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INTRODUCTION OF NETWORKING TYPES OF NETWORK NETWORK MEDIA NETWORKING DEVICES NETWORK TOPOLOGIES OSI MODEL & NETWORK PROTOCOLS WIRELESS TRASMISSION WIDE AREA NETWORK IEEE AND NETWORKING STANDARD
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INTRODUCTION OF NETWORKING
A computer network is an interconnection between or more computer by witch we can share information & Data to another Computer System.
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INTRODUCTION OF NETWORKING
A network is any collection of independent computers that communicate with one another over a shared network medium. A computer network is a collection of two or more connected computers. When these computers are joined in a network, people can share files and peripherals such as modems, printers, tape backup drives, or CD-ROM drives. When networks at multiple locations are connected using services available from phone companies, people can send e-mail, share links to the global Internet, or conduct video conferences in real time with other remote users. When a network becomes open sourced it can be managed properly with online collaboration software. As companies rely on applications like electronic mail and database management for core business operations, computer networking becomes increasingly more important.
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TYPES OF NETWORK
There are about eight types of networking which are used worldwide these days, both in house and commercially. LAN (Local Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) PAN (Personal Area Network) WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) SAN (Storage/Server/Small Area Network) CAN (Campus/Controller/Cluster Area Network) DAN (Desktop Area Network)
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LAN
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks (WANs), include their usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines. ARCNET, Token Ring and other technology standards have been used in the past, but Ethernet over twisted pair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies currently used to build LANs.
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WAN
A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunication network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. This is in contrast with personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.
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MAN
A Metro Ethernet is a computer network that covers a metropolitan area and that is based on the Ethernet standard. It is commonly used as a metropolitan access network to connect subscribers and businesses to a larger service network or the Internet. Businesses can also use Metro Ethernet to connect branch offices to their Intranet.
Ethernet has been a well known technology for decades. An Ethernet interface is much less expensive than a SONET/SDH or PDH interface of the same and width. Ethernet also supports high bandwidths with fine granularity, which is not available with traditional SDH connections. Another distinct advantage of an Ethernet-based access network is that it can be easily connected to the customer network, due to the prevalent use of Ethernet in corporate and, more recently, residential networks. Therefore, bringing Ethernet in to the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) introduces a lot of advantages to both the service provider and the customer.
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PAN
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computerized devices, including telephones and personal digital assistants. PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink). A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a PAN carried over wireless network technologies such as IrDA, Bluetooth, Wireless USB, Z-Wave, or even Body Area Network. The reach of a WPAN varies from a few centimeters to a few meters. A PAN may also be carried over wired computer buses such as USB . A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a personal area network - a network for interconnecting devices centered around an individual person's workspace - in which the connections are wireless. Wireless PAN is based on the standard IEEE 802.15. The three kinds of wireless technologies used for WPAN are Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association, and Wi-Fi.
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NETWORK MEDIA
Network media (sometimes referred to as networked media) refers to media mainly used in computer networks such as the Internet.
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CATEGORY OF UTP
USED FOR Voice Process Computer Networking Computer Networking Computer Networking Computer Networking Computer Networking
PAIR WIRES 2 Pair 4 Wires 4 Pair 8 Wires 4 Pair 8 Wires 4 Pair 8 Wires 4 Pair 8 Wires 4 Pair 8 Wires
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MEASURING BANDWIDTH
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NETWORK DEVICES
Computer network devices also known as communication devices and they constitute a data communication network. Computer networking devices are also called network equipment. Common basic networking devices & Icon: Hubs Switches Router Bridge Repeaters Modems MSAU CSU/DSU
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BRIDGE: A bridge is a network communication device that is used to connect one segment of the network with another that uses the same protocol. It operates at the Data link layer of the OSI layers model.
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CSU / DSU: CSU/DSU stands for Channel service unit and Data Service unit. CSU/DSU is a pair of the communication devices that converts the LAN data frames into the size of WAN data frames. CSU terminates the link at the customers premises. It connects the terminal with the digital line. DSU performs the actual transmission and receives the signals.
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In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously. Baseband refers to a message signal that is transmitted and broadband refers to send the message to every one who is having a receiver.
Broadband
The term broadband refers to a telecommunications signal or device of greater bandwidth, in some sense, than another standard or usual signal or device (and the broader the band, the greater the capacity for traffic). Different criteria for "broad" have been applied in different contexts and at different times.
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NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
The way in which the connections are made among all the computers is called the topology of the network. Network topology specifically refers to the physical layout of the network, specially the location of the computers and how the cable is run between them.
The most common topologies are
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BUS TOPOLOGIES
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Computer
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The bus topology is the simplest and most common. It is often used when a network installation is small, simple, or temporary. It is a Passive topology. This means that computers on the bus only listen for data being sent, they are not responsible for moving the data from one computer to the next. In an active topology network, the computers regenerate signals and are responsible for moving the data through the network. On a bus network, all the computer are connected to a single cable. When one computer sends a signal using the cable, all the computers on the network receive the information, but only one (Addressee) accepts it. The rest disregard the message.
Computer Computer
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BUS TOPOLOGIES
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network, and easy to use. The bus requires the least amount of cable to connect the computers together and is therefore less expensive than other cabling arrangements. Failure of one node does not affect the rest of network. DISADVANTAGE: Heavy network traffic can slow a bus considerably. A break in the cable or lake of proper termination can bring the network down. It is difficult to troubleshoot a bus.
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STAR TOPOLOGIES
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Server
Hub
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In a star topology, each device has a dedicated point to point link only to central controller, usually called a hub/server/host. Each computer on a star network communicates with a central hub that resends the message appropriate computer(s). The hub can be active or passive. An active hub regenerate the electrical signal and sends it to all the computers connected to it. This type of hub is often called a multiport repeater. Active hub require electrical power to run. A passive hub, such as wiring panels, merely acts as a connection point and does not amplify or regenerate the signal. Passive hubs do not require electrical power to run.
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STAR TOPOLOGIES
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Server
Hub
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star network. During adding/deleting a node network can function normally. When the capacity of the central hub is exceeded, it can be replaced with one that has a larger number of ports to plug lines into. Provide for centralised monitoring and management of the network. Single computer failure do not necessarily bring down the whole star network.
DISADVANTAGE: If the central hub fails, the whole network
fails to operate. It cost more to cable a star network. Require dedicated server and NOS
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Computer
RING TOPOLOGIES
Computer Computer
In a ring topology, each computer is connected directly to the next computer in line, forming a circle of cable. It uses token to pass the information from one computer to another. Every computer is connected to the next compute in the ring, and each retransmit what it receives from the previous computer. The message flow around the ring in one direction. Ring is an active topology. There is no termination because there is no end to the ring.
Computer Computer
Token passing a method of sending data in a ring topology. A small packet, called the token passed around the ring to each computer in tern. If a computer has information to send, it modifies the token, adds address information and the data and sends it down the ring. The information travels around the ring until it either reaches its destination or returns to the sender. A token can circle a ring 200 meters in diameter at about 10,000 times a second.
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Computer
RING TOPOLOGIES
Computer Computer
network. Even with many users, network performance is even. Allows error checking, and acknowledgement.
DISADVANTAGE: Failure of one computer can affect the
whole network. It is difficult to troubleshoot the ring network. Adding or removing computers disturbs the network.
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Computer
MESH TOPOLOGIES
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In a mesh topology, every devices has a dedicated point to point link to every other device. A fully connected mesh network therefore has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices. To accommodate that many links, every device on the network must have n-1 input/output ports.
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The type of network topology in which some of the nodes of the network are connected to more than one other node in the network with a point-to-point link this makes it possible to take advantage of some of the redundancy that is provided by a physical fully connected mesh topology without the expense and complexity required for a connection between every node in the network.
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Computer
MESH TOPOLOGIES
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between computers. Failure of one node computer not affect rest of the network. Because of the dedicated link privacy and security are guaranteed. Point to point links make fault identification and fault isolation easy.
DISADVANTAGE: Due to the amount of cabling and
number of input output ports, it is expensive. Large space is require to run the cables. Large space is require to run the cables.
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OSI MODEL
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
To address the problem of networks increasing in size and in number, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched many network schemes and recognized that there was a need to create a network model that would help network builders implement networks that could communicate and work together and therefore, released the OSI reference model in 1984.
ISO - International Organization for Standardization OSI - Open System Interconnection IOS - Internetwork Operating System
The ISO created the OSI to make the IOS more efficient. The ISO acronym is correct as shown. To avoid confusion, some people say International Standard Organization.
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6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
This layer deal with networking applications. Examples: Email Web browsers PDU - User Data
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6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
This layer is responsible for presenting the data in the required format which may include: Encryption Compression PDU - Formatted Data
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6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
This layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts.
6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
This layer breaks up the data from the sending host and then reassembles it in the receiver.
6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
Sometimes referred to as the Cisco Layer. Makes Best Path Determination decisions based on logical addresses (usually IP addresses).
PDU - Packets
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6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
This layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link. Makes decisions based on physical addresses (usually MAC addresses).
PDU - Frames
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6 Presentation
5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
This is the physical media through which the data, represented as electronic signals, is sent from the source host to the destination host. Examples: CAT5 (what we have) Coaxial (like cable TV) Fiber optic PDU - Bits
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IP ADDRESING
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. When the packet arrives at a router connected to the destination network, the router uses the IP address to locate the particular computer connected to that network. Accordingly, IP address has two Versions .
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Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a version of the Internet Protocol (IP) intended to succeed Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), which currently directs almost all Internet traffic, but it is unable to fulfill the demand for IP addresses. IPv6 allows up to 2128 addresses, a massive increase from the 232 (about 4.3 billion) addresses that IPv4 supports, and includes several other improvements.
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NETWORK
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BROADCOST
Private IP Addresses are another solution to the problem of the impending exhaustion of public IP addresses. As mentioned, public networks require hosts to have unique IP addresses. However, private networks that are not connected to the Internet may use any host addresses, as long as each host within the private network is unique.
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WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
Wireless signals are electromagnetic waves that can travel through the vacuum of outer space or through a medium such as air. No physical copper-based or fiber optic medium is necessary for wireless signals, which makes utilizing wireless signals a very versatile way to build a network. Wireless transmissions can cover large distances by using highfrequency signals. Each signal uses a different frequency measured in hertz so that they remain unique from and another. Wireless technologies have been around for many years. Satellite TV AM/FM radio, cellular phones, remote-control devices, radar, alarm systems, weather radios, cordless phones, and retail scanners are integrated into everyday life. Today, wireless technologies are a fundamental part of business and personal life.
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WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
Wireless Data Communications
The radio spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum used to transmit voice, video, and data. It uses frequencies from 3 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). This section considers only the part of the radio spectrum that supports wireless data transmission. Infrared (IR) - Very high data rates and lower cost, but very short distance. a Narrowband - Low data rates and medium cost. Requires a license and covers a limited distance. Spread spectrum - Medium cost and high data rates, Limited to campus coverage. Cisco Aironet products are spread spectrum. Broadband personal communications service (PCS) - Low data rates medium cost, and citywide coverage. Sprint is an exception; Sprint PCS provides nation wide and international coverage. Circuit and packet data (cellular data and cellular Digital Packet [ICDPDI])- Low data rates, high packet fees, and national coverage. Satellite - Variable data rates depending on type of service, high cost, and nationwide or world wide coverage.
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WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
Wireless Signals
When a signal is transmitted in a data format, you must consider the following three parameters: How fast - What data rate can be achieved? How far- How far can wireless LAN (WLAN) units be placed apart and still get the maximum data rate? How many - How many users can exist without slowing the data rate?
Type of modulation used - More complex modulation techniques provide greater throughput. Distance The Faster signals transmitted, the weaker the signal becomes. Noise- Electronics noise and barriers negatively after RF.
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WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
Wireless Modulation
Modulation is the process by which the amplitude, frequency or phase of an RF of light wave is altered to transmit data. The characteristics of the carrier wave instantaneously are varied by another modulating waveform, Modulation blends a data signal (text, voice. and so on) into a cannier for transmission over a network.
The most common methods of modulation are as follows:Amplitude modulation (AM) - Modulates the height of the carrier wave Frequency modulation (FM) - Modulates the frequency of the wave Phase modulation (PM) - Modulates the polarity (phase) of the wave
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WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
Wireless Radio Frequency Bands
Most radio frequencies are licensed by government agencies, such as the federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States. To broadcast over these frequencies, you need to have a license and to pay a fee. Unlicensed frequency bands are easier to implement and cost less over time because they do not require licenses, Three unlicensed bands exist, as illustrated.
900 megahertz (MHz) - The 900-MHz band carries cordless and cellular phones.
2.4 gigahertz (GHz) - The 802.1lg and 802.11b standard, the most widely deployed wireless standard, operates in the 2.4-GHz unlicensed radio band, delivering a maximum date rate of 11Mbps. 5 GHz - Recently, the FCC opened up the 5-GHz band for unlicensed use by high-speed data
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WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
Wireless Media
When the computer was first introduced to the world, it was affordable by only large Corporations governments, and universities. From the first building-sized devices with minimal computing power to those that fit in the palm of a person's hand, huge leaps in technology have occurred. The same is true on the connectivity side of the industry
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