CDW Continuious Detonation Wave Engine

Continuous Detonation Wave Engine
F. Falempin francois.falempin@mbda-systems.com
RTO / AVT / VKI Lecture Series Advances on Propulsion Technology for High-Speed Aircraft March 12-15, 2007
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Summary

Interest of CDW process Basic experiments System study and engine sizing Key technology points & experimental evaluation
- Thrust vectoring - Heat fluxes and cooling system - Operation in space environment

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Numerical simulation Engine demo Conclusion
Interest of the CDW process
What is a CDWE ?
Annular combustion chamber with a center body and injection wall

Injection
Engine where the combustion is achieved by transverse detonation waves
Expansion of detonation products
Detonation wave
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Why trying to use a detonation ?
Comparison of H2+O2 stoichiometric mixture constant-pressure combustion and detonation Final state 107 MPa 4497 K 1667 m.s-1 Initial state 5 MPa 300 K Final state 5 MPa 3635 K 1515 m.s-1
Detonation
Constant pressure
Speed of sound + 10 %
0.26 MPa 300 K
Detonation
5 MPa 3866 K 1575 m.s-1
So it is possible for a given injection pressure to gain some specific impulse, or to decrease the injection pressure
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Interest of a CDWE
Detonation instead of deflagration Continuous flow High mass flow rate (up to 1500 kg.m-2.s-1 tested in LIH combustion chamber) Reference : TD Wave axis !
Flow structure
2D unsteady flow Axial (Z) and transverse (X) velocity Transition from subsonic to supersonic in the combustion chamber (NLM)
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DWE Concepts under consideration at MBDA (1/2)
PDE : Pulse Detonation Engine
CDWE : Continuous Detonation Wave Engine

Injection
Produits de DCJ dtonation
Gaz frais
Expansion of detonation products
Detonation wave
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DWE Concepts under consideration at MBDA (2/2)

PDE Simple airbreathing engine for low cost subsonic vehicles (small missiles, UAVs) particularly for very demanding mission in terms of thrust range CDWE Liquid Rocket Engine compact, aerospike, lower feeding pressure, thrust vectoring Simplified Ramjet Engine with short ramcombustor & operating from Mach 0+ Turbojet Improved performance (iso-volume / iso-pressure cycle) simplified system by reducing compression system
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PDE
Basic studies performed with LCD in Poitiers and Russian Institutes Ejector PDE Detonation ignition enhancement Radicals seeding (electric discharge) Atoms vibrational levels exitation by laser
PDE demonstrator Developed by MBDA in cooperation with DSO Singapore Possible flight test program within a few years using a UAV like vehicle
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Summary


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Basic experiments (cooperation with Lavrentiev Institute)

Initial validation of CDWE principle
Experiments performed in CC with inner diameter of 50 mm, 100 mm and 280 mm Homogeneous (gas / gas) and heterogeneous (liquid / gas) mixtures studied Detonation regime obtained in 100 mm diameter CC with GH2/LOx Detonation regime obtained in 330 mm diameter CC with kerosene/air High thrust density achieved in small CC (275 daN for a 50 mm inner diameter kerosene/GO2 engine)
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Basic experiments (cooperation with Lavrentiev Institute)
Key design parameters
D : TDW velocity l : distance between two detonation waves Height of the fresh mixture function of the detonation cell size Experimentally, it was found that the CC length should be longer than 0.8 l (for a transition from subsonic to supersonic inside the CC) If the CC length is shorter than 0.8, the detonation phenomenon could be unstable The frequency of the engine is D/l, typically several kHz It was found experimentally that 4~5 detonation waves could exist in a 100 mm ID combustion chamber using GH2-GO2 mixture (l < 80 mm) The minimum CC length for GH2-GO2 mixture is near 70 mm
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Summary


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System study and engine sizing
Example of LRE
Due to the annular combustion chamber, an aerospike or plug nozzle is the more convenient solution, The volume of the nozzle could be used for the engine equipments bay, The engine very high operating frequency is best suited to space launchers than a PDE, Anticipated specific impulse with a stoichiometric H2-O2 mixture,
dn (m) 0.4 1.1 2.15 Sn/S1 1.33 10.1 38.5 pn/p 0.6337 0.0399 0.0073 vn/vz 1.10 1.49 1.62 I, sec 326 396 424 I*, sec 296 383 415 J, (kN) 108 131 140 J*, (kN) 98 127 137 J/J* 0.101 0.034 0.022
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System study and engine sizing

Due to the annular combustion chamber, an aerospike or plug nozzle is the more convenient solution The volume of the nozzle can be used for the engine equipments bay or tank The engine very high operating frequency is best suited to space launchers than a PDE The feeding system can be very simple with reduced pressure Such engine would be perfectly integrated in a NEO vehicle taking fully advantage of the airbreathing engine nozzle while being very simple to open and close
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Summary


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Key technology points & experimental evaluation
Thrust vectoring capability
90
p7
Mass flow = 2 180
p6
Mass flow = 1 0
To gain some advantages of the flow heterogeneity inside the CC If we increase locally the mass flow rate, we will increase the local pressure Local mass flow rate and equivalence ratio effect have diameter CC
Relative pressure 1,4
p5
p1
p4
270
p2
p3
been investigated in a 100 mm
1,2
It is possible to increase the local pressure by as much as 30 % in such a small CC, larger increase could be possible in bigger CC
0,8
0,6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Probe number
Additional investigations (on nozzle effect) still to be done
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Summary

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Heat load
The heat fluxes in a CDWE are higher than in a PDE For a small-scale, metallic engine the wall temperature reached 1000 K in less than 0.3 s
The heat fluxes are located near the injection wall With metallic structures (wall temp limited to 800 K) the mean measured heat flux is roughly 15 17 MW.m-2
Interest of composite structures (C/SiC) able to sustain up to 1800 K
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Composite materials compatibility
Metallic structures cooling is very challenging Proven solution used in LRE (like film cooling), are not expected to work easily in CDWE due to shock / boundary layer interaction 2 composite C/SiC parts manufactured and successfully tested in LIH 100 mm chamber during a series of short duration (0,5 s) test Further works to be done to taking into account more severe test conditions
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Summary

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Operation in space environment
LIH 100 mm chamber 0.5 m3 vacuum tank initial pressure 6.000 Pa Blasting copper wires for initiating the detonation GH2 (2.5 to 0.16 MPa) and LO2 (1.1 to 0.5 MPa) corresponding with 57 to 21 kg/s/m of specific mass flow (10 times less than previously) Less than 1 J energy needed to start a TDW in a wide range of equivalence ratio (0.5 to 1.7)
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Summary

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Numerical simulation
Preliminary simulations with FLUCEPA code
9 steps kinetic model for H2/O2 combustion Single detonation wave with forced ignition Code robustness ensured against large pressure and velocity gradients
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2D Euler simulation from ICARE Lab
2D Euler simulation H2/O2 chemistry model using 6 species and 7 reactions Periodicity conditions along the vertical boundaries ~ 600.000 cells grid
expansion 20 mm exit
60 mm
periodicity Constant width 40 mm
periodicity
injection
y
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100 mm x
2D Euler simulation from ICARE Lab - results
Circumferential speed
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2D Euler simulation from ICARE Lab - results
Axial Mach number
Axial speed
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Summary

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Ground Demonstration Engine

Modular engine that could be used for thrust and specific impulse measurement
1 2
(1) Injection wall (2) Actively cooled external jacket (3) Variable length inner cylinder core with aerospike nozzle
Additional bell nozzle
will be used for thrust optimization Designed to allow the testing of composite (C/SiC) engine parts
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Combustion chamber outer diameter : 350 mm Inner diameter : 280 mm Combustion chamber height : 35 mm Feed pressure : between 1.5 MPa and 2.5 MPa Combustion chamber mean pressure : near 0.5 MPa Mixture used :
- GH2 + LO2 (1 sec test, performance measurement, transient conditions) - GH2 + GO2 (10 sec test, performance measurement, static conditions) - GH2 + air (several minutes test, material endurance testing) - LHC + air
Mass flow rate :

- Hydrogen : 1.5 kg.s-1 - Oxygen : 12 14 kg.s-1
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Injection and mixing Successive detonation waves self-ignition process Stability Domain Generated acoustic environment
Thrust vector & associated moments
non-symmetric feeding propagation (chamber & nozzle)
Skin friction forces
Jet direction and swirl effect Mechanical behaviour of cooled structure (high frequency shocks)
Generated vibration environment

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Thermal behaviour cooled structure
Summary

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Design of a CDW Engine for space Application
Conclusion
Since a few years, MBDA France is leading a R&T program on CDWE in cooperation with Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics of Novosibirsk Experiments were performed by the LIH with CC of 50 mm, 100 mm and 280 mm inner diameter Homogeneous (gas / gas) and heterogeneous (liquid / gas) mixture were studied Those experiments were focused on key technology points needed to evaluate the global concept of a CDWE First test series was successfully performed with composite material (C/SiC) engine parts Further development could be the development of a large scale engine demo
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CDW Continuious Detonation Wave Engine

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CDW Continuious Detonation Wave Engine

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Continuous Detonation Wave Engine

Numerical simulation Engine demo Conclusion

Interest of the CDW process

Annular combustion chamber with a center body and injection wall

Engine where the combustion is achieved by transverse detonation waves

Expansion of detonation products

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Interest of the CDW process

Why trying to use a detonation ?

0.26 MPa 300 K

5 MPa 3866 K 1575 m.s-1

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Interest of the CDW process

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DWE Concepts under consideration at MBDA (1/2)

PDE : Pulse Detonation Engine

CDWE : Continuous Detonation Wave Engine

Produits de DCJ dtonation

Expansion of detonation products

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DWE Concepts under consideration at MBDA (2/2)

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Numerical simulation Engine demo Conclusion

Basic experiments (cooperation with Lavrentiev Institute)

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Basic experiments (cooperation with Lavrentiev Institute)

Key design parameters

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Numerical simulation Engine demo Conclusion

System study and engine sizing

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System study and engine sizing

Numerical simulation Engine demo Conclusion

Key technology points & experimental evaluation

Thrust vectoring capability

been investigated in a 100 mm

0,6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Probe number

Additional investigations (on nozzle effect) still to be done

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Numerical simulation Engine demo Conclusion

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Key technology points & experimental evaluation

Interest of composite structures (C/SiC) able to sustain up to 1800 K

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Key technology points & experimental evaluation

Composite materials compatibility

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Numerical simulation Engine demo Conclusion

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Key technology points & experimental evaluation

Operation in space environment

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Numerical simulation Engine demo Conclusion

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Preliminary simulations with FLUCEPA code

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2D Euler simulation from ICARE Lab

periodicity Constant width 40 mm

2D Euler simulation from ICARE Lab - results

2D Euler simulation from ICARE Lab - results

Axial Mach number

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Numerical simulation Engine demo Conclusion