Introduction Terrorism has been described variously as a tactic and strategy, a crime and a holy duty, a justified reaction

to oppression and as inexcusable abomination. This depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism is essentially a method that seeks to achieve political goals by spreading fear (ICHRP, 2008). Muslim terrorism relies on its legitimacy Islamic sources in executing acts of extreme violence in taking the lives of Muslims, Americans and other individuals into thousands. They recite chapters and verses of the Quran to justify their killing. They point to their prophet Muhammad who led militias in battles under the aegis of the favor of Allah in slaying of tribes and individuals to establish the Islam religion. They align themselves with the Islamic history in the rule of the great caliphs and warfare in establishing Islamic empires headquartered in Mecca, Baghdad, Cairo, Cordova, Damascus and Constantinople (Braswell, 2005). Islamic terrorists find pride in following the legal and legitimate commands of declaring Jihad against an enemy. Jihad is an Arabic word that means striving. When followed by the modifying phrase fis sabil Allah, then it has a specific meaning of fighting for the sake of God (Michael, 2008). The Islamic terrorists discourses bordering on extremism and militancy consider Jihad obligatory based on the wordings of the below Quran verses: So when you meet those who disbelieve smite at their necks till when you have killed and wounded them, then binds a bond firmly and take them as captives. Thereafter is the time for

generosity or ransom until the war lays down its burdens. Thus you are ordered by Allah to continue in carrying out Jihad against the disbelievers till they embrace Islam. But he lets you fight in order to test you some with others. But those killed in the way of Allah, He will never let their deeds be lost. He will guide them and set right their state and admit them to paradise which he has made known to them (Quran 47: 4-6). Permission to fight has been given to those who are fighting them because they have been wronged, and surely Allah is able to give them victory. Those who have been expelled unjustly only because they said: Our Lord is Allah (Quran 22: 39-40).

Characteristic elements of terrorism The definition of terrorist is always dependent on the issue in question and can therefore not be generalized. The following elements are crucial and the perpetrators will tend to: 1. Use force on civilians. 2. Act in an unofficial capacity. They are not part of the national army and do not wear national uniform 3. They want to attain political goals. 4. They intend to have far reaching effects beyond the immediate victims, particularly through the media. Objectives of terrorists The following list identifies a number of possible objectives, not all of which may apply to any specific group.

1. Attract public attention to the groups grievances. 2. Encourage empathy for their unfair/unjust situation and sympathy for the cause. 3. Demonstrate the inability of the state to provide security. 4. Demonstrate the illegitimacy of the states institutions. 5. Polarize the public to simplify the debates and arguments. 6. Coerce the public into pressuring the state into compromise solutions. 7. Force the state into repressive reactions that discredit the government. 8. Force the state into repressive reactions that serve to recruit new members and supporters. 9. Demonstrate the economic consequences of continued violence.

10. Highlight the potential political consequences of continued conflict. 11. Attract international attention and encourage intervention. 12. Provoke widespread civil uprising to change the government, or form a separate state.

Global terrorism incidents. 1. Nationalist terrorists They use violence and they are usually successful at getting peoples sympathy because they try to fight for national liberation. Examples of this include the Irish Republican Army, Basque Fatherland and liberty amongst others liberation that they think the world has ignored. 2. Religious They seek to use violence to further what they see as divinely commanded purposes, often targeting broad categories of foes in an attempt to bring about sweeping changes. 3. State sponsored These groups are deliberately used by radical states as foreign policy toolsas Frey puts it, as a cost-effective way of waging war covertly, through the use of surrogate warriors or guns for hire (Frey, 2004). 4. Left wing They limit the use of violence, but destroy the democracy and take over with socialists or communists regime. They also stay away from harming victims. Baarder Meinhof group, the Japanesse red army, weathermen and the red brigades are examples of the left wing terrorism. 5. Right wing

They are among the least organized terrorists, often associated with neo-Nazi street rioting in Western Europe, especially in the early 1980s. These groups, often dominated by skinheads, seek to do away with liberal democratic governments and create fascist states in their place. 6. Anarchist

From the 1870s until about 1920, anarchist terrorism was a major global phenomenon. Revolutionaries seeking to overthrow established governments launched a wave of bombings and assassinated a series of heads of state; one such victim was President William McKinley, killed in 1901 by a young Hungarian refugee influenced by anarchist sentiments. Some experts see signs of a new interest in anarchist violence arising out of the recent wave of protests against globalization. Acts of terrorism 1. Wall Street Bombing: USA It occurred at 12:01 p.m. on September 16, 1920, in the Financial District of New York City. 38 people were killed and 400 persons were injured by the blast. A horse-drawn wagon carrying 100 pounds or 45 kg of dynamite with 500 pounds or n230 kg of heavy slugs exploded in a timer-set detonation, sending the slugs tearing through the air. The horse and wagon were vaporized. 2. King David Hotel Bombing: Israel It was a bomb strike by the Irgun, a militant Zionist group, on the headquarters of the British Mandatory authorities of Palestine, located at the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. The offensive was carried out on July 22 1946 and was the deadliest attack against the British during the Mandate era (1920-1948). Operating in disguise, Irgun members planted a bomb in the basement of the main building of the hotel, part of which housed the Mandate Secretariat and the British

military headquarters. Telephoned warnings were sent to the main switchboard of the hotel, the Palestine Post newspaper and the French consulate, but no evacuation was carried out, giving rise to much controversy over the reasons why people were not cleared from the building. The ensuing explosion caused the collapse of the southwestern corner of the southern wing of the hotel. Ninety-one people were killed and 46 were injured, with some of the deaths and injuries occurring in the road outside the hotel and in adjacent buildings. 3. Beirut Barracks Bombing: Lebanon This happened on October 23, 1983, during the Lebanese Civil war. 241 people perish on this terrorists attacked. Two truck bombs struck separate buildings in Beirut housing US and French military forcesmembers of the Multinational Force in Lebanonkilling hundreds of servicemen, the majority being US Marines. The blasts led to the withdrawal of the international peacekeeping force from Lebanon, where they had been stationed since the Israeli 1982 invasion of Lebanon. The organization Islamic Jihad took responsibility for the bombing, but that organization is thought to have been a nom de guere for Hezbollah receiving help from the Islamic Republic of Iran. 4. 1998 U.S. Embassy in Kenya and Tanzania Bombings

This happened on August 7, 1998. Hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous car bomb explosions at the US embassies in the East African capital cities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya. It was known as the 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings. The attacks, linked to local members of the al Qaeda terrorist network headed by Osama bin Laden, brought bin Laden and al Qaeda to international attention for the first time, and resulted in the U.S. Federal Bureau Investigation placing bin Laden on its 10 Most Wanted list. 5. Madrid Train Bombings: Spain

One of the most tragic terrorist attacks in Europe happened in Spain on March 11, 2004. The incident was a coordinated bombing of commuter trains in Madrid that killed 191 people and injured more than 1,750. Al-Qaeda was responsible for the said attacked. The official investigation by the Spanish Judiciary determined the attacks were directed by an al-Qaedainspired terrorist cell although no direct al-Qaeda participation (only inspiration) has been established. 6. SuperFerry 14 Bombing: Philippines Occurred on February 27, 2004 and was known as the SuperFerry 14 bombings. Abu Sayyaf admitted responsibility for the said incident killing 116. This act of terrorism was regarded as the worlds deadliest terrorist attack at sea to date. A television set containing an 8-pound (4 kilograms) TNT bomb had been placed on board. 90 minutes out of port, the bomb exploded. 63 people were killed immediately and 53 were missing and presumed dead. Despite claims from various terrorist groups, the blast was initially thought to have been an accident, caused by a gas explosion. However, after divers righted the ferry five months after it sank, they found evidence of a bomb blast. 7. Yazidi Communities Bombings: Iraq The 2007 Yazidi Communities bombings is one of the most tragic terrorist attacks in Iraq. This incident occurred on August 14, 2007, when four coordinated suicide bomb attacks detonated in the Iraqi towns of Qahtaniya and Jazeera (Siba Sheikh Khidir), near Mosul. Iraqi Red Crescents estimates say the bombs have killed 796 and wounded 1,562 people, that would make this the Iraq Wars most deadly car bomb attack to date. 8. 911 Attacks

The most tragic terrorist attack in history is the 911 Attacks. The September 11, 2001 attacks killed 2,997 immediately, and many more lately from exposure to toxic dust in a series of hijacked airliner crashes into two U.S. landmarks: the World trade Center in New York City, New York, and The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. A fourth plane, originally intended to hit the United States Capitol Building, crashes in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, after an apparent revolt against the hijackers by the planes passengers; being the most catastrophic terrorist event ever known. Consequences of terrorism on the world economy Terrorism has occurred throughout history, but today the world is experiencing a global rebirth of attacks. Today it no longer affects only small societies, such as isolated third world countries who fell victim to regular terrorist attacks, but the whole world is becoming more familiar with Arab and Muslim names. The terrorist violence that is on the rise today has informed citizen all over the world about different types of terrorism. Also with the resurgence the world is experiencing of terrorism, the Nation's have been to do what they can to eliminate terrorism. Terrorist acts have various effects on the economy which include: 1. Tourism Terrorists have often used tourists as targets, because they are easy to attack and attract a lot of attention from the media. A resent case is the abduction of tourists in Lamu Kenya by the AlShabaab group. This led to several European countries issuing advising their citizens not to travel to Kenya. The impact of this is reduced export hence countries loosing lots of income especially for counties who have tourism as their major export activity. 2. Foreign direct investment

Effect of terrorism on foreign firms investing money into real foreign assets is considerable. Terrorists can attack and damage foreign owned firms, seriously disrupting their activities. As foreigners have large choice of countries to invest in, even quite mild terrorist activities tend to strongly affect inflow of capital to a terror stricken country (Linden, 2007). 3. Foreign trade Using an extended gravity model containing the conventional determinant and, in addition the extent of terrorist activity in a country, it is estimated that doubling the extent of terrorist attacks reduces bilateral trade flow by 6 per cent (Frey, 2004). 4. Destruction of stock market Effects of disruptive incidents varies from country to country but generally yields negatively and significant abnormal results in the stock market. When a country is prone to terror attacks no one wants to invest since surety of future existence of companies is not there. Possible solutions to stopping terrorism attacks 1. Poverty Alleviation: Poverty seems to be the major cause of terrorism. Lack of resources to make ends meet have triggered in growing this menace. Strong and effective efforts are required to reduce poverty. It is poverty which forces people to join terrorism. Masterminds are using terrorists to commit heinous crimes and convince them for suicidal attacks motivating them to going to heaven after killing innocent people. They usually use teenagers to execute their nefarious designs as young and teenage boys are easily convinced to without knowing the consequences. So reducing poverty can have a huge impact on reducing the level of terrorism. As many people will not fall in to the hands of terrorist. 2. Reduce Unemployment: Unemployment is also one of the main causes that help increase terrorism. When people are unemployed, they dont find opportunities to get a job to support

their families and eventually they are made pawns in the hands of terrorists. Terrorists offer such people a huge amount of money and guarantee supporting their families when they kill people according to their wishes. There is an acute need to create employment opportunities so that people should not tilt towards negative activities and they could remain busy in their jobs. 3. End Injustice: There is a lot of injustice almost everywhere especially in the third world countries like in the tribal belt between Afghanistan & Pakistan, the situation is very disturbing in terms of obtaining justice. People cannot get speedy justice. Injustice in the system has supported in increasing terrorism and therefore people take laws in their hands. In Pakistan, people generally have lost trust in judicial and police system. There is much injustice almost everywhere. Rich are becoming more rich whereas poorer are becoming poorer. This gap between the rich and poor has caused people to move towards terrorism as they need shelter, food, cloth, for their families and terrorist masterminds assure them that they will. We need to end this injustice in our society so we can stop terrorism. 4. Corruption: Corruption in our system is increasing day by day. Political leaders especially in the third world countries seem to have no concern with the economic problems and terrorism and they are busy in making money through unfair means. They believe that they wont be able to get next chance to come in power. Corruption has put no stone unturned in supplementing the hardships of the people. In the third world countries this situation is worse and you cannot even get your legal work done without offering bribery. 5. Lack of Education: Lack of education generally force young generation to join the hands of anti-social elements. There is a dire need to create opportunities for people so that they could educate their children. If people are given education at free of cost, or even minimizing the costs the trend of tilting towards extremism and terrorism can be reduced. The governments should

open more and more schools for children, and education should be made available for everyone as it is necessary to make world safe from current and future