Lab-Report(Make-up Lab)

EE381 Electrical Engineering Lab II

Name :- Nand Kishor Meena
Roll No. : Y6278
Lab :- Electronics Circuit lab
Date of Experiment : 4
th
April 2009 {Wednesday}
Date of Submission : 31
st
March 2009 {Tuesday}
Experiment : 4. Study of Terminated Transmission Lines
Goal :
To study the behavior of terminated coaxial transmission line in both frequency
and time domain.

Introduction :
A loss less transmission line can be represented by distributed network of series
inductors (L H/m) and shunt capacitors (C F/m). Two important characteristics of
the transmission line are the phase velocity (v =
LC
1
) and the characteristic
impedance (Z
o
=
C
L
). For coax transmission lines, these parameters are given by

|
.
|

\
|
=
a
b
ln
2tc
C F/m
|
.
|

\
|
=
a
b
L ln
2t

where a and b are the radii of the inner and the outer conductors respectively and
the coax cable is filled by a material of dielectric constant c = c
o
c
r
. In this
experiment we use a 15 m long RG58 coaxial cable, which has a phase velocity of
about 0.7c and characteristic impedance 50 Ohm.

Time Domain Response :
The time domain response of a terminated transmission line is measured exciting
the line by a step signal. The response at the input, measured using an oscilloscope
can be used to measure the properties of the line with a known termination. This
technique is known as Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). TDR can also be used
to identify the faults in the transmission line and measure the termination
impedance connected at the end of a known transmission line.

Frequency Domain Response :
A quarter wavelength long transmission line is excited by a sinusoidal signal and
the voltage at the input is measured as a function of frequency for open and short
circuit termination. This measurement demonstrates the principle that a quarter
wave long transmission line, also known as a quarter wave transformer, can be
used as a matching element. A load impedance (Z
L
) can be matched to the source
impedance (Z
S
) by using a quarter wave transmission line whose characteristic
impedance is given by Z
T
= L SZ Z .
Observation :

1. Measurement of Output Impedance of the signal source :

For a step input, the following outputs were obtained





2. Measurement of Phase Velocity :

For the open circuit, we have

Open Circuit Response

V1 (without R) = 812.5 mV
V1 (with R = 50 O) = 1.578 V

50
578 . 1
+ o Z
V
*50 = 812.5 mV

Z
o
= 47.1 O




L = 14.5 m
At = 150 ns
Phase velocity, v =
t
L
A
2

= 1.93 10
8
m/s



Short Circuit Response
3. Transmission Line Terminated in a Resistive Load : Time domain response

a) Z
L
= Z
o
(= 50 O)

b) Z
L
~ 0.5Z
o
(= 22 O)

c) Z
L
~ 2Z
o
(= 100 O)
For the short circuit,

L = 14.5 m
At = 157 ns
Phase velocity, v =
t
L
A
2

= 1.85 10
8
m/s



4. Transmission Line with source mismatch : Time domain response of an open circuited
line

a) Z
S
> Z
o
: For this a 150 O resistor is connected in series between the signal source and
the transmission line.

b) Z
S
< Z
o
: For this a 22 O resistor is connected in shunt between the signal source and the
transmission line.


5. Transmission line with capacitive termination : Time domain response for C
= 1nF.


6 . Capacitive obstacle in a transmission line : Another piece of transmission line (L =
10m) is added at the far end of the first transmission line. The time domain
response is


Now a Capacitor (C = 1nF) is added in shunt at the junction of the two lines. The
time domain response is


6. Frequency domain response of a terminated quarter wave transmission line :

The frequency at which the length of the transmission line is quarter wavelength
long is

For open circuit,
fo = 3.086 MHz,
Vo = 112.5 mV (peak-to-peak)

For closed circuit,
fo = 3.003MHz
Vo = 1.875 V (peak-to-peak)

Open Circuit


Short Circuit

8. Impedence Matching with a quarter wave transmission line :

A 150 O impedance is connected in series with the signal source (sinusoidal). A 220 O
resistor is connected to calculate the collective output impedance.








A 12 O resistor is now connected in place of 220 O resistor and the voltage is
measured. The response is given as


At the matching frequency(fo =3.035 MHz), the response is
V1 (without R) = 921.9 mV
V1 (with R = 50 O) = 1.750 V


220
750 . 1
+ o Z
*220 = 921.9 mV

Z
o
= 197.6 O

Hence the output impedance is approximately close to 200 O.































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