EE&CS

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
EX.NO. 1A LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR OBJECTIVE To conduct the Load test on DC shunt motor and draw the characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Equipments Voltmeter Ammeter Tachometer Rheostat Connecting Lead Type MC MC Digital Wire wound Range (0-300)V (0-15)A 360 /1.1A Quantity 1 1 1 1 -
PROCEDURE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Note down the name plate details of the motors. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in figure. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch. Using the DC three point starter, start the motors. The field rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed. At no load condition, the input voltage, current and speed are noted and enter the value in the table.
7.
Increase the load current in the steps of 1/4th, 1/2th, 3/4th, full load and one 1/4th of the load.
8.
Note down the corresponding ammeter, voltmeter, spring balance reading and speed and enter the values in the table.
9.
Then the load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to the minimum resistance position and the supply is switched off.
10. The torque, input power, output power and percentage efficiency are calculated by using
the using the above formula and enter the values in the table.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
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FORMULA USED
1. Torque (T)
S1, S2 R
(S1-S2)*R*9.81 in Nm
spring balance reading in Kg Radius of the brake drum in M = VL IL in watts VL Line voltage in volts. IL Line current in amps.
2. Input power (Pi)
3. Output power(Po)
N T
= -
2 NT/60 in watts Speed in rpm Torque in rpm
4. Efficiency ( ) = (output power/input power)*100 in %
TABULATION Input Load Current S.No IL in Amps VL in volts ILVL Load power Voltage Pi in watts N in rpm S1 S2 S1~S2 T in Nm Po in watts in % Speed reading in Kg Torque Power Efficiency Spring balance Output
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GRAPH The performance characteristics curves are drawn as shown in figure Electrical characteristics 1. Output Power Vs Line Current 2. Output power Vs Speed 3. Output power Vs Torque 4. Output power Vs Efficiency
Mechanical characteristics 1. Torque Vs Speed
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MODEL CALCULATION
RESULT Thus the load test on DC shunt motor was conducted and the characteristic curves were drawn.
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EX.NO.1 B LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR AIM To conduct the Load test on DC series motor and draw the characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. Equipments Voltmeter Ammeter Tachometer Connecting Lead Type MC MC Digital Range (0-15)A (0-300)V Quantity 1 1 1 -
Theory As the name implies the field coils, consisting of few turns of thick wire, are connected in series the armature, as illustrated in figure. The cross sectional area of the wire used for field coils has to be fairly large to carry the armature current, but owing to the higher current, the number of turns of wire in them need not be large. In D.C series motor,
Armature Current, Ia = Series field current, Ise = Line current, IL = I Back emf developed, Eb = V I(Ra+Rse) Power drawn from supply mains = VI Mechanical Power Developed Pm = Power input Losses in armature and field = VI - I2 (Ra + Re) = I [V- I (Ra+Rse)] = EbI = VIa I2aRa= Ia (V - IaRa) = EbI
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PRECAUTION The DC series motor should always be started with some load. Otherwise the speed will be enormous and fuse will blown out.
PROCEDURE 1. Note down the name plate details of the motors. 2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 3. Ensure that 1/4th of the load are applied to the brake drum. 4. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch and the motor is started. 5. At 1/4th load condition, Note down the ammeter, voltmeter, spring balance reading and speed and enter the values in the table. 6. Then increase the load current in the steps of 1/2th, 3/4th rated value and one 125% of the rated value. 7. Note down the corresponding ammeter, voltmeter, spring balance reading and speed and enter the values in the table. 8. The torque, input power, output power and percentage efficiency are calculated by using the using the above formula and tabulated in observation table. FORMULA USED
1. Torque (T)
Where, S1, S2 R
(S1- S2)*R*9.81 in Nm Spring Balance Reading in Kg
Radius of the brake drum in m
2. Input power (Pi)

VL IL
VLIL in watts
Line voltage in volts. Line current in amps.
3. Output power(Po)
N T
2 NT/60 in watts Speed in rpm Torque in Nm
4. Efficiency ( )
(Output Power/ Input Power)*100 in %
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TABULATION Load Current S.No IL in Amps VL in volts ILVL Input Load power Voltage Pi in watts rpm S1 S2 S1~S2 N in Speed reading in Kg Torque T in Nm in watts Power Po Efficiency in % Spring balance Output
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GRAPH The performance characteristics curves are drawn as shown in figure a) Electrical characteristics 1. Output power Vs Line current 2. Output power Vs Speed 3. Output power Vs Torque 4. Output power Vs Efficiency
b) Mechanical characteristics 1. Torque Vs Speed
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MODEL CALCULATION
RESULT Thus the load test on DC series motor was conducted and the characteristic curves were drawn.
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EX.NO.2A OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR AIM To obtain open circuit characteristics and load characteristics of DC shunt generator. APPARATUS REQUIRED
S. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Description Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Rheostat Tachometer Connecting wires
Range (0-300V)MC (0-2A)MC (0-10A)MC 400 /1.4A -
Quantity 1 1 1 2 1 As per requirement
FORMULAE Eg Ia Eg V Ia IL If Ra = = : : : : : : V + Ia Ra (Volts) IL + If (Amps) Generated emf in Volts Terminal Voltage in Volts Armature Current in Amps Line Current in Amps Field Current in Amps Armature Resistance in Ohms
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PROCEDURE I Open Circuit Characteristics 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram 2. The motor field rheostat should be in minimum resistance position and the generator field rheostat should be in maximum resistance position while switching ON and switching OFF the supply side DPST switch. 3. Ensure that the DPST switch on the load side is open. 4. Switch ON the supply DPST switch. 5. Using the 3- point starter the DC motor is started and it is brought to rated speed by adjusting the motor field rheostat. 6. Keeping the DPST switch on the load side open, the generated voltage Eg and field current If of generator is noted down by varying the generator field rheostat. 7. The above step is repeated till 125 % of rated voltage is reached. 8. Plot the graph for reading taken as shown in model graph.
II Load Characteristics Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram 1. The motor field rheostat should be in minimum resistance position and the generator field rheostat should be in maximum resistance position while switching ON and switching OFF the supply side DPST switch. 2. Ensure that the DPST switch on the load side is open. 3. Switch ON the supply DPST switch 4. The generator is brought to its rated voltage by varying the generator field rheostat. 5. The DPST switch on the load side is closed, and the load is varied for convenient steps of load current up to 120 % of its rated capacity and the voltmeter VL and ammeter Ia readings are observed. On each loading the speed should be maintained at rated speed. 6. Plot the graph for reading taken as shown in model graph.
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TABULAR COLUMN: Open Circuit Characteristics Field Current S.No. If (Amps) Eo (Volts) Armature Voltage
TABULAR COLUMN: Load Circuit Characteristics
Field S.No. Current If (Amps)
Load Current IL (Amps)
Terminal Voltage (V) Volts Ia = IL + If (Amps) Eg =V + Ia Ra (Volts)
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PROCEDURE: Determination of Armature Resistance 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch. 3. Readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter are noted. 4. Armature resistance in Ohms is calculated as Ra = (Vx1.5) /I
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE
TABULATION TO DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE S.No. Voltage V (Volts) Current I (Amps) Armature Resistance Ra (Ohms)
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MODEL GRAPH: Open Circuit Characteristics
Eo (Volts)
Critical Resistance = Eo / If Ohms
If Eo If (Amps) MODEL GRAPH: Load Characteristics
VL, E (Volts)
E Vs IL (Int Char) V Vs IL (Ext Char)
If, IL (Amps)
RESULT: Thus the open circuit characteristics and load characteristics of DC shunt generator are obtained.
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EX.NO. 2 B OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES GENERATOR AIM To conduct OCC and load characteristics of DC series Generator & obtain the characteristics APPARATUS REQUIRED S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Equipment Ammeter Ammeter Voltmeter Rheostat Rheostat Loading Rheostat Tacho Meter Type MC MC MC Wire wound Wire wound Resistive Digital Range (0-1)A (0-10)A (0-300) V 175 / 1.1 A 50 /5 A 5 KW Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
PRECAUTION At the time of starting 1. Motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum position 2. Generator field rheostat should be kept at max position
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TABULATION (i) OCC Circuit Open Circuit Voltage S.No Field Current (to) Volts
(ii) Load Characteristics Load Current S.No IL=IF=Ia Amps Volts Terminal Voltage (VL) IL(Ra +Rse ) Volts Generated emf Eg=VL +IL (Ra +Rse )
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PROCEDURE (i) OCC 1. Close the DPST switch and start the DC shunt motor 2. Increase field regulating resistance and bring the speed of the M/R & Generator (1500 rpm) 3. Switch On the load to increase the current through the series field winding look for any change in speed has taken place 4. If so bring back the speed for rated speed 5. Note down the Ammeter, Voltmeter reading and enter in the tabulation 6. Repeat the steps above previous step till the generator reach the rated current (ii) Load Characteristics 1. Close the DPST switch & start the DC shunt motor 2. Increase the regulative resistance & bring the speed of the M/R & genset equal for the rated speed 3. Switch on some load to increase the load current and tabulate the reading 4. Switch on some load to increase the load current greater than the previous and tabulation the readings. 5. Likewise take readings up to 125% of the rated current. 6. Switch off the supply and return the apparatus safely.
MODEL CALCULATION
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MODEL GRAPH: Open Circuit Characteristics
Eo (Volts)
Critical Resistance = Eo / If Ohms
If Eo If (Amps) MODEL GRAPH: Load Characteristics
RESULT Thus the open circuit characteristics and load characteristics of DC series generator are obtained.
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EX.NO.3 SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR OBJECTIVE To control the speed of the given DC shunt motor by field and armature control methods and also to draw their characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Apparatus Ammeter Ammeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Rheostat Rheostat Tachometer Connecting leads Type MC MC MC MC Wire wound Wire wound Digital Range (0-25)A (0-2)A (0-300)A (0-50)A 50 /5A 360 /1.1A Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 -
THEORY The different ranges of speeds are required for different applications. A single motor can be used for various work in different speeds. Smooth speed control is possible in DC shunt motor. The speed of a DC motor can be expressed by the equation, N = K(V-IaRas ) / Neglecting the small voltage drops IaRa, the speed is directly proportional to the voltage across armature and inversely proportional to the flux or field current. Hence, the speed of the DC motor is controlled by either voltage or field current.
Filed current (or) flux control method In field current method, the speed of the DC motor is inversely proportional to the flux per pole. When armature voltage is kept constant, the change of field current can change the flux per pole of a DC motor. The field current can be changed with the help of shunt field rheostat. As the DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Page 24

field resistance is increased, the current flowing through the field is decreased. So, the speed is increased. In this method, the speed can be varied above the rated speed. Armature (or) voltage control method This method is used when the speed required is below the rated the rated speed. The voltage across the armature is varied by inserting a variable resistance in series with the armature circuit. As the armature resistance is increased, the voltage across the armature is decreased. So the armature speed is decreased.
PRECAUTIONS 1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position at the time of starting. 2. The motor armature rheostat be kept at minimum resistance position at the time of starting. 3. The motor should be in no load condition throughout the experiment 4. The motor should run in anticlockwise direction.
PROCEDURE Field control method : 1. Note down the name plate details of the motors. 2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 3. Using the three point DC starter, start the motor. 4. The armature rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed. 5. Keep the armature voltage constant at rated value. 6. Increase the speed in steps of 50rpm above the rated speed and note down the corresponding field current value in table.
Armature control method: 1. Connections are made as per figure. 2. Using the three-point starter the motor is stared to run. 3. The armature rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed by means of applying the rated voltage. 4. Keep the field current constant at rated speed. 5. Decrease the speed in steps of 50 rpm below the rated speed and note down the corresponding field current value in table.
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TABULATION: FIELD CONTROL METHOD Armature voltage, Va= S.No Speed (N) rpm Field current (If) Amps
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD Field current, If= S.No Speed (N) rpm Armature voltage, Va (Volts)
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MODEL GRAPH: The graphs are drawn for the following 1. Armature voltage (Va) Vs Speed (N)
2. Field current (If) Vs Speed (N)
RESULT Thus an experiment to control the speed of a DC shunt motor was conducted and its Characteristics curves were drawn.
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EX.NO.4 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER AIM To conduct the load test on the given single phase transformer and determine its performance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED S.No Apparatus Type Range (0-300) V 1 Voltmeter MI (0-150) V (0-10) A 2 Ammeter MI (0-5)A 3 4 5 Wattmeter Autotransformer Transformer LPF 1 Phase 1 Phase Step Down 300 V / 10 A,UPF (0-270) V / 10 A 230 V / 110 V 1 KVA 1 1 1 1 1 Quantity
PRECAUTIONS 1. At the time of stating, the DPST switch on secondary side should be kept in open condition. 2. At the time of starting, there should be no lode on the loading rheostat. FORMULA 1. Output power = Vs Is cos Where Vs Secondary voltage in volts Is secondary current in Amps cos - power factor 2. Input power = wattmeter reading in watts 3. Efficiency = (output power/ input power)* 100% DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Page 29 in watts

4. Voltage regulation=( Vno load - Vload ) / Vno load
THEORY Transformer is a static device, which is used to convert AC electricity from one voltage to another without any change in frequency. Transformer works only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, Step-down transformers decrease voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V) to a safer low voltage.
PROCEDURE 1. Note down the name plate detail of the machine 2. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram 3. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch on the primary side and the secondary is kept open 4. Adjust the auto transformer to energise the transformer with rated primary voltage 5. At no load condition, the input voltage, current and power are noted and enter the values in the table 6. Close the secondary winding and increase the load in steps of 1 amps and note down the corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings in both the primary and secondary sides and enter the values in the table 7. Then the load is gradually decreased and the auto transformer is brought to the minimum voltage position and the supply is switched off 8. The output power, efficiency and regulation are calculated by using the formulae and enter the values in the table.
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TABULATION
Primary voltage VP (Volts)
Primary current IP (Amps)
Secondary voltage
Secondary current
Wattmeter reading
Input power Pi (watts)
Output power Po(watts)
Efficiency (%)
Regulation R (%)
VS(Volts) IS(Amps) Wi(watts)
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MODEL GRAPH The graph is drawn between Output power Vs efficiency
MODEL CALCULATION
RESULT Thus the load test on the given single phase transformer was conducted and performance characteristics were drawn. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Page 33

EX.NO.5 OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER AIM (I) To conduct O.C. and S.C. test on single phase transformer (II) To find the equivalent circuit parameters (III) To predetermine the performance of single phase transformer
APPARATUS REQUIRED S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Apparatus Voltmeter Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Wattmeter Wattmeter Autotransformer Transformer Connecting leads Type MI MI MI MI LPF UPF 1 Phase 1 Phase Step Down Range (0-300) V (0-150) V (0-10) A (0-10) A 300 V / 10 A 150V / 10 A (0-270) V / 10 A 230 V / 110 V 1 KVA Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
PRECAUTIONS 1. At the time of stating, the transformer should be in the minimum voltage position. 2. For O.C test, the HV side of the transformer is in open circuit condition. 3. For S.C test, the LV side of the transformer is short circuited
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PROCEDURE FOR O.C TEST 1. Note down the name plate details of the machine. 2. Connections are made as per circuit diagram shown in the Figure 3. Supply is given by closing the DPST Switch 4. Vary the Autotransformer such that the voltmeter reads the rated LV side of the transformer. 5. Note down the corresponding reading of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter and enter the value in Table
PROCEDURE FOR S.C TEST 1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram shown in the Figure 2. Supply is given by closing the DPST Switch 3. Vary the Autotransformer such that the ammeter reads the rated HV side of the transformer. 4. Note down the corresponding reading of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter and enter the value in Table.
FORMULAE USED O.C TEST 1. No load power factor, COS Where W oc No Load Losses V oc No Load Voltage I oc No Load Current 2. Magnetizing component, Im = Ioc x sin
0 0 0 =[Woc /
(Vocx1oc)]
3. Working component, Iw = Ioc x cos
4. No load resistance, R0 = Voc / Iw in ohms 5. No load reactance, X0 = Voc / Im in ohms 6. Primary winding resistance, R1 = Wsc / Isc2 in ohms Where Wsc Short circuit power in watts Isc short circuit current in amps
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7. Primary winding impedance, Z1 = Wsc / Isc2 in ohms Where Vsc Short circuit voltage in volts 8. Primary winding reactance, X1 = 9. Secondary Winding Resistance R2 = Wsc / Isc2 in ohms 10. Secondary Winding Impedance, Z2= 11. Secondary Reactance, X2 = 12. Transformer Ratio (K) V2/V1 13. Equivalent Secondary Resistance referred to primary side, R2 = R2/K2 in ohms 14. Equivalent Secondary Reactance referred to primary side, X2 = X2/K2 in ohms EFFICIENCY 15. Iron loss, = Where, 16. Copper loss Where,
17. Total loss, 18. Output power, Where
19. Input power, 20. Efficiency REGULATION 21. Percentage regulation,=
22. Total resistance as referred to primary side, Ro1 = 23. Total reactance referred to primary side, X01 =
in ohms in ohms
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OPEN CIRCUIT TEST: Voltage Voc (volts) Current Ioc (Amps) No load losses Woc (Watts)
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST: Current Isc (Amps) Voltage Vsc (volts) No load losses Wsc (Watts)
TO CALCULATE THE EFFICIENCY: Output Power Copper Iron Loss Load S.No Fraction X (Watts) (Watts) UPF 0.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.5 Wi Loss X2Wsc Total Loss W (Watts) PF= UPF 0.8 PF= UPF 0.8 PF= P0 (Watts) Input Power Pi % (Watts) Efficiency
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TO CALCULATE THE REGULATION:
Power factor cos
125% Load X=1.25 Lagging Leading
100% Load X=1 Lagging Leading
75% Load X=0.75 Lagging Leading
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
MODEL GRAPH The graph is drawn 1. Output power Vs efficiency
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2. Power factor Vs regulation
MODEL CALCULATION:
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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
RESULT (I) Open circuit and short circuit tests were conducted on single phase transformer. (II) The equivalent circuit parameters are calculated. (III) Efficiency & voltage regulation performance are estimated.
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EX.NO.6 REGULATION OF A THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF METHODS AIM To predetermine the voltage regulation of the given three phase alternator by (1) EMF and (2) MMF methods and draw its characteristics curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Equipments Name Ammeter Ammeter Voltmeter Rheostat Rheostat Tacho Meter Connecting wires Type MI MC MI Wire wound Wire wound Digital Range (0-10)A (0-2) A (0-600) V 400 50 / 1.1A / 5A Qty 1 1 1 2 2 1 Few
PRECAUTION y y Motor field rheostat in minimum position Output voltage setting in the potential divider in minimum position.
PROCEDURE: OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Close the DPST switch 3. Start the DC motor using 3 point starter. 4. Increase the field regulating rheostat of the motor and drive the alternator at its rated speed 5. Note down the Ammeter and Voltmeter Readings 6. Close the SPST switch 7. Increase the output voltage of the potential divider and hence the current through the alternator field winding little greater than the previous. 8. Look for any change in speed has taken place. If so bring back the speed to earlier value 9. Note down the Ammeter and Voltmeter Readings 10. Repeat the step 7,8 and 9 till rated voltage is applied to the alternator field winding.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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PROCEDURE: SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS 1. Close the DPST switch 2. Start the DC motor using 3 point starter. 3. Increase the field regulating rheostat of the motor and drive the alternator at its rated speed 4. Close the TPST switch 5. Note down the Ammeter and Voltmeter Readings 6. Close the SPST switch 7. Increase the current through the alternator field winding to increase the short circuit current greater than the previous value 8. Look for any change in speed has taken place. If so bring back the speed to earlier value
9. Note down the Ammeter and Voltmeter Readings 10. Repeat the step 7,8 and 9 till rated current
FORMULA
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TABULATION: Open circuit test S.NO OPEN CIRCUIT LINE VOLTAGE VL (VOLTS) FIELD CURRENT IF (AMPS) OPEN CIRCUIT PHASE VOLTAGE VPH =VL/ (VOLTS)
Short circuit test S.NO SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT (AMPS) FIELD CURRENT IF (AMPS)
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TO FIND PERCENTAGE REGULATION (EMF METHOD) S.NO POWER FACTOR LAGGNG LEADING
TO FIND PERCENTAGE REGULATION (MMF METHOD) s.no Power factor Laggng leading
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: DETERMINATION OF STATOR WINDING RESISTANCE
PROCEDURE: DETERMINATION OF STATOR WINDING RESISTANCE 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch. 3. Readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter are noted. 4. Stator winding resistance in Ohms is calculated as Ra = (Vx1.5) /I TABULAR COLUMN: DETERMINATION OF STATOR WINDING RESISTANCE S.NO. VOLTAGE V (VOLTS) CURRENT I (AMPS) RA (OHMS) STATOR WINDING RESISTANCE
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MODEL CALCULATION
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MODEL GRAPH
RESULT The regulation of 3 phase alternator by EMF and MMF methods were determined and its characteristics curve was drawn.
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EX.NO.7 V CURVE & INVERTED V CURVE OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR AIM To plot V Curve & Inverted V curve of given Synchronous Motor
APPARATUS REQUIRED S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Equipments Name Ammeter Ammeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Wattmeter Rheostat Tacho Meter Connecting wires Type MI MC MI MI UPF Wire wound Digital Range (0-10)A (0-5) A (0-500) V (0-300) V 6 A, 250 V 50 / 5A Qty 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 -
PROCEDURE 1. Connection are given as per the circuit diagram 2. Supply is given to stator of Motor by adjusting 3 phase autotransformer and it is made to run as induction motor 3. Now close DPST switch & DC supply is given to rotor circuit and made to run as Synchronous Motor 4. DC supply is increased step by step by varying potential divider in the rotor circuit and corresponding readings are tabulated 5. Graph is drawn for IF and Ia, IF & PF. 6. Switch off the supply and return the apparatus safely.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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TABULATION S.NO. TERMINAL VOLTAGE VL IN VOLTS LOAD FIELD READING IN POWER FACTOR W2 Pi=W1+W2 PF=
WATTMETER WATTS W1
CURRENT IL CURRENT IF IN AMPS IN AMPS
Pi/( 3 VLIL)
MODEL CALCULATION
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MODEL GRAPH
Load Current In amps
Field current in amps
Power Factor
Field current in amps
RESULT Thus the V Curve & Inverted V curve characteristics of Synchronous Motor are obtained.
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EX.NO.8 LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR AIM To conduct load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor and draw its characteristics curves APPARATUS REQUIRED S.No 1 Apparatus Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Tachometer Connecting leads Type MI MI UPF Digital Range (0-500) V (0-5) A 250 V / 6 A Quantity 1
2 3 4 5
1 2 1 -
FORMULAE USED
1. Torque T
S1 S2 R
(S1=S2)9.81R in N-m Spring Balance Reading in KG
Radius of Brake Drum in m
2. Output power = 3. Input power 4. % Efficiency
2 NT/60 Watts = = Wattmeter Reading in Watts. Out Power x 100 Input Power
5. % of Slip
NS Nr x 100 NS
6. Power Factor (Cos ) = Input Power / VI
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THEORY The Induction motor is a single phase and three phase AC motor and is the most widely used machine. These motors are probably the simplest and most rugged of all electric motors. The supply is connected to the stator and the rotor power is received by induction caused by the stator rotating flux, hence the motor obtains its name induction motor. Its characteristic features are: 1. Simple and rugged construction. 2. Low cost and minimum maintenance. 3. High reliability and sufficiently high efficiency. 4. Needs no extra starting motor and need not be synchronized PROCEDURE 1. Note down the name plate detail of the machine 2. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram 3. Supply is given by closing the TPST switch 4. Using star- delta starter, start the motor 5. At no load condition, the input voltage, current and power are noted and enter the values in the table 6. Then increase the load gradually in steps and tabulate the different readings 7. Then the load is gradually decreased and the supply is switched off 8. The torque, output power, efficiency, slip and power factor are calculated by using the formulae and enter the values in the table.
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MODEL GRAPHS a) Electrical characteristics 1. Efficiency Vs Po 4. Power factor Vs Po 2. Line current Vs Po 5. Torque Vs Po 3. Speed N Vs Po
b) Mechanical characteristics Speed Vs Torque
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MODEL CALCULATIONS
RESULT Thus the load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor was conducted and characteristic curves were drawn.
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EX.NO.9 SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR BY STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL AIM To obtain speed control characteristic of three phase slip ring induction motor by stator voltage control. APPARATUS REQUIRED S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Equipments Voltmeter Ammeter Tachometer Auto transformer Connecting Lead Type MI MI Digital 3 Range (0-600)V (0-10)A (0-470)V Quantity 1 1 1 1 -
THEORY Stator voltage control is cheapest and easiest method but rarely used, because a large voltage is required for a relatively small change in speed. This large change in voltage will result in a large change in the flux density thereby seriously disturbing the magnetic conditions of the applied voltage. PROCEDURE 1. Close the TPST Switch 2. Increase the output voltage of variac / Auto Transformer to rated voltage of motor 3. Note down the readings of Speed, Voltage, Current and enter then in tabulation 4. Decrease the voltage less than the previous value and measure the speed, Voltage, Current and enter then in tabulation as a 2nd reading 5. Repeat the step 4 for 4 to 5 readings and enter in tabulation.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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TABULATION No load condition S.NO. STATOR VOLTAGE IN VOLTS SPEED IN RPM
Load condition S.NO. STATOR VOLTAGE IN VOLTS SPEED IN RPM
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MODEL GRAPH
SPEED IN RPM
STATOR VOLTAGE IN VOLTS
RESULT Thus the speed control characteristic of three phase slip ring induction motor by stator voltage control was obtained.
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EX.NO.10 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AIM To conduct the load test on the given single phase induction motor and draw its characteristic curves. APPARATUS REQUIRED S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity
Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Autotransformer Tachometer Connecting leads
MI MI UPF 1 Phase Digital -
(0-300) V (0-10) A 250 V / 6 A (0-270) V / 10 A -
2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 -
FORMULAE USED
1. Torque T
S1 S2 R
(S1=S2)9.81R in N-m Spring Balance Reading in KG
Radius of Brake Drum in m
2. Output power = 3. Input power 4. % Efficiency
2 NT/60 Watts = = Wattmeter Reading in Watts. Out Power x 100 Input Power
5. % of Slip
NS Nr x 100 NS
6. Power Factor (Cos )= Input Power / VI
Page 65
Page 66
Page 67

THEORY A single phase induction motor is similar to a three phase squirrel cage induction motor in physical appearance. The rotor of single phase squirrel cage induction motor is essentially the same as that employed in three phase induction motors and needs no further description. There is uniform air-gap between stator and rotor but no electrical Connection between them. Except for shaded pole types, the stator core is also very similar. A single phase motor can be wound for any even number of poles two, four and six being most common. A single phase induction motor is similar to a three phase squirrel cage induction motor.
PROCEDURE 1. Note down the name plate of the motor 2. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram 3. Keep the various I zero position before the II PST switch is Switched ON 4. The II PST is closed and the Autotransformer is adjusted for rated voltage 5. At no load the speed current voltage and power are noted 6. Switch off the supply after reducing the load and draw the graph
MODEL CALCULATION
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MODEL GRAPHS a) Electrical characteristics 1. Efficiency Vs Po 4. Power factor Vs Po 2. Line current Vs Po 5. Torque Vs Po 3. Speed N Vs Po
b) Mechanical characteristics Speed Vs Torque
RESULT Thus the load test on single phase induction motor was conducted and characteristic curves were drawn.
Page 69

EX.NO.11 STUDY OF AC STARTERS AND DC STARTERS AIM To study about the ac starters and dc starters. Necessity of Starter The necessity of starter is not only to start the motor but also for the following functions y y Reduction of the heavy starting current Over load and no voltage protection
THREE POINT STARTERS The component used and the internal wiring for a three point starter are shown. Three terminals L, Z, and A are available in the starter circuit for connecting to the motor. The starting resistance Rs provided with tapping and each tapping is connected to a brass stud. The handle of the starter, H is fixed in such a way to move over the brass studs. Two protective devices namely over load release and no voltage coil provided to protect the motor during over and during failure of supply. To start the motor, the starter handle, full resistance is connected in series with the armature and the armature circuit of the motor is closed through the starting resistance and over load release coil. Field circuit of motor is also closed through the no voltage coil. Then the handle is moved over the studs against the spring force offered by a spring S p mounted on the handle. As handle movers, the staring resistance is gradually cut out from the motor circuit. A soft iron pieces is attached to the handle. The no voltage coil, NVC consists of an electro magnet energized by the field current. When the handle reaches the ON position, the NVC attracts the soft iron piece and holds the handle firmly. Whenever there is a failure of supply, the NVC de-energies and releases the handle. The handle position returns to off position due to the spring tension. If this arrangement is provided, then when the power supply is restored, the armature alone will be connected to the supply and the current through the armature will be high and it will damage the armature winding. Thus the armature is protected against failure of supply by NVC.
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The over load release also has an electromagnet and the line current energizes it. When the motor is overloaded, the iron strip P is attracted to the contacts (c and c ) due to the
electromagnetic force produced by the overload release coil and the contacts c and c are bridged. Thus in this case NVC is de-energized and the handle comes to off position thus the motor is protected against overloading. We can see that under normal running of the motor the starting resistance when the handle touches the first stud it also touches the brass arc through which full voltage is supplied to the field coil.
Three point starter
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Disadvantage This three point starter is not suitable when we have to control the speed of the motor by connecting a variable resistance in series with the field winding. When the speed, the no voltage coil will be de-energized and handle will return the off position. Due to this disadvantage, four point starters is widely used for starting shunt and compound motors.
FOUR POINT STARTER The basic difference between three point and four starters is the connection of NVC. In three point, NVC is in series with the field winding while in four point starter NVC is connected independently across the supply through the fourth terminal called N in addition to the L , F and A . Hence any change in the field current does not affect the performance of the NVC. Thus it is ensured that NVC always produce a force which is enough to hold the handle in Run position, against forces of the spring, under all the operating conditions. Such a current is adjusted through NVC with the help of fixed resistance R connected in series with the NVc using fourth point N as
Page 72

shown
FOUR POINT STARTER Disadvantages:
The only limitation of the four point starter is , it does not provide high speed protection to the motor. If under running condition, field gets opened, the field current reduces to zero. But there is some residual flux present and N E
1 the motor tries to run with dangerously high speed. J
This is called high speeding action of the motion. in three point starter as NVC is in series with the field, under such field failure, NVC releases handle to the OFF position. But in four point starter NVC is connected directly across the supply and its current is maintained irrespective of the DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Page 73

current through the field winding, hence it always maintains handle in the RUN position, as long as supply is there. And thus it does not protect the motor from field failure condition which result into the high speeding of the motor.
TWO POINT STARTER:Three point and four point starters are used for d.c. shunt motors. In case of series motors, field and armature are inserted and hence starting resistance is inserted in series with the field and armature. Such a starter used to limit the star4ting current in case of dc series motor is called two point starters. The basic construction of two point starter is similar to that of three point starter the fact that is has only two terminal namely line (L) and field F. The terminal is one end of the series combination of field and the armature winding. The action of the starter is similar to that of three point starter. The handle of the starter is in OFF position. When it is moved to on, motor gets the supply and the entire starting resistance is in series with the armature and field. It limits the starting current. The current through no volt coil energizes it and when handle reaches to RUN position, the no volt coil holds the handle by attracting the soft iron piece on the handle. Hence the no volt coil is also called hold on coil. The main problem in case of dc series motor is it over speeding action when the load is less. This can be prevented using two point starters. The no volt coil is designed in such a way that it holds the handle in RUN positions only when it carries sufficient current, for which motor can run safely. If there is loss of load then current drawn by the motor decreases, due to which no volt coil losses its required magnetism and releases the handle. Under spring force, handle comes back to OFF position, protecting the motor from over speeding. Similarly if there is any supply problem such that voltage decreases suddenly conditions.
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Two point starter The overload condition can be prevented using overload magnet increases. This energizes the magnet up to such an extent that it attracts the lever below it. When lever is lifted upwards, the triangular piece attached to it touches the two pints, which are the two ends of no volt coil. Thus no volt coil gets shorted, losing its magnetism and releasing the handle back to OFF position. This protects the motor from overloading conditions.
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NECESSITY FOR STARTER At starting when full voltage is connected across the stator terminals of an induction motor, large current is drawn by the windings. This is because, at starting (i.e before the rotor starts rotating) the induction motor behaves as a short circuited transformer. This induced emf of the rotor will circulate a very large current through its windings, due to short. The primary will draw very large current nearly 7 times of the rated current from the supply main to balance the rotor ampere turns. This current will however be gradually decreasing as the motor will pick up speed. Hence if induction motors are started direct-online heavy current is drawn by the motor, such as heavy starting current of short duration may not cause harm to the motor since the construction of induction motors are rugged. Moreover, it takes time for intolerable temperature rise to endanger the insulation of the motor windings. But this heavy in high of current will cause a large voltage drop in the lines leading to the motor. Other motors and equipment connected to the supply lines will receive reduced voltage. In industrial installation, however, it a number of large motors are started direct on-line, the voltage drop will be very high and may be really objectionable for the other types of loads connected to the system. The amount of voltage dro0p will no only dependent on the size of the motor but also on factors like the capacity of the power supply system, the size and length of the line leading to the motors, etc. Types of starters available for induction motors are:
1.
Full voltage direct online starting a. DOL starter
2.
Reduced voltage starting a. Star-Delta starter b. Auto transformer starter
Stator control
3.
Rotor resistance starter
Rotor control
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FULL VOLTAGE DIRECT ONLINE STARTING: D.O.L STARTER: It is recommended that large three phase squirrel-case induction motors be started with reduced voltage applied across the stator terminals at starting. But small motors up to 5HP ratings may however be started Direct ON-Line (DOL) Direct-on-line method of starting of induction motors applicable up to a rating of 5 HP is shown in fig1. In the circuit in addition to fuses, thermal motor windings against overload.
Derivation for starting current and torque in case of DOL starters
Rotor input
2TN S T ! kT
(1)
Rotor copper loss S v rotor input
3I 2 R2 ! S v kT
2
Page 77
T w I2 / S
9if R20 is the same
Now
I 2 w I1
T w I1 / S
(or)
T ! K I1 / S
At starting moment, S = 1
@ If,
Tst ! K Ist
where Ist = Starting current
If Sf
= =
normal full load current and Full load slip
THE STARTERS FOR SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR REDUCED VOLTAGE STARTING: STATOR RESISTANCE (OR) PRIMARY RESISTANCE STARTER: Their purpose is to drop some voltage and hence reduce the voltage applied across the motor terminals. In this way, the initial current drawn by the motor is reduced. However, it should be noted that whereas current varies directly as the voltage, the torque varies as square of applied voltage. [Note: When applied voltage is reduced, the rotating flux J is reduced which in turn decreases rotor e.m.f and hence rotor current I2. Starting torque which depends both on J and I2 suffers on two counts when impressed voltage is reduced] DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Page 78

For example if voltage applied across motor terminals is reduced by 50%, starting current is reduced by 50%, but torque is reduced to 25% of the full-voltage value. Then,
T f ! KI f / S f
Tst I st ! .S f Tf Tf
2
When motor is direct-switched on to normal voltage, then starting current is the short circuit current Isc.
Tst I sc ! .S f ! a 2 .S f Tf Tf
Where
a ! I sc / I f
Suppose in a case,
I sc ! 7 I f ,
0.04,
Sf = 4% = Then,
Tst ! 7 2 v 0.04 ! 1.96 Tf

@ Starting torque = 1.96 x Full load torque.
Page 79
Hence, even if current is greater than full load current the starting torque is only 1.96 times full-load torque. If applied voltages/phase can be reduced by fraction x , then
I st ! xI sc
and
2
Tst ! x 2Tsc
2
Tst I st ! Tf I f
.S f ! xI sc .S f I f
2
xI ! x 2 sc .S f I f
Tst ! x 2 .a 2 .S f Tf
Tst ! x 2 .a 2 .S f Tf
Page 80

It is obvious that the ratio of starting torque of full-load torque is x2 of that obtained with direct switching (or) across the line starting. This method is useful for the smooth starting of small machines only. (ii). PRIMARY REACTANCE STARTER: The working principle of the primary reactance starter is same as that of primary resistance starter except that voltage drop occurs across the reactor, so that i/p voltage applied to the stator of induction motor reduces.
AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTERS
An auto transformer consists of a n auto transformer and a switch as shown in fig.
When the switch S is put on start position, a reduced voltage is applied across the motor terminals. When the motor picks up speed, say to 80 percent of its normal speed, the switch is put to RUN position. Then the quato-transformer is cut out of the circuit and full rated voltage gets applied across the motor terminals. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Page 81

The switch making these changes from start to run may be air break (for small motors) or may be oil-increased (for large motors) to reduce sparking. Derivation for autotransformer starter: When full voltage is applied without suing autotransformers say starter, then current taken by the motor is 5 times the full load current. voltage/phase across the motor is V / 3 . @ If V is pre line voltage then
I sc ! S I f !
V 3Z
Where Z is starter impedance /phase
In the case of autotransformer, if a tapping of transformation ratio k is used, then phase voltage across motor is
kV / 3
@ Motor starting current
I2 !
kV kV ! 3Z 3Z
I 1 ! kI 2 ! k 2
The current taken from supply (or) by auto transformer is
S if ! k .2 Tsc if magnetizing current of the transformer is ignored phase is

reduced only k times, the direct switching current 3 k reduced to k2 times.
1, the current taken by the line is
The torque is proportional to square of the voltage, we get, (i) with direct =switching,
T1 w V / 3 ; with auto T2 w kV / 3
transformer,
T kV / 3 @ 2 ! 2 T1 V/ 3
(or)
T2 ! k 2Tsc
@ Torque with quto transformer starter is, = k2 x Torque with direct switching. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Page 82

Relation between starting and full-load torque: It is seen that voltage across the motor phase on direct switching is V / 3 and starting current is I st ! I sc . With autotransformer starter, voltage across the motor phase is kV / 3 and
I st ! kI sc
Now,
Tst w I st S ! 1 and
2
I T @ st ! st .S f . Tf I f
(Or)
Tst 2 I sc !k I Tf f @ Tst ! k 2 9 2.S f . Tf
.S f .
@ I st ! kI sc
From Fig. it is seen than for star connection of windings, phase current.
I p ! I LY !
V 3
1 Ampere ZP
when ILY is the line current when windings are connected and Zp is the windings impedance per phase. For delta connection of windings
Ip !
V Zp
and
I LD ! 3I P Ampere
Page 83

The ratio of line currents drawn in star and delta connection is therefore,
I LY V / 3 v Z p ! I L( 3V / Z p
I LY 1 ! I LD 3
1 I LY ! IL( 3 I LD
STAR DELTA STARTER:
In this method, the stator phase windings are first corrected in star and full voltage is connected across its free terminals. As the motor pickup speed, the windings are disconnected through a switch and they are reconnected in delta across the supply terminals. The current drawn by the motor from the lines is reduced to 1/3 as compared to the current it would have drawn if connected in delta. PROOF: Thus, by connecting the motor windings, first in star and then in delta, the line current drawn by the motor at starting is reduced to one third as compared to starting with the windings delta connected.
Page 84
Reduced Torque due to star connection: In induction motor, torque developed is proportional to the square of applied voltage. As the phase voltage is reduced to 1 / 3 times that in star-connection, the starting torque will be reduced to one third. To get full torque in the motor, it must be switched over to delta connection.
In making connections for star-delta starting, care should be taken such that sequency of supply connections to the winding terminals does not change wile changing form starconnection to delta-connection. Otherwise the motor will start rotating in opposite
direction, when connections are changed from star to delta.
Star-delta starters are available for manual operation using push-button control. An automatic star-delta starters uses time-delay relays (TDR) through which star to delta
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connections take place automatically with some pre-fixed time fixed keeping in view the starting time of the motor.
Derivation: Relation between starting and full load torque:
I per phase
st
1 3
I Sc
per phase.
Where ISc is the current /phase which ( -connected motor would have taken if switched on to supply directly (however line current at start ! 1 / 3 of Line ISC). Now,
Tst w I st
s ! 1
2
Tst I st ! .S f I @T st f I 1 ! sc . 3 I f
1 ! a 2 .S f 3 @ Tst 1 2 ! a .S f Tf 3
.S f
Here, Ist and ISC represent phase values. It is clear that star-Delta switch is equivalent to a n auto-transformer of ratio 1 / 3 (or) 58% approximately.
Page 86

THE STARTERS FOR SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTORS: ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTERS: The easiest method of starting wound rotor (slip-ring) induction motors is to connect some extra resistance in the rotor circuit as shown in fig. Connection of extra resistance in the rotor circuit decreases the starting current and at the same time increases the starting torque. As the motor starts rotating the extra resistance is gradually cut out. When the motor attains rated speed the resistance is fully cut out.
When the motor attains rated speed the resistance is fully cut out and the slip ring terminals are short circuited. The motor now operates on its own characteristics which give rise to maximum torque at a low slip.
RESULT Thus the DC starters and AC starters were studied.
Page 87

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

2. Input power (Pi)

2 NT/60 in watts Speed in rpm Torque in rpm

4. Efficiency ( ) = (output power/input power)*100 in %

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Mechanical characteristics 1. Torque Vs Speed

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

(S1- S2)*R*9.81 in Nm Spring Balance Reading in Kg

Radius of the brake drum in m

2. Input power (Pi)

Line voltage in volts. Line current in amps.

2 NT/60 in watts Speed in rpm Torque in Nm

(Output Power/ Input Power)*100 in %

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

b) Mechanical characteristics 1. Torque Vs Speed

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Description Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Rheostat Tachometer Connecting wires

Range (0-300V)MC (0-2A)MC (0-10A)MC 400 /1.4A -

Quantity 1 1 1 2 1 As per requirement

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

TABULAR COLUMN: Load Circuit Characteristics

Field S.No. Current If (Amps)

Load Current IL (Amps)

Terminal Voltage (V) Volts Ia = IL + If (Amps) Eg =V + Ia Ra (Volts)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Critical Resistance = Eo / If Ohms

If Eo If (Amps) MODEL GRAPH: Load Characteristics

E Vs IL (Int Char) V Vs IL (Ext Char)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

(S1- S2)R9.81 in Nm Spring Balance Reading in Kg