Grammatical and Phonological Outcome of Bilingual Encounter: Code-Switching by Poles in the US and Germany

Magorzata Ma University of Bielefeld

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Contents
1. Introduction 1.1. Bilingualism and Code-Switching 1.2. Definition of Code-Switching 1.3. Types of Code-Switching 2. Models of Code-Switching 3. Empirical Support for Matrix Language Frame Model 3.1. Fieldwork 3.2. Results 4. Conclusion
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Contents
1. Introduction 1.1. Bilingualism and Code-Switching 1.2. Definition of Code-Switching 1.3. Types of Code-Switching 2. Models of Code-Switching 3. Empirical Support for Matrix Language Frame Model 3.1. Fieldwork 3.2. Results 4. Conclusion
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Introduction
Aim of project:
to investigate what happens when two or more languages come into contact to present the dynamics of language encounter

Code-switching:
a linguistic process of an encounter of two or more languages outcome: a hybrid language (e.g. Polish encounters Am. English and German)

Various kinds of encounter and codeswitching currently under debate (e.g. terminology)
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Contents
1. Introduction 1.1. Bilingualism and Code-Switching 1.2. Definition of Code-Switching 1.3. Types of Code-Switching 2. Models of Code-Switching 3. Empirical Support for Matrix Language Frame Model 3.1. Fieldwork 3.2. Results 4. Conclusion
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Bilingualism and CodeSwitching

Bilingualism:
a situation in which monolingual speakers are put into an environment that prompts them to learn another language (Myers-Scotton 2002: 30).

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Bilingualism and CodeSwitching

Bilinguals sometimes exhibit switching from one language to the other in the middle of a conversation or even the same sentence (Myers-Scotton 2002: 31). Code-switching:
part of the process of language acquisition transitional bilingualism immigrants and their children come into contact with non-home language Matrix Language (ML), Embedded Language (EL)
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Contents
1. Introduction 1.1. Bilingualism and Code-Switching 1.2. Definition of Code-Switching 1.3. Types of Code-Switching 2. Models of Code-Switching 3. Empirical Support for Matrix Language Frame Model 3.1. Fieldwork 3.2. Results 4. Conclusion
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Definition of Code-Switching
Code-switching is the selection by bilinguals or multilinguals of forms from an embedded variety (or varieties) in utterances of a matrix variety during the same conversation (Myers-Scotton 1993a: 3).

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Code-Switching vs. Borrowing

Words are copied from language A into language B:
for entities new to the culture (e.g. hard-drive) to duplicate already existing words in the language B (e.g. der Rechner, der Computer, der PC) (cf. Myers-Scotton 2002: 41).

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Code-Switching vs. Borrowing

What is the difference between:
borrowing and code-switching?

Borrowing before code-switching? Code-switching before borrowing?

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Code-Switching vs. Borrowing

Distinguishing criteria:
degree of use by monolingual speakers borrowing is more frequent degree of predictability borrowing is more predictable degree of integration of word structure and pronunciation borrowing is more integrated incorporation into the mental lexicon borrowing is more incorporated adoption into standard dictionaries borrowings are adopted
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Code-Switching vs. Borrowing

Tentative conclusion:
First code-switching, then borrowing Code-switching is a major conduit for borrowing, since single switches can become borrowed forms through increased frequency of use and adoption by monolingual speakers of the ML (Myers-Scotton 1993b: 182).

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Contents
1. Introduction 1.1. Bilingualism and Code-Switching 1.2. Definition of Code-Switching 1.3. Types of Code-Switching 2. Models of Code-Switching 3. Empirical Support for Matrix Language Frame Model 3.1. Fieldwork 3.2. Results 4. Conclusion
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Two Grammatical Patterns of Code-Switching (cf. Winford)

Inter-sentential / -clause switching
switching between languages from sentence to sentence / clause to clause in a turn no language can be identified as ML *Ludzie tutaj som tutaj bardzo mie, mie means nice right? /lVdzJe tUtaj sm tUtaj bardz miwe miwe minz naIs raIt/
Eng. People here are very nice, mie means nice right? Pl. Ludzie tutaj s bardzo mili, mili znaczy nice, prawda?
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Two Grammatical Patterns of Code-Switching (cf. Winford)

Intra-sentential / -clause switching
momentary switches producing utterances of lexicon and morphosyntactic apparatus from ML with insertions of single words / phrases from EL two aspects: mixed constituents from ML and EL
islands (morphemes or phrases) incorporated from EL

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Two Grammatical Patterns of Code-Switching (cf. Winford)

Mixed constituents
for example, from Matrix Language (Polish) and Embedded Language (English) Nie bothruj mnie! /nJe bdrUj mnJe/
Eng. Dont bother me! Pl. Nie denerwuj mnie!

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Two Grammatical Patterns of Code-Switching (cf. Winford)

Mixed constituents
for example, from Matrix Language (Polish) and Embedded Language (English) Nie bothruj mnie! /nJe bdrUj mnJe/
Eng. Dont bother me!
2nd pers. sg. imperfective aspect simple present active voice imperative mood

Pl. Nie denerwuj mnie!

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Two Grammatical Patterns of Code-Switching (cf. Winford)

Islands
morphemes or phrases incorporated from EL Dziadziu, Thomas jedzie thru the bridge! /dzJadzJU tmas jedzJe Tru DbridZ/
Eng. Grandpa, Thomas is driving thru the bridge! Pl. Dziadziu, Tomas jedzie przez most!

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Contents
1. Introduction 1.1. Bilingualism and Code-Switching 1.2. Definition of Code-Switching 1.3. Types of Code-Switching 2. Models of Code-Switching 3. Empirical Support for Matrix Language Frame Model 3.1. Fieldwork 3.2. Results 4. Conclusion
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Models of Code-Switching (1)

Equivalence-based constraints
Poplack et al: 1995 structural constraints on code-switching focus: multi-word switches
single-word switches are borrowings

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Models of Code-Switching (2)

Matrix Language-Frame (MLF)
Myers-Scotton: 1993 which constituents can be switched and why focus:
single-morpheme EL switches + EL phrases

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MLF Hypotheses
1. Matrix Language Hypothesis 2. Blocking Hypothesis 3. EL Island Trigger Hypothesis 4. EL Implicational Hierarchy Hypothesis

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MLF Hypotheses (1)

Matrix Language Hypothesis The ML sets the grammatical frame for ML + EL constituents.
The word / morpheme order principle: Word / morpheme order must not violate ML word / morpheme order. The grammatical word / morpheme principle: All syntactically relevant grammatical words / morphemes must come from the ML.

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MLF Hypotheses (2)

The Blocking Hypothesis The ML blocks the appearance of any EL content morphemes which do not meet certain grammatical agreement conditions with ML counterparts.

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MLF Hypotheses (3)

The EL Island Trigger Hypothesis Whenever an EL morpheme appears which is not permitted under either the ML hypothesis or the blocking hypothesis, the constituent containing it must be completed as an obligatory EL island.

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MLF Hypotheses (4)

The EL Implicational Hierarchy Hypothesis Optional EL islands occur; generally they are only those constituents which are either idiomatic or peripheral to the main grammatical arguments of the sentence (Myers-Scotton 1993b: 7).

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Contents
1. Introduction 1.1. Bilingualism and Code-Switching 1.2. Definition of Code-Switching 1.3. Types of Code-Switching 2. Models of Code-Switching 3. Empirical Support for Matrix Language Frame Model 3.1. Fieldwork 3.2. Results 4. Conclusion
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Towards a New Approach

Immigrant Generations Thesis The MLF Model works for the language pairs:
Polish-English Polish-German

Generation difference:
The first generation inserts grammatically and phonologically modified lexical elements according to the MLF Model
from the EL (Eng. / Ger.) into the morphosyntactic frame of the ML (Pl.)

The second generation does the same but without modifying pronunciation tends to insert islands incorporated from the EL still according to the MLF Model
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Contents
1. Introduction 1.1. Bilingualism and Code-Switching 1.2. Definition of Code-Switching 1.3. Types of Code-Switching 2. Models of Code-Switching 3. Empirical Support for Matrix Language Frame Model 3.1. Fieldwork 3.2. Results 4. Conclusion
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Fieldwork Experiment
Objective:
discover which grammar and phonology underlies: Polish-Am. English / Polish-German codeswitching in the domain home / family / work / education

Fieldwork locations:
New York, Clifton (NJ), Chicago (USA) Bielefeld (Germany)

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Subjects Biographies
USA
19 informants 11 females and 8 males age 4-63

Germany
20 informants 17 females and 3 males age 19-30

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Contents
1. Introduction 1.1. Bilingualism and Code-Switching 1.2. Definition of Code-Switching 1.3. Types of Code-Switching 2. Models of Code-Switching 3. Empirical Support for Matrix Language Frame Model 3.1. Fieldwork 3.2. Results 4. Conclusion
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US Results: First Generation

Single-morpheme EL switches:
content morphemes: verbs Zchargowaa mnie pi dolcw. /ztSardZvawa mnJe pJE)t doltsUf/
Eng. She charged me five dollars. Pl. *Skasowaa mnie na 5 dolcw.

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US Results: First Generation

Syntactic integration of verbs
Eng. verbs undergo Pl. conjugation patterns
zchargowaa
3rd per. sg. perfective aspect past tense active voice indicative mood

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US Results: First Generation

Morphological integration of verbs
z-charg-owaa
Pl. Eng. Pl. prefix stem suffix

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US Results: First Generation

Phonological integration of verbs
zchargowaa /ztSardZvawa/ vs. /tSArdZ/
a short vowel instead of a long one alveolar trill instead of alveolar approximant

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US Results: First Generation

Single-morpheme EL switches:
content morphemes: nouns Pod showerem! /pd Sawerem/
Eng. Under the shower! Pl. Pod prysznicem!

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US Results: First Generation

Syntactical integration of nouns
Eng. nouns undergo Pl. declension patterns showerem masculine locative singular

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US Results: First Generation

Morphological integration of nouns
shower-em
Eng. stem Pl. suffix

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US Results: First Generation

Phonological integration of nouns
showerem /Sawerem/ vs. /SaUr/
penultimate accentual pattern semivowel instead of the 2nd quality of a diphthong alveolar trill instead of alveolar approximant

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US Results: Second Generation

Single-morpheme EL switches:
content morphemes: verbs bo moesz uhm learn rzeczy jak countowa. /b mZeS m lrn ZetS jak kaUntvat/
Eng. because you can uhm learn things like how to count. Pl. bo moesz si y nauczy liczy.

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US Results: Second Generation

Syntactical integration of verbs
Eng. verbs undergo Pl. conugation patterns countowa infinitiv

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US Results: Second Generation

Morphological integration of verbs
count-owa
Eng. stem Pl. suffix

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US Results: Second Generation

Single-morpheme EL switches:
content morphemes: nouns Mam torb z princesami. /mam trbe sprinsesami/
Eng. Ive got a bag with princeses. Pl. Mam torb z ksiniczkami.

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US Results: Second Generation

Syntactical integration of nouns
Eng. nouns undergo Pl. declension patterns princesami femininum instrumental plural

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US Results: Second Generation

Morphological integration of nouns
princes-ami
Eng. stem Pl. suffix

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US Results: Second Generation

EL islands:
content morphemes: verbs *I tedy ten pan, co chcia uhm chcia to murder ten pan... /i ted ten pan ts xtsJaw m xtsJaw t mrdr ten pan/
Eng. And then this guy who wanted to uhm wanted to murder this guy...) Pl. I wtedy ten pan, co chcia y chcia zamordowa tego pana

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US Results: Second Generation

EL islands:
content morphemes: nouns Mj teacher jest bardzo fajny. /mUj titSr jest bardz fajn/
Eng. My teacher is very nice. Pl. Mj nauczyciel jest bardzo fajny.

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Illustration of German Results

Schaffniemy tego bahna? /SafnJem teg bana/
Ger. Schaffen wir die Bahn? Pl. Zdymy na ten tramwaj / pocig?

Jak ona sprecha po niemiecku? /jak na Sprexa p nJemJetskU/

Ger. Wie spricht sie deutsch? Pl. Jak ona mwi po niemiecku?

Mam dwa vorlesungi i dwie klausury. /mam dva frlejzUngi i dvJe klaUzUr/
Ger. Ich habe 2 Vorlesungen und 2 Klausuren. Pl. Mam jutro 2 wykady i 2 egzaminy.
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Contents
1. Introduction 1.1. Bilingualism and Code-Switching 1.2. Definition of Code-Switching 1.3. Types of Code-Switching 2. Models of Code-Switching 3. Empirical Support for Matrix Language Frame Model 3.1. Fieldwork 3.2. Results 4. Conclusion
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Conclusion
Matrix Language Frame Model:
The grammatical core of English and German switches remains Polish. In the case of islands, such switching is possible as long as the switched elements satisfy the frame of the relevant ML head. Hence, the MLF Model functions well in the case of Pl.-Eng. and Pl.-Ger. code-switching.

Immigrant Generations Thesis:

1st generation grammatical and phonological integration (of EL elements into ML) 2nd generation only grammatical integration (if any)
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Thank You za Wasz Aufmerksamkeit!

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Any questions?

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Sources
Myers-Scotton, C. (1993a). Social Motivations for Code-Switching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Myers-Scotton, C. (1993b): Dueling Language: Grammatical Structure in CodeSwitching. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Myers-Scotton, C. (2002). Contact Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and Grammatical Outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Sources
Poplack, S. (1981). Syntactic Structure and Social Function of Code-Switching. In. R. Duran (ed.). Latino Language and Communicative Behavior, 169-84. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex. Strutyski, J. (1999). Gramatyka polska. Krakw: WTS. Winford, D. (2003). An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
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