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Pahlavi Terms
Guomindang warlords Red Army Long March Zionists Balfour Declaration *Hussein-McMahon Letter Manchukuo
*Hirohito Manchuria
March on Rome fascism Il Duce totalitarianism *Black Shirts *corporate state Five-Year Plans collectivization gulag purge Weimar Republic Nazi Party Mein Kampf Fuhrer Chancellor Anti-Semitism Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht *Brown Shirts *Nazis Siberia
*Third Reich * *Terms not in your textbook nterwar Japan Japan sees itself as a world power
West doesnt see Japan as equal Acquired German Islands in the Pacific as mandates from the Treaty of Versailles Whites refused a statement on racial equality Because of colonialism, Europeans + U.S wouldnt be justified in colonizing then Bothers Japan
Strikes and layoffs Lacks resources Tariffs, limiting market availability Need to expand Population explosion In 50 years the population doubled
Zaibatsu: Corporation thats owns other companies whose influence and size allowed for control over significant parts of the Japanese economy Government + Business connected Japan argues its more effective Small amount of businesses control production of a specific item Companies produced a variety of products, For example: A car company would also make mattresses
Emperor Hirohito Constitutional Monarchy Emperor is seen as a god Prime Minister runs government
Political parties grow Conservatives Business, Military Uncomfortable about growing democracy Young people become Westernized (worries conservatives) Growth of labor unions (worries conservatives) No socialism/communism Military grows powerful and more aggressive Military sees a united Japan under the rule of the military
1927 Financial Crisis/ Depression Military questions connection with the West; West doesnt see Japan as equal
Attempt to restrict weapons, more specifically battleships U.S, U.K-5 new ships (They argue they have 2 Oceans to defend while the others have 1) France, Italy, Japan-3 new ships Japan feel this is unfair
Treaty of Versailles
Japanese Exclusion Act 1924- U.S law bans immigration of Japanese Japan feels the world is against them
Remove surrender, retreat, and defeat from the manual Soldiers are brave 1930-1932 Assassination attempts on Prime Ministers Funded by military 1930-Military recognize the need for natural resources
1930-Manchurian Incident
Chinese were blamed for blowing up Japanese rail road line Japanese blew it up themselves General ordered troops in without governments order Prime Minister has no power Japanese establish the state under Japanese control called Manchukuo League of Nations condemns Japans aggression, and Japan withdraws in 1933 Leaves Naval treaty and begins to build new ships Manchuria produces Iron, Steel, and Coke (to make steel)
Japan is interested in South East Asia for resources 1940- Japan announced the creation of the Greater East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere
Saying its time for Asians to remove Western imperialists Japan says it will help other Asian countries Countries recognize they would trade Western Imperialism for Japanese Imperialism
Nanjing Massacre/ Rape of Nanking The war between China and Japan began in the summer of 1937
The defense of Shanghai had an impact on the Battle for Nanjing because it wounded the Japanese pride and slowed down their time table. The standing orders referencing captives is to kill all captives
Missionary John Magee shot the movies that are part of the video. The Japanese soldiers viewed the Chinese counterparts who surrendered as subhuman because they would surrender to the enemy so easily Japanese officers ordered the atrocities committed on Chinese troops because they were afraid of a coordinated uprising because the Japanese were outnumbered. Also the atrocities hardened the soldiers against death. The massacre lasted for 6-8 weeks. The officers told their troops that the rapes were encouraged and were perfectly acceptable as long as the evidence was disposed of (killing the rape victims)
Camps that were established and provisioned during the final days of Chinese occupation They were off limit to the Japanese 2.5 Square miles, 300,000 Chinese were crowded into it 20 foreigners and missionaries were left behind Japan didnt want to attack the International Safety Zones because of the risk of harming the Westerners and getting into a war with the Western Countries
John Rabe
Head of the Nazi Party in Shanghai Helped save people in Nanjing Unlikely Hero Harming people back in Germany but helped the Chinese in Nanjing
Comfort women were women who were forced into prostitution in the Japanese Army. Japanese War Crimes Tribunal was less successful than the Nuremberg Trials
Japanese soldiers wouldnt surrender unless the emperor was untouched and not treated as a war criminal The defendant could just say the emperor ordered them but it was agreed that charges couldnt be brought upon the emperor Prosecutors couldnt press as aggressively
Japan dealt with its war criminals by sending them to Sugamo Prison in Tokyo. They were released in a few years and often appointed to high government jobs. The Japanese honor their war criminals as gods and who worshipped them at shrines. Descendants worshipped them as family members due to the Buddhist religion. Two areas of similar war crimes against humanity that have occurred since WWII are in Cambodia and Kosovo. Totalitarian Governments Political
State interest over individual interest common good over individual Single party system Dictator unites and symbolizes society
Social
Government control all aspects of daily life Secret Police Citizens denied rights
Economic
Government controls economy Labor union and businesses fulfill state objectives
Il Duce The Leader Born 1883 First a socialist Goes from socialist to nationalist to fascist After WWI becomes a nationalist Decides to form Fasci di Combattimento Nationalist Fascist Party Fasces- Latin word which referred to an ancient Roman symbol Symbol for unity and strength Makes connection to Rome; We are the new Roman Empire
Fascism
Authoritarian form of government that places the good of the nation above all including individual needs and rights Glorification of the state Single Party System Strong ruler Aggressive Nationalism
Unrest in Italy
Italians unhappy after Versailles Economy is bad, Poverished are struggling Middle Class + Wealthy fear Communism Mussolini Plays both sides (poor, rich) Poor- Pledges to fix the economy Rich- Keep out communism Blackshirts Mussolinis followers who wore Blackshirts and acted as his Secret Police
Mussolini is in Milan (If things dont go well) King worried troops will support Mussolini Mussolini Meets with King King declares Mussolini the Prime Minister
Ban other political parties Control media Media as propaganda Linkage to Roman heritage enhances nationalism
Military Power
Invades Ethiopia Ethiopia leader: Haile Selassie Didnt keep up military Italy crushed Ethiopia Haile pleas to the League of Nations
League does little Condemns Italy Sanctions; Bans selling of weapons to Italy Italy produces its own weapons
Soviet Union Totalitarianism under Joseph Stalin Trotsky-Lenins right hand man, commander of Red Army Stalin beat Trotsky
Different ideas then Marx (Communist Revolution to take over the world) Interested in control of Russia, building Socialism in a single country Makes sure he retains power Paranoid, sees enemies everywhere Kills people who he thought were planning to take over
Idea that government will plan out economy for next 5 years Cant adjust to unexpected problems
Central Planning
Dictating where companies send their products Setting a quota Problems: Shortages, people are lazy, quotas arent reaches, lack incentives
Heavy Industry Up
Large scale factories succeed Oil Production doubles Coal and Steel Production quadruples
Farming Argued that combining farms will increase production Begins to take back land Peasants= unhappy, Lenin promised them Peace, Land, and Bread
Kulaks
Prosperous farmers Dont want to give up their land Stalin kills some of them with the Secret Police Locks the others up in Gulags in Siberia (Labor Camps)
Most unhappy with collectivization 1932 famine hits Ukraine Stalin denies help Made his point: Dont complain 5 million Ukrainians die
Believe people are conspiring against him Great Purges Kills government officials who he thought or were his enemies His philosophy: Take them out before they take out me Religion discouraged (Churches, closed) Purged military leaders 6 months before German Invasion Childrens organizations Young Childrens Organization Focused on Nationalism and Stalin Cult of Personality Focused on leader Staling maintains stronghold on society
New republican government after WWI 1919-1923 Intensely disliked; imposed on Germans by Versailles treaty
$35 billion dollars 1922 Germany announces it couldnt keep up with their payments to France In the Versailles treaty there was a clause in case Germany couldnt make their payments France will get Ruhr Valley 1923 Major industrial center (coal)
Inflation
German Marks prior to WWI: 4 Marks=1 Dollar 1923: 3 Trillion Marks=1 Dollar Germany printed a lot of money By mid 1920s Germans economy picks up 1927-18 Depression hits Europe Economy gets Worse
Born in Austria 1889 Fought on German side during WWI and only rose to the rank of a corporal Joins Nationalist Socialist Workers Party- Nazis names it Socialist because wants worker to support them actually opposite/ fascist Secret Police: Brownshirts Der Fuhrer: The Leader
Hitler says its time to take over Munich Coup lasts for 2 hours Police arrest him In jail writes Mein Kampf-My Struggle In jail for about 2 years Book talks about nationalist
Racial superiority of Germans; Aryans Blames the loss of WWI to Jews + Communists; Backstabbers
Great Depression
Germans desperate for a strong leader Hitler stands up and saws follow me
1932 Election
Nazi Party voted most popular Hitler was appointed Chancellor 1933 Calls for new elections in a year Nazis win majority and in complete control
Reichstag (Parliament)-fire
Hitler blames it on the Communists Tells Reichstag to give him full power because of emergency (Communists) Bans all political parties Limits rights and press Labor unions placed under Nazi control
Anti-Semitism
Prejudice towards Jews Hitler blamed the Jews for Germanys problems Nuremberg Laws-1935 Created a separate legal status for Jews Eliminate their citizenship and civil and property rights Based on ancestry not Religion Must wear Yellow Badges
Night of the Broken Glass Anti-Jewish riots throughout Germany 100 Jews killed Thousands of Jewish building destroyed First concentration camps pop up