-plate

thickness. D, E, F, and G where fulland 1-l/2-in. plates, a specispeciwill be

8, for the tests were not tested

on Heats

specimens

for the 1-1/4-

must be applied

to obtain the estimated were conducted

NDT for full-thickness only on 3/4-in. -thick

For example,

where tests plate,

mens from 1-1 /4-in.

the corrected

NDT for full-plate

thickness

~Pellini has lately reduced the NDT test method to three specific sizes of 5/8x2 x5in.,3/4x2x5 in. ,andlx3x14 in. drop-weight specimens, These specimens te s-ted with appropriate stops are said to provide identical NDT values within the reproducibility range of ~ 10 F assigned to the test method. The use of the 3/4 x 3 x 14 in. specimen has been discontinued because it consistently gives NDT temperatures approximately 15 F below those of the now-standard tests. This behavior is ascribed to excessive flexibility of the specimen. The use of l-1/2-and 2-in. tests has also been discontinued in line with Pellinis concept that the extra thickness changes the test to one involving a large flaw size (the internal crack that forms before the specimen breaks across the surface). The larger flaw does re suit in increasing the NDT on the order of .20 to 30 F, but not higher because of the temperature effect on restricting the size of the internal flaw. In keeping with the intended use of the test as a smallflaw ductility-transition test, Pellini believes that analysis of the present report is best made in terms of the 5/8 and 1-in. tests.

-18obtained by adding 25 F to the NDT obtained correction may be applied of various with the 3/4-in. D and E based thicknesses. -thick specimens.

An average obtained

for Heats reduced

upon the results Corrected values

with the specimens

are shown in Table heats

9 which lists

the average

NDTs obtained in transition

for the different temperature as

for full-thickness increases

specimens. is similar

The increase

plate thickness Charpy transition size remains

to that obtained

with the 15 ft-lb however,

V-notch

temperature.

In the Charpy test, in transition

the specimen is associated in NDT with thick-

constant

and the increase

temperature

with metallurgical increasing ness. Explosion Tests

factors;

in the drop-weight largely re suits

test the increase

plate thickness

from the increase

in specimen

The fracture termined tests

transition

temperatures tests

for elastic

loading

( FTE},

as de10. These

by crack-starter

explosion

at NRL, are listed samples.

in Table

were conducted

orI full-thickness only slightly

plate

It will be noted that increased. The NDT

the average increased thickness

FTE increased at a substantially specimens

as plate thickness

more rapid rate with plate As a result, increased.

thickness

when fullFTE and

were used.

the difference Data obtained

between

NDT decreased of steels

as plate thickness

at NRL on a variety On Heats dropbetween

have indicated

that FTE is usually in Table

about 40 F above NDT.4 10 on which full-thickness plate) the actual difference

A and B, however, weight tests

(the only heats

were conducted

on 1 1/2-in. plates

FTE and NDT for the 1 l/2-in. be related Tests to service behavior Plate

is 10 F.

This observation

would have to

to determine

its true significance.

on Normalized V-notch

Charpy, tests

drop-weight,

and van der Veen riotch-toughriess on normalized plates

tests

and a few low-blow mental steel

were conducted

of the experithe

from Heats A, D, and E. were also performed

To provide the proper comparison, on the as-rolled product.

van der Veen tests Charpy test re suits van der Veen test

The V-notch

are presented in Ref.

in Table A-2 of the Appendix and the detailed 10. The transition temperature evaluations

results

TABLE 9 AVEIUIGE CRACK-STARTER DROP-WEIGHT NDT VALUES FOR FULL PLATE TEllCKNESSES NDT, F, for Indicated 1 in.
o -10 0

Plate Thickness ~ 20 10 20 28* 25* 15* 25* 20 ~

20 30 30 32* 32* 30* 30* z-

Heat A B c D E F G Average

14 14 24

-3 -3 0 0 -2 applied.

~Come ction factor

TABLE 10 CRACK-STARTER EXpLOSION TEST RESULTS FTE, F, for Indicated 1-1/4 30 30 50 30 (% 50 46 Plate Thickness in. ~ (30) (40) (70) m 48

Heat A B c D E Average

& 40

NOTE: Values in parentheses are less Precisely determined than the other values.

are summarized re suits average

in Table

11 for both asrolled Normalizing

and normalized

product

so that an

may be com,pared. of 16 F.

lowered

the 15 ft- lb temperature

The NDT for full-thickness

specimens

was improved an averimprovement. transition

age of 38 F by normalizing, In the van der Veen test,

which is considered normalizing lowered

a very substantial the fracture-appearance

-20-

TABLE 11 TRANSITION TEMPEIWTURES ON NORMALIZED VERSUS HOT-ROLLED PRODUCT 15Ft-lb V-NotchChwpy Drop-Weight van der .Veen FracLure
-40
-13

Heat A

Plate Tempera Lure,F NOT, F Thickness, ImprOveinches Hot-Rolled _ Norm. DEnt Hot-Rolled _ . Nom 3/4 -19 21
10

LOW-B1OW Appeamnce Temp, F Transition Improveu Improve- Temp, F ment Hor -Rolled Norm. Inent Normlized

0
20

-40 -22 -30*

-30

40
42 50

34
71, 96 66 88 103
75 116

0 44 37 75 66 84
64 66

34

32

1-1/4
L-1/2

-3 15 -11
-12

30 59 -9 22 19
n 69

14
-22

1
11

20

3/4
1-1/4

-3

27

-30 -h -13 14 -13

18 25 11 4 39 1.6 Avg.

28* 32* -3 25* y.

-22
5-

50 2-( m
47 36 . 38

1-1/2
E

21 -2 18 26

3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2

-30

32

-22 -b.]+

50 49 30 Avg.

108
Avg.

59

*Correccion factorapplied,as in Table 9. W. 3-inchdeflectionon 1 l/2-inch.thLck

if

specimns;

hence,

NDI

is

~omw~t

hfgh~~

~~

nonmlizationprocedurebad been wed.

TABLE 12 AVERAGE TRANSITION TEMPERATURES OF EXPEIUMENTAL AND AIM STEELS

van
der

Grade

Plate Thickws$, inches 3/4 1 l-5/8 1 1 to 1-1/2 1 to @2 1-1/4 3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2
4,1:4 9 4, 9 1.4

V-NotchChazyyTest Temp Temr at lj No. of Plates Ft-lh,F

3 r 1! 4

Drop-Weight Test No. of Nwr, Plates F

No. of Plates

Veen ?Mt Fracture Appearance T?amition Temp, F

Crack-Starter EX@O$iOn Test No. 0?? FTE, Plntes F

ASSClsss c,
Nornmlized

-65 -26 -50

.3 7 4
40 to 75
45 56 52

-23 -20 8 -7 to
-2 20 20 3 3 3 5.9 93 102

20

AM class c,
As-Rolled

11
12

29 Many
49 9 7 -1

-18 -8 -19to -4
-9 8 23

0.20 I(BX c,

1.00-1.35 n M SChiikiLled Production

Eeatz,A5Rollcd 0.20 Inax c,

37 9 ! 3 3 3
2 2
3

4 ?

1,(J 46 48

29

1.00-1.35 m Semiskilled Production Heats,

Normalized 0.20 n!ax c,

3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2

-25 -lo .1

19

22
38

-33 -22 _lo++

3 3 3

1.00-1.35 in k Semiskilled 25-TonHeats, As-Rolled L956 AES ClassB

3/4 1-1/4 1-3/4

2 2 2

2 2 3

-16 -lo -3 6
-2 2 ltov
43

-15 5 25*

2 2 3

3/4 to 1 3/4 to 1 1/2 to 1 3/4

*
9 u. 12

1948

518 ~. ~
l/2 to 1 3/4 3/4 1 1/2

ABS ClassB

u
2 2

9 IL

Many 17
4

6 19 76 39 11

2 (3/4) 2 (l) to 61

5 20 -12 to 2

30

25 28 29 25 * 46
65

81

5 11

4 35

1956 Am

11

f.b.ny

claEEA
3/k
4, 9
Mmy

Ass Ef+forc1948

-.
Reference2. ~Speciuen thickuem of l-inchgave 7 F NIYT. CorrectIon factorof 18 F added. ++s&what U& becauseO.3-inchdeflection was mea.

-21-

ternperature

of the experimental

plates

30 F.

Improve ments of different steel

magni-

tude in the notch-toughness were thus obtained ment obtained

qualities

of the experimental techniques,

when normalized improve-

by the three testing Charpy

with the smallest

by the V-notch

15 ft- lb criterion. this Charpy steel meets

In the normalized the Harris-Williams

condition

and in all thicknesses, V-notch

requirement

of an average

15 ft- lb tempera-

ture no higher than 10 F. The low-blow Arsenal as-rolled on normalized product. V-notch 3\4-in. Charpy tests plates, were conducted tests by Watertown on

but similar the se transition

were not performed agree

On the average,

temperatures

fairly

well with those dividual results

obtained

on the same plates agreement.

by the van der Veen test,

but in-

are not in close

Comparison Table

of Transition

Temperatures transition and, temperatures for comparison, steel obtained for the previ-

12 is a summary of the average tests for the experimental

in the different various

steels heats

ABS steels.

Data on the two 25-ton

of experimental

ou sly te sted2 Veen test

have been included

in the table.

It will be noted that van der Where a range of transiand are

data were not available is shown,

for the ABS steels.

tion temperatures the range indicates for full-thickness considerably ized Class

two or more sets in these

of averages

were available listed

the spread specimens.

averages.

The NDT values in Table

The only values

12 that appear to be temperature for normalClass C.

out of line are the -26 F average C steel and the 18 F 15 ft-lb of steel are involved

15 ft-lb

temperature

for as-rolled

The same four heats temperatures

in each instance,

and the 15 ft-lb Despite

appear to be much too high compared temperatures, Because the NDT values of this departure 15 ft-lb

to the other values. fairly

the high 15 ft-lb

agree

well with the other normal behavior, and normal-

data on this grade. these particular

from apparently

V-notch

Charpy

temperatures

for as-rolled

ized Class

C steel

will not be c orisidered ~harpy

in the forthcoming

comparisons. in Table the

The V-notch 12 are graphed with plate thickness

15 ft- lb temperatures 17, respectively, grades

and the NDT values In some cases,

in Figs.

16 and

to show the trend in behavior

for the different

of steel.

-2280 70 60 b.
a :

wu
a Id n

50
40

~b~p 49 19

z u 1m , +

30 20

la c -Ic
-2C
-3C

IA + a
a a x

u
E g z
;

1
I

-4C 7 -5( -6( !4

PRODUCTION HEATS I

I
~!/2 3/4
PLATE

I
THICKNESS.

I 1-1/4
INCHES

1-1/2

I 1-3/4 .

AVERAGE V-NOTCH C HARPY TRANSITION TEMPERATUllES FOR EXPERIMENTAL AND ABS STEELS.
FIG 16.

slopes specific

of the lines different Figure

for the ABS steels thicknesses

have been assumed,

because

data on

were lacking. 15 ft- lb temperature can

16 shows that a 10 F maximum average production (1956), heats

be met for the experimental mately 1-1/4 in. Class

in plate thicknesses

up to approxi-

B steel

which is considered any brittle fractures

to have suitable in ship service, plates has

notch toughness an average

and has not suffered temperature on plates plates

15 ft-lb

of 10 or 15 F for 1-in. -thick of this specific

(although is much inin

few data are available formation on 3\4-in.

thickne SS, there

11-- 13 and there

should be little

error involved

-23-

30~

ABS

BEFORE 1948 \ +

20

h. .
n z

J=% I
1956

-10

PRODUCTION

HEATS,

,/ ~ I

1/2

3/4

I
PLATE

1:1/4
THICKNESS,

1-1)2
INCHES

1-3/4

FIG . 17. AVERAGE DROP-WEIGHT MENTAL AND ABS STEELS.

TRANSITION TEMPERATURES FOR EXPERI-

extrapolating

the re suits

to 1-in. experimental

plates). heats (discussed in detail in Ref. 2) are but

The two 25-ton seen to have better the reasons

15 ft-lb

temperatures in behavior

than the seven are not known.

production The 25-ton

heats, heats and

for the difference

were made and processed subtle havior. full- size differences

at a different

mill than the production for the differences will be evaluated

heats,

in practice

might account however,

in re suiting on the basis

beof the

The experimental production heats. Class

steel,

The as-rolled than the experimental is generally behavior. The normalized peratures

C steel

has appreciably

better

15 ft-lb Class

temperatures C steel, which

production

heats,

and the normalized over 1-3/8

used for plate

thicknesses

in. , exhibits

much-improved

experimental Class

steels C steel.

have about the same 15 ft-lb

tem-

as the hot-rolled Figure 17 is based

upon full-thickness Charpy test.

drop-weight-test test For example,

specimens. rates the steels by the drop-weight

With this interpretation, quite differently

it may be seen that the drop-weight

than the V-notch

-24test, 1 l/4-in. B. Class C steel has slightly experimental poorer notch toughness production plate than 3/4-in.

1956 Class

The 1 1/4-in.

has an NDT of 20 F, by this thick-

which is about test, nesses. ized Class Underbead-

10 F higher than that of 1-in. steel is no better

1956 Class

B; in fact,

the experimental The normalized C. Crackinq

than 1956 Class however,

B at equivalent is better

experimental

steel,

than normal-

Susceptibility re suits of the underbead-cracking in Table 13 as a function These 18. tests on the experimental equivalent,

The average production heats

are listed

of the carbon

which was calculated heating temperatures

as ~oC + %Mn/6.14 are plotted heats, cracking in Fig.

results

for 0 and 70 F preshown for the heats show C contents.

Curves

are also production

two 25-tori slightly less

experimental underbead

and the experimental than the 25-ton heats

at equivalent

INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS In interpreting sults 25-ton obtained heats the test re suits, emphasis has been placed heats upon the re-

on the seven of experimental in behavior

full- size production steel. As indicated these

rather than on the two the reasons for

previously,

the difference Tension Tests

between

two groups of steel

are not known.

The tension-test meeting

re suits

indicate

that a suitable

composition

range for ex-

the ABS tension-test steel

requirements

with the hot-rolled

se rnikilled

perimental thicknesses V-Notch

would be O. 12 to O. 207o C and 1.00 in.

to 1. 35% Mn for plate

over 1 to 1-1/2

Charpy Tests The suitability, with respect to assess to notch toughne SS, because of this steel for cargoproc on

ship application vided by different

is difficult kinds

of the different Harris

evaluations

of notch-toughness

tests.

and Williams

elude d that the ships would be virtually from plate with a maximum average ture of 10 F. On this basis, Fig.

free from brittle V-notch

fracture

if constructed temperacould steel

15 ft-lb

Charpy transition

15 shows that the experimental

-25TABLE 13 RESULTS OF UNDERBEAD-CRACHNG TESTS

Heat A

Plate Thickness, in. 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2

Carbon Equivalent, TO* 0.33 0.35 0.34 0.30 0.37 0.43 0.37 0.35 0.43 0.47 0.43 0.42

Per Cent Underbead Cracking** (With E6010 Electrodes) Initial We ldinq Temperature,
o
0 0 0

70 0 0 1

212 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

3 8 23 2 1 56 27 23 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 7 21 6 0 0

3 9 3 0 53 32 27 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 14 22 8 0 4

3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 3/4 3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2 ToP Bottom

16 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0

0.39 0.40 0.42 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.33 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.39 0.37 0.34

3/4 Top 3/4 Bottom 1-1/4 \ 1-1/2 3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2 3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2 equivalent = 7oC+ 70Mn/6.

*Carbon **Average

of five specimens.

-260- F INITIAL --o-I -.....~ TEMPERATURE I I 70 F INITIAL TEMPERATURE HEATS T ----

~_+

!-1~

EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL --.-+

PRODUCTION

25-TON HEATS + ....t.. -..+-..~

J
.-

.1
-+ q

.-... -+-------~ .-. ~ -- - ....------. .- ,

-// Ad
,
.35

q q q

-..,. }0+
.25 .30

~m
01

; q
.40

q q

**

L- - ---: q ------,45 EQUIVALENT

l +d4i :-Lq

.30

.35

.40

.45

,50

CARBON

(C~Mn/6)

FIG . 18: EFFECT OF CARBON EQUIVALENT ON UNDERBEAD CRAC~NG TENDENCY FOR EXPERIMENTAL AND OTHER STEELS

be used in thicknesses used in thicknesses plication revised 1-1/4

up to 1-1/4

in.,

inclusive.

Since ABS Class steel

B steel

is

to 1 in. , inclusive, thickness

the experimental

would find apwere

in a very limited to require

range unless steel

the ABS specification in thicknesses

the use of the experimental

over 1/2 to

in.,

inclusive. -thick 1956 Class B steel has

an average 15

One-in.

ft-lb

temperature

of 10 or 15 F, and experience factory Williams for ship service. conclusion Emphasis service

to date indicates ties

that this

steel

is quite satis-

This observation above.

in very well with the Harris-

mentioned

upon a V-notch of ships

Charpy 15 ft-lb

criterion

is based

upon the

performance

constructed service fracture of steel,

of World War II type ship plate. indicate that the Charpy impact

More recent energy steel.4 greater

data from actual to avoid brittle

failures

needed

in service

will vary with the grade of requirement Thus, seems to be

For a number of grades than that developed

the energy

for World War II ship plate.

a 15 ft-lb

-27V-notch Charpy impact requirement based upon the reasoning used in the analy the suitability to

sis of World War II ship fractures of other steels,

may be improper for assessing steel,

such as the experimental required.

and could be insufficient

provide the protection Drop-Weight Tests

Crack- starter a means for predicting values

drop-weight brittle

tests

have gained

increasing

acceptance because N13T at

as

failure

temperatures

in service,

have corresponded

to or have been higher than the temperatures in service. ~s Drop-weight tests provide

which failures ent relative by comparing the V-notch weight ft-lb test

have occurred

a differ-

evaluation Figs.

of steels

than do V-notch This means,

Charpy tests, as may be noted that the energy level in

16 and 17.

in effect,

Charpy test is providing in the V-notch

at NDT varies

with the grade of steel. of service

If the dropthe 15 for

the proper evaluation Charpy test

performance,

level

is not necessarily

the proper level

selecting

a meaningful Some aspects,

transition however,

temperature. of the drop-weight test re suits require further if the

explanation. drop-weight insensitive ble influence the drop-weight normalization nificant

First, specimen

NDT did not increase thickness

as plate thickness (Table effects 8).

increased

was kept constant

NIX thus seems

to grain size

and other microstructural behavior.

that have an appreciaincreased in

on Charpy impact test, however, (Fig.

As specimen

thickness

NDT was found to increase 15). This observation, behavior

even when using sig

procedures

which is definitely

because

it is based

upon average

resulting

from a number of

observations, tests

may raise

some question

as to the manner in which drop-weight based upon fullThis, how-

should be conducted. specimens,

It may appear that evaluations

thickness ever, thick

as in Fig. so.

17, would be the more appropriate, in the case Case

is not necessarily Ni-Mo-V

Puzak et all 5 show, forging (Correlation

of a 7-5/8 -in.-

pressure-vessel 6 x 7-5/8

No. 8), that the NDT

for a specimen 1 x 3-1/2x

x 60 in. is the same ( 130 F) as that for a specimen 1-1/2 x 3-1/2 x 14 in. of the same steel actual-

14 in.

A specimen

ly had a 10 F higher NDT. it is tested thus seems

The length

of the specimen the test

or the span over which It appears that NDT

to be influencing

results.

-28may not increase at the same time. In a recent permit initiation private publication, Pellini et all e point out that large flaws will In a with specimen thickness provided the test span is increased

of brittle

fracture

above the usual NDT temperature. that the relatively 12-in.

communication, -thick

Pellini specimen of a larger

has stated tested

high NDT values

for a l-1/2-in.

over a

span may be associated is bent than would

with the development usually be experienced completely Where

flaw when the specimen

in ship structures. across the specimen small flaws

This large flaw would permit crack and thus indicate are usually involved, a higher-thanPellini now tested span re will

propagation usual NDT. prefers

relatively

to base

the NDT determination -thick thickness.

upon either specimens

subsize tested

specimens over a 12-in.

over a 4-in.

span or upon l-in. plate

gardle ss of the original undoubtedly this approach First, considered. have no better comparable suitable plate be needed

Additional

large- scale

testing

to resolve

this point, data.

but it seems

only fair to recognize . of Fig. 17 will be steel are

in analyzing

the present

the full-thickness

drop-weight-test

re suits heats

It will be noted that the production toughness than 1956 Class Experience service, B steel

of experimental

when their thicknesses

as at 3/4 in.

indicates

that the 1956 Class average

B is quite

for cargo-ship

and its extrapolated

NDT for 1-in. speci-

is about

10 F (fortuitously, and Williams

this is also the maximum temperature V-notch Charpy

fied by Harris ture).

for the average seem logical

15 ft- lb temperaan average NDT

It would therefore

to have as an objective steel. thickness On this basis, than the Class

no higher than 10. F for the experimental steel could not be used in any greater

the experimental B steel. Indeed,

the Class C steel is only slightly tougher than the Class B, and it appears it ! would have an average NDT of 10 F at a thickness of approximately 1- 3/8 in. No data are available over 1 in. , but it looks for the normalized ABS Class thickness C steel exceeds for Class (Fig. C in the normalized condition for thicknesses

17) as though a 10 F NDT would not be obtained thickness reached at least 1- 3/4 in.

product

until the plate normalized Based

is usually 1- 3/8 in. ,-

for ship applications

when the plate the drop-

upon this method of analyzing

-27weight test results, in. thick this seems to be the correct toughness. procedure to follow for plates howan

over 1- 3/8 ever,

to develop

Based

upon Charpy results, to maintain plate.

normalizing

of Class

C steel

would not be necessary

average

15 ft- lb transition Next,

temperature

of 10 F maximum in thick for 1-in. -thick defects. by applying in Fig.

the drop-weight-test by Pellini specimens on page

results

specimens

will be NDT cor-

considered values rections thickness thick

as advocated

for small-flaw may be derived

Appropriate appropriate 17 for full-

for 1-in. -thick such as listed specimens.

17 to the NDT values

When this is done,

the following

NDT values

for l-in.

specimens

are obtained: Grade Thickness, 1 1 to 1-1/2, 1 to 1-3/8, 1 to 1-1/2, in. incl incl incl steel NDT, F 10 10 to 15 -5to o -20 to-25 appears to have just about

1756 Class B Experimental steel ABS Class C (as-rolled) (norm) OrI this basis, sufficient nesses notch toughness to 1-1/2 in.

the experimental

to allow its substitution

for ABS Class

C in thick-

An average

NDT of 10 F is assumed steel B. steel is 10 to 15 F. might also

to be satisfactory be pointed thick-

and the NDT for the experimental out, however, since, that 1956 Class at thicknesses

It should also

be suitable

in heavier

nesses

of 3/4 to 1 in. , inclusive, steel.

it exhibits

essentially be-

the same behavior cause

as the experimental

This is not too surprising differences,

a report, 17 based steel

upon compositional

shows that the NDT B. which

of the experimental

should be only 6 F lower than that of 1956 Class difference in these two steels is the Mn content,

The main compositional

was found to have a much less 15 ft- lb temperature. Tests on Normalized Normalized Plate steel

effect

upon NDT than upon the V-notch

Charpy

from the experimental Class Class C steel C steel according

production

heats

performed and tests.

abou,~. as well as hot-rolled even better than normalized

to the Charpy tests to the drop-weight

according

-30-

The latter

observation Charpy

is surprising 15 ft-lb

for normalized

Class

C has about a 50 F experimental steel could of norC

lower V-notch steels. Thus,

temperature

than the normalized

according

to both tests, Class

the normalized However,

experimental

be used in place malizing

of as-rolled

C steel.

the requirement

would be an uncle sirable

feature

in view of the fact that the Class in. thick. Actually, Class

can be used in the as-rolled ent economics stead ness, cause

condition

up to 1-3/8

presinthickbe-

would favor the use of the killed, normalized, experimental

hot-rolled, steel. steel

C steel

of the semiskilled,

Over 1- 3/8-in.

it may be problematical of the extreme divergence

as to which normalized of the test re suits.

would be better

It does appear, experimental

however, would up to

that either

the normalized toughness

Class

C or the normalized

steel

have sufficient at least ~racture

to perform quite satisfactorily

in thicknesses

1 3/4 in. Transition Temperatures gave high transition by the crackwere, temperatures explosion that were well tests. The

The van der Veen tests above the FTE values determined

starter

van der Veen transition than the NDT values, NDT for 3/4-in. plate

temperatures whereas

on the average,

about

70 F higher

the FTE values less

were only about 45 F higher than plates test has

and appreciably drop-weight

than 45 F for the heavier The explosion ability

(when using full-thickness provided tests a fairly

specimens). arresting

good correlation

with crack

in wide plate

in some other studies, a less favorable

2 J 1g and it is believed evaluation of crack

that the van der Veen tests behavior than is

are giving justified.

propagation

On the average, Veen (Table 11),

the low-blow

transition

is the same as the van der show appreciable scatter for re-

but the individual involved. test

comparisons

the three plates garding

There are too few data to draw any conclusions re suits. agree fairly

the se low-blow The V-notch

Charpy 50% shear temperatures steels. Class transition According C steel,

well with the the exall s-t

FTE values perimental

for the experimental steel, the as-rolled

to the Charpy tests,

and the 1956 Class Suitable

B steel

have about the same fracture

temperature.

explosion-te

-31data are lacking for as-rolled Class C, but; assuming a 40 F difference be-

tween FTE and NDT, the FTE would be about 45 F or the same as that for the experimental steel. comparative C steel data available, in the as-rolled it thus appears that condition cracks steels would have

Based upon the limited the experimental steel

and Class stopping 45 F.

about the same crack above approximately

ability

and would arrest that these

at temperatures would also have

It is estimated ability 20 F).

about the same crack-arresting cracks above approximately Cracking C equivalent

in the normalized

condition

(arresting

Underbead

The average maximum C and 1.00 mum based

for the experimental

steel made to O. 20%

to 1.3570 Mn content composition limits

would be about O. 35 and the maxiwould be O. 43. precautions Winterton~4 are generally points advisa-

upon these

out that available

data indicate

that welding O. 39;

ble when the C equivalent with this observation. experimental steel

exceeds

Figure

18 certainly

is in agreement be needed for the

Welding

precautions

might therefore is O. 4(I or higher.

when the C equivalent electrodes

This would inwith cel-

volve the use of low-hydrogen lulose-coated electrodes. C steel,

or preheat irig when welding

For Class four points ence

the average

and maximum C equivalents steel because

are about

lower than those Hence,

for the experimental welding precautions

of the differ-

in Mn contents. C steel.,

would not seem necessary to verify this conclusion cracking established obtained. Actual

for Class

Experimental

data would be needed reflect of course, the actual already

for C equivalents shipyard welding

will not precisely procedures are,

for this grade.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS V-notch of an as-rolled Mn content steel Charpy and drop-weight semiskilled steel tests were conducted on seven heats to 1. 35% C

containing

O. 20% maximum C and 1.00 for as-rolled

to determine

its suitability

as a substitute

Class

in thicknesses

over 1 in.

-32Based upon the Harr s-Williams Cha~py 15 ft-lb brittle fracture temperature in ships, conclusion that an average virtual V-notch freedom from in plate temperature ABS Class

of 10 F maximum would assure steel

the experimental in., inclusive.

would be satisfactory 16, the 15 ft-lb

thicknesses

up to 1-1/4

From Fig.

of 10 F for 1 1/4-in. B steel

plate is slightly

lower than that of 1-in. -thick Class C.

but about 20 F worse than that of 1 l/4-in. The V-notch Charpy 15 ft-lb temperature

and the drop-weight-test of performance,

N13T

do not,

however,

give the same relative

evaluations

arid it is

appropriate

to take the results

from both tests

into consideration

at this time. the NDT

When using full-plate-thickness of 1- 1/4-in. l-in. Class plate of the experimental

drop-weight-test steel

specimens,

is about 10 F worse than that of Class C. On this basis, to be

B and 15 F worse than that of l-1/4-in. steel would not quite have sufficient substitute for as-rolled

the experimental considered over 1 in.

notch toughness C steel

a suitable

ABS Class

in thicknesses

When using Pellini nesses to simulate up to 1-1/2 B steel.

l-in.

-thick

drop-weight-test

specimens

as advocated steel

by

small flaws,

the NDT of the experimental

for all thick-thick

in. , inclusive, Hence,

is just about the same as that of l-in. the experimental steel

ABS Class

with this interpretation, notch toughness over 1 in. NDT values

should have just about sufficient stitute for Class C steel steel

to allow its use as a subSince ABS Class in equivalent B steel

in thicknesses have similar B steel

and the experimental it is also thicknesses possible

thicknesses,

that Class

would be sufficiently

tough to use in

up to 1-1/2 of these

in. , inclusive. contradictory indications from the different of the same test, as a substitute is difficult nqtcha firm confor ABS in this intempera -

Because toughness clusion Class stance tests

and from different

interpretations steel

on the suitability C cannot because be reached

of the experimental at this time.

The problem small differences

of the need to resolve

in transition

ture evaluations test and testing

on the order of only 10 or 20 F. technique

Development

of a small-scale in notchtesting

that could properly as se SS such refinements for comparison, suitable large- scale

toughness

behavior

will require,

-33that would simulate Normalizing by all test Class steel steel, criteria, behavior in service. steel provides suitable notch toughness over as-rolled experimental Class C

the experimental

but there would be no ec onorriic advantage however, that the normalized substitute in.

C steel.

It does appear,

would be a suitable

and economical

for normalized This substitution choice of steels

which is used in thicknesses be a complicating as-rolled steel Class feature

over 1-3/8 since

could, might

however,

a favorable

then involve experimental

C for thicknesses

to 1- 3/8 in. and the normalized

for thicknesses

over 1- 3/8 in. are based upon notch-toughness comparative test that in this

The above comments

and conclusions tendencies. crack-arresting

tests that predict

data are available the experimental respect.

crack-initiation for estimating steel

only limited ability,

but it appears C steel

would be about as suitable

as ABS Class

The composition gave tensile 1-1/2 properties

limits

of O. 207o maximum C and 1.00 for as-rolled

to 1. 35% Mn plate over 1 to

that met ABS requirements

in. thick. Welding precautions might be needed for the experimental This would involve steel when

the C equivalent low-hydrogen electrodes.

(C + Mn/6) is O. 40 or higher. or preheating

the use of

electrodes

when welding

with cellulose-coated

A substantial drop-we ight test thickness than those that further most suitable ance of plates

effect

of specimen

thickness

upon NDT was found in the procedures. Full-

even when using from 1- l/2-in. -thick

so-called plate

normalization

specimens of 3/4-in.

had NDTs that were 30 F higher It is believed the

specimens

cut from the same plate. testing is needed

small- scale specimen

and large- scale dimensions

to determine service

for evaluating

the actual

perform-

over 1 in. thick.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgment through whom the test is given to the following data were developed organizations and people program:

in this c operative

-34American Bureau of Shipping Laboratory - G. W. Place

Naval Research

- P. P. Puzak - E. A. Imbe mbo - M. W. Lightner

New York Naval Shipyard United States Steel

Corporation

Watertown

Arsenal

- J. F. Driscoll

REFERENCES 1. Harris, W. J., Jr., and Williams, Clyde, An Interpretive Report on the Metallurgical and Economic Aspects of Shi~Steels and Their Relation to . Ship Failures (Ship Structure Committee Report Serial No. SSC-80), Washington: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, August 15, 1956. (This repofi also appears in Metal Progress, April 1959, pp. 66-71). Vanderbeck, R. W., Improved Notch Touqhness Q Experimental Semiskilled Steels over One Inch in Thickness (Ship Structure Committee Report Serial . No. SSC-101), Washington: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, August 1, 1956. (This report also appears in The Weld. ~ 3. _ R@s@arch Supplem@nt~ JMNJarY 1958! PP. 10-S--20-S)

2.

A. J. , Normalization Puzak, P. P., and Babecki, Procedures for NRL Drop-Weight, The Welding Journal? Research Supplement, 38:5, pp. 209-s-219-s (May 1959). Puzak, P. P., and Pellini, W. S., Evaluation of the Significance of Charpy Tests for Quenched and Tempered Steels, The Welding Journal, 35:6, pp. 275-s-290-s (June 1956). Research Supplement, ?tibembo, E. A., and Ginsberg, F., Notch-Toughness Properties of ShipPlate Steel as Evaluation b~ the van der Veen Notched Slow-Bend Test . . . . (Ship Structure Committee Report Serial No. SSC - 108), Washington: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, August 31, 1959. C. E., The Low-Blow Orner, G. M., and Hartbower, Proc. ASTM, vol. 58, p. 623 (1958). tures, Voldrich, -J G. B., Research Cold Cracking s~@@ment~ Transition Tempera-

4.

5.

6.

7.

in the Heat-Affected Zone, The Welding 26:3, pp. 153-s-169-s (March 1947). of Test-

8.

Armstrong, T. N., and Warner, W. L., Low Temperature Transition Normalized Carbon-Manganese Steels, ASTM Sumposium on Impact ing (Special Publication No. 176), pp. 40-58, June 27, 1955.

-359. Brown, D. P., Naval Architects Problems with Ship Plate, Proc. (Regional Technical Meetings), pp. 591-612, 1957. E. A., der Veen Notched Slow-Bend Van Steel Plate (Report for SSC Project SR- 141, Project Naval Shipyard, October 7, 1960.
Imbembo,

AISI

10.

Tests on Semiskilled . 5769-4), New York

11.

Imbembo, E. A., and Gabriel, J. J., Investigation of the Notch-Toughness Properties of ABS ~ Plate Steels (Ship Structure Committee Report Serial No. SSC- 142), Washington: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, October 1, 1962. Staugaitis, C. L., Mill Sampling Techniques for Quality Determination Ship Steel Plate (Ship Structure Committee Rep~t Serial No. SSC - 141), Washington, D. C.: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, February 28, 1962. Puzak, P. P., Schuster, M. E,, and Pellini, W. S., Applicability of Charpy Test Data, The Weldinq Journal, Research Supplement, 33:9, pp. 433-s--441-s (September 1954). Winterton, K., Weldability Prediction from Steel Composition Heat-Affected Zone Cracking, The Welding Journal, Research 40:6, pp. 253-s-258-s (June 1961). to Avoid Supplement, of

12.

13.

14.

15.

Puzak, P. P., Babecki, A. J., and Pellini, W. S., Correlations of BrittleFracture Service Failures with Laboratory Notch- Ductility Tests, The Welding Journal, Research Supplement, 37:9, pp. 391- s--41 O-s (September 1958). Pellini, W. Washington: S., Steele, L. E., and Hawthorne, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, J. R., (Report 5780), April 17, 1962.

16.

17.

Boulger, F. W., and Hansen, W. R., The Effect of Metallurgical Variables in Ship-Plate Steels on the Transition Temperatures in the Drop-Weight and . Charpy V-Notch Tests (Ship Structure Committee Report Serial No. SSC- l=), Washington, D. C. : National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, (to be published). Mosborg, R. J., Behavior g Riveted and Welded Structure Committee Report Serial No.~SC - 122), National Academy of Sciences-National Research 1960. Crack Arrestors (Ship Washington, D. C.: Council, August 31,

18.

-36TABLE A-1 USS V-NOTCH CHARPY IMPACT TEST RESULTS ON AS -ROLLED EXPERIMENTAL STEEL
Test Temp, Rest A

3/4 Inch Energy shear Absorbed, Fracture ,

Ft-lb

1 Inch
Enemv - Absorbed, Ft-lb

MA
Shear
5 Faergy Mmorbed, Ft-lb

Inch Shear
Fracture, $

Fracture,

Inch Shear Fracture, Abeoriid>

1-1/2

Emeruv

F 60 40
30 20 10 0 -20 -30 -40 -60 1L4

& 55,55 10,30,10 10,3,10 5,5,5 5,10,5 3,3;3

Ft-lb
135,34,92 109,23,39

10-(

105,105

w87,27 7,86,9 9,6,5 4,28>4 2,7,3

97,13,94 96, g8,2a L2, 15,5892,58 1239,&2,9 4,57,2o ~,2,3 4,3,3

65 40,15,45 40,25,50,25 15,20, kO~20 15,15,40,15 5,15,5 3,2,3 5,3,3

182,157,195 95,97 10,13,93 6,7,73 5,4,7

1o,1o,1o

75,50,55 75>50,~ 20,20,25 15,15,20 15,10,10

11,22,13 6,9, E 4,6,6

15,10,30 10,5,5

102,115,137 98,65> 75 40 20 0 -20 -30 -40 c

140 120

115,131,110 75,70,W 89,132,95 40,34,35 19,27,17 :,~;o ,,

65,w,70 55,55,55 30,35,30 10,10,15 10,5,10

3-20,120,120 .W,80,G3 120,116,114 80,70>75 lW ,109,111 65,60,62 45,45,35 72,67,22 10,79,21 20,35,25 20,25,10 9,47,8 5,15,5 5,54,9 6,5,5 5,5,5

72,79,82 49,74,55 41,55,57 41,42,40 42,37,38 16,13.,21 11,7,13 5,4,10 69>66,53 70,44,53 51,50,44

70,80,80 50,65,& 50,55,55 45,45,45 30,30,30 .15,15,15 10,10,10 5,5,10 70,70,70 80,6Q,6Q 55,55,55

53,1oo,89 73,9Q,m 58,39,83 34,11,9 3>5>6

55,@,65 50,k5,40 25,20,45 10,10,10 5,5,5

mu
85 80

63,76,fa

55,60,6u 45,45,45 30,35,4C

20,20,25 10,10,10 5>5,5

70,64,85 46,57,46 22,21,28 12,13,13 6,6,7 5,4,4

63,63,65 50,50,s 40,45,35 20,20,25 10,10,10 5,5,5

60 40 30 20 0 -lo
-20 -40

77,82, ~ 62,61,61 47,53,49 34,16,33 ~9,25,26 13,8,11 1.0,8,9 5,3,6 96>90>99 87,110,93 66,83,68 61,50,31 9,5L47 1.6,3LJ13 40,4,7,9, 25,38 5>7 6,6,5

70,75,70 @,@,55 50,50,50 40,35,4C 30,30,25 10,15,10 15,15,15 5,5,5 75,75,85 65,70,70 50,50,40 35,30,30 20,25,25 15,20,15 20,10,10,5, 10,10 5,5 5,5,5

39,37,22 37,33,35 14,11,9 15,27,12 14,8,9 4,9,7

45,45,45 45,115,45 25,30,20 20,25,20 20,20,15 5,10,8

42,44,45 37,23,30
I-2,13,23 7,6,9

4,4,5 66,73,63 59,66,67 49>44,38 50,40, ~8 40,47,42 31,25,23 10,21,7 8,~3>7,9, 7,8 4,6,7 85,57,63 58,49,64 41,49,38 37,37,36 37,18,29
16,11,13 7,11,9 12,17,7>6,

100

80 60 c 30 20 K! o -10
-20

70,70,70 55,60,60 50,45,45 45,45,40 40,k5,40 30,25,25 15,1.5,15

73,67,72 67,90,74 79,46,81

41,51, >8

65,60,50 55,60,50
55,35,6o 20,20,25

129,100,104 100,80,85 90,107,120 60,75,100 70,60,55 104, ,57 8ti 78,1-(,93 8k,67,16 8,10,29 7,41,46 13,6,8
55,30, P 60,40,25 15,20,20 15,20,20 10,10,10

y3;&

30,

10,10,10,5, 5,5 5,5>5 80,75,70 60,55>60 50,50,45 45,45,50 35>25,25 10,15,15 5,10,10 5,5,5,5, 5,5 5,5,5

.30 -40
E 100 80

26, ;5, 30 3, W5,9>34, 6,17,18>19 4,5,28,4,8,8 9>9,5,3,5,5

10,15,10, 15,15,15 575,5 4,4,4,8 5,5,5,10, 10,5,5,5,5 5>5,5,575,5 5,5,5,5,5>5

5,5>5,5

139,125,117 90,8Q,80 130,123,107 80,8Q,EJ3 126,114,125 75,65,75 110,89,113 91,42,49 10,51,19 10,11,12 6~,;7,7,8 3,5,5
65,60,65 50,35,35
15,20,15 15,15,10 25,10,5,10,

116,105,128 85,70,100 65,60,65 97,79,85 80,66,97 51,11,34 77,14, U 10,7,13 12,21,9 11>6,15 8,5j5 5,3,3 50,45,60
30,25,30 50,35,30 20,20,20 15,10,15 io,lo,5 10,5,5 5,5,5

70 60 50 4s 30 20 10 0 -lo -20 -40

8#,58,87 ~7,57>65 72,88,78 20,40,61 41,15,67 26,16,67 17,13,11 11,10>10 6>7,7 5,6,4

70,65,70 80,70,60 60,95,70 40,45,50 50,4a,60 35, ~,50 30,30,25 30,30,30 10,10,10 5,5>5

10,10 5,5,5

7,9 4,3,4

-37-

TABLE A-1 (Continued )

Heat
F

Test Temp, F

Enerfw
Abeo&d, Ft-lb E8,94,95 82,85,@8 6T,81,75 E0,47,37 56,44,48 39,42,28, 13,26 3U,11,14 15,6,31 5,4,8 89,92,94 86,m,83 68,70,& ZZ%:E 20,50,30 21,35,~ ;:;:;15

3/4 Tnctl Shear

Fracture,

1-1/4

Inch

*T=
Absorbed, R-lb 112)11.5 u8, 107,105 5@,95,m 79,84,91 83,25, w 25,48,15 U2,10, I4 lb,8,7 5,6,4 103, U7, llk 105, lca la, 94 .%9,76,92 37,95,9 71,&,40 16,19,14 5,5,6 4,3,3

EUlear
Fracture,

l-1/2 Inch meal? Meru -cture, Absorbed,

Ft-lb

$
95>9, W
80,75,75 50,70,63 20,20,20 45,40,40 35,35,w,~o 15,10 20,20,20 50,47,45

$
AW,93 99,W,5Q
85>75,75 P,70,T3 4oJ40,4a w,30, y 23,23,20 10,10,10 5,5,5 103,93,$6 a5,w,w 85,70,& 55,65,65 W,50,5Q 45,45,45 m,a,m 10,10,10 5>5,5

140
MO

100

7-&

WOJ90 95,93>P 70>70,W 60,63,6a $:$:$ 20,23,x! 15,15,15 10,10,10 ~,m3,1cQ 93,85 75>~ &,55,a J+o,65,ti 35>35,25 m,20,20 15,15,15 10,10,10

3~

92,92, y? $,9J+,9 91,83,8!3 78,63,63 39,31,29 23,17,18 13,11,12 6,6,6 3,3,4 116,1m,5@ la, 104,103 108,61,92 39,70,7~ 27,27,21
18,19,16

0
-10 -20

10,10,10 97,95,97 85,85,85 P#070g 40:40,40 25,35,30 30,20,20 5,10,10 5>5>5

140
120 % 40
20

a
0
-20

g ll;12
3;4,3

-38TABLE A-2 WATERTOWN ARSENAL V-NOTCH CHARPY IMPACT-TEST ON NORMALIZED EXPERIMENTAL STEEL
3/4 Inch
Test

RESULTS
1-1/2 Inch Shear
Fracture, %

1-1/4
Energy

Inch

Temp,
Heat F

Energy Absorbed,

Shear Fracture, %

F&lb

Absorbed, W-lb 200

Shear Fracture, $

Energy Absorbed,
m-lb

104 95 84 2: 50 32 14 .; -13 -22 -31 -40 -58 -76 -112

100

192 200

100
139

* * 185 81 83,47,58,55 53,5,6,1o 5

100
179 141

100 100 100

80 15,30 30,25 5 5,20,5 5 0 0

+ 24,45 60 28,*,++ 14, *,*

100 100 100

30,60 50

40,100,100 25,100,~oo

100 100
20 20,10,15,15 20,5,5,10 0

55>~3 11,9 5 5,64,3 ? 2

6 2 2 126 126 107 116 98 90 71 23,17,99 91,89 90,6

0
0

140 122 104 84 6a 50 32 -;4 -22 -31 -40 .76

E 176

176 158

131 135 117 89 81 55,67 51,55,8,

10

100 100 85 60 55 15,20 10,10,10, 5 5,5,5 5 0

131 138 121 127 ~06 69 44,42 18,12,5 4 3 138 113 M 101,82

100

100
85 85 65 20 10,10 5,5,5 5 0 100 90 100 75,65 65,60 45,65 65 45 25 20,25,50 50,40 35,10

7,8,3 4

7 2

140 122 104 84

77

187 179 80 74,75 60 64,9,12,39 9,11 5 2 did

not

100

95,87 39,97

68
59
100

134 154 142 106 E 74,74 8,27,11,15 8 3 2

100 100 100

70

50 32 .i4 -13 -22 -40 -76

*SWcimen

45
30,30

18,113,97 To
6

30,80,65 40
15

65
40

15
20,10,15,15 10,15

25,25 10,10,15,15

10 0
5

5 0
break--stopped Pendulum.

3 2

5 0

GPo

940457

Chairman: J. R. Low, Jr-;. - :,:. ,> .... Metallur.gy and Ceramics General.Electric C( .,.

vice-

Presi$.en

United- States-~ Steel

Professo~ofMetall Golurnbia!Unive rsil

A. R. Lytle Director