Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
BY
THOMAS J. WHITLEY
24 APRIL 2008
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………….1
LITERARY SILENCE…..…………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………….4
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………25
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………27
INTRODUCTION
Sarah Wiesel.1 The small town of Sighet was a close Jewish community. This
Hebrew very early in life. His mother belonged to the Hassidic sect of
Judaism. Elie was drawn to their mystical tradition and folk tales. Life was
going well for the Wiesel family, even through the first few years of World
War II. This security, though, was a false one. The scene changed
immediately when Nazis arrived in Sighet in 1944. The Jews living there were
deported to concentration camps in Poland. Elie was 15. Elie was instantly
separated from his mother and his sister, Tzipora, upon arriving at
Auschwitz. He would never see them again. He was, however, able to stay
with his father for the next year. They lived the life of concentration camp
and moved to France. He began to study the French language and became a
wrote nothing of the Holocaust for ten years. Wiesel finally wrote Un die welt
hot geshvign (And the world kept silent) in 1955. It was 900 pages of his
memories in Yiddish. Wiesel then condensed that work into 127 pages in
1
“Elie Wiesel Biography.” No Pages. Cited 21 April 2008. Online:
http://www.achievement.org/ autodoc/page/wie0bio-1. Wiesel’s biographical information is
taken from the Academy of Achievement online.
French. It was called La Nuit (Night). Wiesel was awarded the Nobel Prize for
indeed “not an ordinary writer. We cannot read him without the desire to
change, to lead better lives. His books are of the kind that save souls…No
living writer knows our predicament better than Elie Wiesel, and his novels
between man and God, man and man, man and himself. Rather than explore
the story in abstract terms, I try to tell the real story. But this story we tell by
deafening. Thus is the case in Elie Wiesel’s Night. Wiesel uses silence to draw
the reader into his work and causes them to feel what he feels. Some have
called silence Wiesel’s “art”4 and Marie Cedars even calls it the “language
of…Night.”5 These strong words are not out of line at all, for indeed it is
2
Terrence Des Pres, Forward to Ellen S. Fine, Legacy of Night: The Literary Universe of
Elie Wiesel (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), xiv quoted in Marie M. Cedars,
“Speaking Through Silence: The Art of Elie Wiesel” (PhD diss., The University of Texas at
Arlington, 1984).
3
Elie Wiesel quoted in Harry James Cargas, Harry James Cargas in Conversation with
Elie Wiesel quoted in Marie M. Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence: The Art of Elie Wiesel”
(PhD diss., The University of Texas at Arlington, 1984), iv.
4
See Terrence Des Pres, “The Authority of Silence in Elie Wiesel’s Art” and Marie M.
Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence: The Art of Elie Wiesel.”
5
Marie M. Cedars, “Silence and Against Silence: The Two Voices of Elie Wiesel” (review
of Irving Abrahamson, ed., Against Silence: The Voice and Vision of Elie Wiesel), Cross
Currents (1986): 258-9.
silence that makes Wiesel’s Night so real, believable, heart-rending – so
poignant.
technique to take away words, but add presence. Wiesel also addresses
the silence of God; a silence which destroyed Wiesel’s faith “forever.”6 This
paper will explore these two uses of silence by Elie Wiesel in Night.
6
Elie Wiesel, Night (New York: Hill and Wang,2006), 34.
LITERARY SILENCE
Wiesel uses silence literarily in more than one way. It is true that
the pages of Night are full of the very word “silence,” but that is not the only
silence that is present. For, as will be shown, Wiesel also uses silence in such
two words, into more than blank space on a page. Wiesel transforms that
blank space into silence. The blank space is given presence. Marie Cedars
recognizes this aspect of Wiesel’s use of silence when she defines silence as
works, and especially in Night, and Wiesel has even spoken on the issue. It is
important to see the intentionality in Wiesel’s use of silence and also the
reasoning behind it. For, just as one cannot divorce Wiesel’s work from the
fact that he is a Holocaust survivor, one must not see Wiesel’s silence apart
from its impetus. Elie Wiesel understood the power of silence on many
different levels. He knew that if his story was going to offer something
phenomenon. Wiesel had lived silence and thus had to share through silence.
The experience he shared, though, was not just his own. No, for Wiesel
7
Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence,”vii.
involves his reader with every turn of page. Wiesel “makes the reader feel
what he feels”.8
This seems to contradict logic that says in order to make someone feel what
of Night seems disconnected and lacks emotion. A strange find when one
comes to Wiesel’s only work that actually talks about the Holocaust.9 So,
unlike other Holocaust survivors who have recorded their experiences with
much verbosity and great detail, Wiesel chose the approach of minimalism.
and interpretation.”10 Wiesel tells what happened. The reader, then, is left to
fill in her reaction. The reader must supply her own judgment when the text
is so blatantly void of one. In doing so, the reader interprets the “silences he
leaves between his words.”11 One of the most stunning examples presents
Not far from us, flames, huge flames, were rising from a ditch.
Something was being burned there. A truck drew close and unloaded
its hold: small children. Babies! Yes, I did see this with my own eyes…
children thrown into the flames. (Is it any wonder that ever since then,
sleep tends to elude me?)
8
Ibid., 26-27.
9
The rest of Wiesel’s works will reference the Holocaust, but no other work speaks
directly of the Holocaust. This, of course, is dealing with his written works, not speeches or
conversations that have been recorded.
10
Ibid., 72.
So that was where we were going. A little father on, there was another,
larger pit for adults.12
course, Wiesel does offer to the reader that he really did see this with his
own eyes, implying, at least, the absurdity of the words that have just been
read. Wiesel does also offer a brief parenthetical statement that mentions his
sleeping troubles, but that is it. The next words are of his group marching
toward another pit. The reader is struck by the sheer fact that anyone could
move past this event with nothing else to say. Brief relief is offered shortly at
I pinched myself: Was I still alive? Was I awake? How was it possible
that men, women, and children were being burned and that the world
kept silent?14
This comment, however, is already a shift in focus, for now the children are
lumped in with everyone. To be sure, that men and women were being
burned is a surreal thought and one that should move our hearts. However,
that babies were loaded onto trucks like trash and were disposed of in a
burning pit is unbearable. One can only imagine the stench that must have
filled the air. Other Holocaust survivors have written about it. Cedars offers
Mothers undress their children, and the naked mother carries her child
in her arms to the fire. However, sometimes a mother will undress
herself but will fail to undress the child, or the child refuses to let itself
be undressed out of panic. When this happens, we can hear the voices
12
Wiesel, Night, 32.
13
Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence,” 96.
14
being beaten and hung by their feet from trees. Rather, Wiesel offers the
simple statement, “A truck drew close and unloaded its hold: small children.
Babies!”16
Following this account Elie and his father continued to march in their
group toward the larger pit. As they stepped closer and closer to the pit, Elie
found himself whispering the words his father had just whispered:
sanctified”17
Elie seemed to be facing certain death when their group was “ordered to turn
left and herded into the barracks.”18 Elie’s father then asked him if he
remembered Mrs. Schächter from the train. Mrs. Schächter was the lady from
the train that incessantly shouted about the fire and the flames. No one
believed Mrs. Schächter. Elie believed her now. Elie remembered her now. It
15
Leon Wells, The Janowska Road, 206 as quoted in Cedars, “Speaking Through
Silence,” 130-131.
16
17
Wiesel, Night, 34
18
Ibid.
is after his father asked him if he remembered Mrs. Schächter that Elie pens
Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, that turned my
life into one long night seven times sealed.
Never shall I forget the small faces of the children whose bodies I saw
transformed into smoke under a silent sky.
Never shall I forget the nocturnal silence that deprived me for all
eternity of the desire to live.
Never shall I forget those moments that murdered my God and my soul
and turned my dreams to ashes.
Never.19
Not only does Wiesel explicitly mention the “nocturnal silence” that took over
his life and changed it forever, but he also inserts it after this section. The
silence that is present immediately after this section is palpable. The reader
is stunned for a moment at what is said and what is not said. Questioning
word “silence” in the text and by injecting the presence of silence into the
19
Ibid.
This time, the Lagerkapo refused to act as an executioner. Three SS
took his place.
Wiesel tells the reader that the whole camp was silent; rightfully so. The
Then, silence. There is nothing left to say, yet there is a multitude left to be
said. Harry James Cargas captures this in his letter nominating Wiesel for the
Nobel Prize: “This mystical silence, this awe before God and the actions of
The conclusion of the book, though brief in actuality, seems to last into
eternity. The final page is once again filled with silence. The silence that fills
20
Ibid., 64-65.
21
Ibid., 65.
22
new, exciting is dispassionate and stated as if one has merely noted the
occurrence of the event, but not been affected by it at all. The American
At six o’clock that afternoon, the first American tank stood at the gates
of Buchenwald.23
Is that really all that needs to be said about the American liberation of
Buchenwald? One feels obligated to say that it is not. No, much more can be
said, perhaps should be said. Wiesel, however desired his story to be closest
that he suffered. He spent weeks in a hospital near death. When he was well
for he had not seen himself since he was in the ghetto. The final two
23
Wiesel, Night, 115.
24
Cedars, “Silence and Against Silence: The Two Voices of Elie Wiesel,” 258.
25
thick silence, but that which concludes the book is even more substantial,
even more present, even more real, even more silent. The close of the book
leaves the reader thinking, wondering, hoping, hurting, longing. The silence
is deafening.
about many camp experiences.26 The question, though, is why? While many
pushed Wiesel toward silence.27 Wiesel says that he “knew the story had to
struggled with, though, was “how to do this.”29 Harry James Cargas relays
that Wiesel “voluntarily went for weeks and weeks without saying a single
word, ‘to see what one does with silence.’”30 Of this Wiesel says, “It was by
seeking, by probing silence that I began to discover the perils and power of
the word.”31 Wiesel had begun to understand that a Holocaust author ought
26
See Gerda Weissmann Klein, All But My Life (New York: Hill and Wang, 1957).
27
Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence,” 70.
28
Elie Wiesel, “Why I Write” trans. Rossette C. Lamont, in Confronting the Holocaust:
The Impact of Elie Wiesel, (ed. Alvin Rosenfeld and Irving Greenberg; Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 1978), 201.
29
Ibid.
30
Harry James Cargas, Harry James Cargas in Conversation with Elie Wiesel (Mahwah,
N.J.: Paulist Press, 1976), 90 quoted in Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence,” 63.
31
Wiesel, “Why I Write,” 200.
to take responsibility “not only for what he says, but also for what he does
not say.”32
with its possibilities and its shortcomings. For Wiesel, “the Holocaust proved
that eloquent words can be used to cover the basest deeds, that ‘logical’
reasons can be given for destroying a people.”33 Wiesel was only going to say
We all knew that we could never, never say what had to be said, that
we could never express in words, coherent, intelligible words, our
experience of madness on an absolute scale. The walk through flaming
night, the silence before and after the selection, the monotonous
praying of the condemned, the Kaddish of the dying, the fear and
hunger of the sick, the shame and suffering, the haunted eyes, the
demented stares.34
Wiesel wanted language and words to be intense. Instead, “all words seemed
Words alone simply could not complete the task at hand. Walter
Kaufmann spoke to this when he said, “If I have words for it, adequate words,
the feeling is not deep and intense.”36 What Wiesel felt during and after the
Holocaust was certainly deep and intense. That was just the problem. How
32
Elie Wiesel in Richard L. Rubenstein and John K. Roth, Approaches to Auschwitz: The
Holocaust and its Legacy (rev. ed. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003), 320.
33
Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence,” 106.
34
Ibid. See also Richard L. Rubenstein and John K. Roth, Approaches to Auschwitz: The
Holocaust and its Legacy (rev. ed.; Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003), 320.
36
mobilize silence…to render silence in ways that make it – and therefore what
job, as a writer and a witness, was “to make silence speak.”38 It is a paradox
indeed that Wiesel had to “use words to express and delineate these
as possible. For, as Wiesel himself put it, “the reader feels the density of a
page if there are in that page many others which were cut out.”40
37
Terrence Des Pres, “The Authority of Silence in Elie Wiesel’s Art,” in Confronting the
Holocaust: The Impact of Elie Wiesel (ed. Alvin Rosenfeld and Irving Greenberg;
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978), 53.
38
Ibid.
39
Harry James Cargas, Harry James Cargas in Conversation with Elie Wiesel (Mahwah,
N.J.: Paulist Press, 1976), 94 quoted in Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence,” 28.
SILENCE OF GOD
silence of God in Night than with Elie Wiesel’s own words during his first
night in Birkenau:
For the first time, I felt anger rising within me. Why should I sanctify
His name? The Almighty, the eternal and terrible Master of the
Universe, chose to be silent.41
Wiesel. The silence of the prisoners in the face of their annihilation came to
be logical to Wiesel. The silence of God, however, has never made sense to
Wiesel. How could God abandon his very people and leave them to be
slaughtered? How could God stand by and watch their destruction and not
annihilation.”42 These questions began to perplex Wiesel during his very first
night in Birkenau and remain with him even until today. They were more than
questions though, for the silence of God that Wiesel encountered in Birkenau
and Auschwitz “destroyed the unquestioning faith of his childhood and has
41
Wiesel, Night, 33.
42
Ibid., 7.
That Wiesel’s faith is being shaken one need only look at the time of
Yom Kippur that Wiesel records in Night. The question of whether to fast was
being debated by just about everyone. There were those who said they
should not fast, as that would lead to an even more sure and a quicker
death. Others, however, said that the Jews should fast to show God that even
where they were, “locked in hell” as Wiesel puts it, that they were able to
praise God.44 The reader then sees Wiesel’s choice of action and the results:
I did not fast. First of all, to please my father who had forbidden me to
do so. And then, there was no longer any reason for me to fast. I no
longer accepted God’s silence. As I swallowed my ration of soup, I
turned that act into a symbol of rebellion, of protest against Him.
Wiesel no longer accepted God’s silence. What exactly Wiesel means by this
is not clear, but one is certainly drawn toward the covenant that God had
made with his people. Wiesel no longer accepted God’s silence because he
A lofty claim indeed, but one that Wiesel makes with every bit of
confidence. How could he say this though? How could he believe that the
covenant between man and God was broken? It is quite simple actually:
“when those who followed the Commandments were being killed by those
44
Wiesel, Night, 69.
45
Ibid.
46
Harry James Cargas, Harry James Cargas in Conversation with Elie Wiesel (Mahwah,
N.J.: Paulist Press, 1976), 56 quoted in Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence,” 107.
who continually defied them.”47 This same concern that God has not been
rumor that said the battlefront was extremely near Buna and that only be a
few more hours. Wiesel had certainly heard numerous rumors of this sort
during his days in the camps; however, this time he could hear the cannons
in the distance. His faceless neighbor assured Elie that Hitler had made it
clear he would obliterate the Jews that very night. Elie exploded back, asking
“I have more faith in Hitler than in anyone else. He alone has kept his
promises, all his promises, to the Jewish people.”48
That was all that needed to be said. Wiesel understood that God had broken
the Jews. Wiesel was not the only one that had begun to question not only
God’s goodness, but also his existence. What happened? Melissa Raphael
offers that “the Nazi’s assumed God’s power and he was impotent in the face
of it.”49
47
Melissa Raphael, The Female Face of God in Auschwitz: A Jewish Feminist Theology of
the Holocaust
(London: Routledge, 2003), 35.
The view that the covenant between God and his people had been
with the Akedah, the story of the binding of Isaac in Genesis. The Akedah has
perplexed Jews, Christians and Muslims for centuries and its meaning or
purpose is still not agreed upon today. Moreover, other authors have
compared Wiesel’s Night with the Akedah; for in both, “a father and a son go
After these things God tested Abraham, and said to him, “Abraham!”
And he said, “Here am I.” He said, “Take your son, your only son Isaac,
whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a
burnt offering upon one of the mountains of which I shall tell you.” So
Abraham rose early in the morning, saddled his ass, and took two of
his young men with him, and his son Isaac; and he cut the wood for the
burnt offering, and arose and went to the place of which God had told
him. On the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes and saw the place
afar off. Then Abraham said to his young men, “Stay here with the ass;
I and the lad will go yonder and worship, and come again to you.” And
Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering, and laid it on Isaac his
son; and he took in his hand the fire and the knife. So they went both
of them together. And Isaac said to his father Abraham, “My father!”
And he said, “Here am I, my son.” He said, “Behold, the fire and the
wood; but where is the lamb for a burnt offering?” Abraham said, “God
will provide himself the lamb for a burnt offering, my son.”So they
went both of them together. When they came to the place of which
God had told him, Abraham built an altar there, and laid the wood in
order, and bound Isaac his son, and laid him on the altar, upon the
wood. Then Abraham put forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his
son. But the angel of the LORD called to him from heaven, and said,
“Abraham, Abraham!” And he said, “Here am I.” He said, “Do not lay
your hand on the lad or do anything to him; for now I know that you
fear God, seeing you have not withheld your son, your only son, from
me.” And Abraham lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, behind
him was a ram, caught in a thicket by his horns; and Abraham went
and took the ram, and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his
50
Andre Neher, The Exile of the Word: From the Silence of the Bible to the Silence of
Auschwitz, 216 quoted in Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence,” 49.
son. So Abraham called the name of that place The LORD will provide;
as it is said to this day, “On the mount of the LORD it shall be
provided.”51
Just as in Night, there is much left unsaid. How exactly did Abraham convince
Isaac to go along with him? Did Isaac really believe that God would provide
the sacrifice or did he begin to catch on? What happened when Abraham
bound Isaac, laid him on the altar and raised the knife above him? Was Isaac
laying their willingly accepting what his father was about to do? Was he
scared, trying to get away? Did Abraham have faith that God would provide a
sacrifice? Did he really plan on going through with slaughtering his own son?
Questions remain to this day about the Akedah, just as they remain about
the Holocaust. There is a great reversal, however, in the Holocaust. God did
not intervene. Marie Cedars captures how incomprehensible this is: “Wiesel
knew that God had provided the ram for the sacrifice in time to save Isaac,
but in the camps, He did not intervene and He let His children go to the
slaughter. Mad and unbelievable as was this sacrifice, the witness who writes
was there. He knows the Holocaust happened.”52 How could God have
intervened to save Isaac, one boy, and not intervene to save six million of his
people? It is not that no one called out to God, for they cried out incessantly.
Elie and others call out for God. Their response? Silence. The moral of the
compassionate. During the Holocaust, however, Elie feels that God’s silence
51
Genesis 22:1-14. This and any future Biblical quotations from the New Revised
Standard Version.
52
Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence,” 51.
demonstrates the absence of divine compassion; as a result, he ultimately
the Jewish believe has now, in a post-Holocaust world: “by allowing [the
know what it was.”53 Wiesel asks if God was trying to tell humanity that God
suffered. To that Wiesel responds: “He could have – should have – interrupted
know why He did not do so and I think I never shall.”54 That Jews have to live
in the shadow of the Akedah story is painful. Simon Sibelman depicts this
underscore how radically the original has been transformed, how much more
painful is God’s silence, and how the miracle that saved Isaac’s life cannot
How, then, does Wiesel deal with this silence? He meets it with his own
Terrence Des Pres states that Wiesel has succeeded in making silence
53
54
Ibid.
55
Simon Sibelman, Silence in the Novels of Elie Wiesel (New York: St. Martin’s Press,
1995), 42.
“meaningful.”56 I, however, think that Wiesel reminded us of the meaning of
silence. He did not make it meaningful, for silence has always been
silence is when they are desperate to hear a word from God, while God
remains silent.This can be seen in the book of Amos when God threatens to
remain silent: “‘Behold, the days are coming,’ says the Lord GOD, ‘when I will
send a famine on the land; not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but
of hearing the words of the LORD.’”57 The silence that God threatened during
Amos’ day was experienced during the Holocaust. It was a devastating time
indeed.
is the only appropriate response he can have to the Holocaust. For, “there
the event itself, to be faced in the quiet of an endless sorrow.”59 There are no
reject it.”60 In the same text Wiesel makes an attempt at hope and yet
Terrence Des Pres, “The Authority of Silence in Elie Wiesel’s Art,” 53.
57
Amos 8:11.
58
Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence,” 11.
59
Terrence Des Pres, “The Authority of Silence in Elie Wiesel’s Art,” 57.
60
Searching for answers for a lifetime has still left Elie Wiesel void of them and
full of questions. How does one respond to that. Des Pres holds that “the
significant changes to the Jewish community than did any other time in
Judaism’s long and rich history.63 Obviously, the Holocaust was one of the
events that worked to create so many problems and such chaos in Jewish
61
Ibid., 684.
62
Terrence Des Pres, “The Authority of Silence in Elie Wiesel’s Art,” 56.
63
Richard L. Rubenstein, preface to After Auschwitz: Radical Theology and
Contemporary Judaism. (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1966), ix.
restoration of its virtues.”64 This of course is futile. Others, Rubenstein
theologies. The one that will be discussed here is the death of God theology. I
post-Holocaust Jewish theology because it has many ties to the work of Elie
Wiesel and especially Night. As Michael Morgan points our Wiesel’s account
in Night of the young pipel being hung “is probably the most recalled and
cited episode in all Holocaust literature.”67 This is because this account raises
“the idea that the death camps were a radical break in life and thought, not
for the victims alone but for all of us, and that to go on requires going on in a
64
Ibid.
65
Ibid.
66
Ibid., x.
67
Michael L. Morgan, Beyond Auschwitz: Post-Holocaust Jewish Thought in America
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 33.
68
Ibid.
the Holocaust than the one that Wiesel asks in Night, namely, “For God’s
This was a very real question for Wiesel as well as for many other Jews
in the aftermath of the Holocaust. In light of the Holocaust, Jews are faced
many, the problem of finding a new rationale has been aggravated by the
death of their personal God. After Auschwitz many Jews did not need
Nietzsche to tell them that the old God of Jewish patriarchal monotheism was
dead beyond all hope of resurrection.”70 Rubenstein holds very surely that we
are now in the time of the death of God;71 we must be. “Though many still
they do so ignoring the questions of God and human freedom and God and
human evil. For those who face these issues, the Father-God is a dead God.
Even the existentialist leap of faith cannot resurrect this dead God after
For Rubenstein the death of God movement has thrived for a very
simple reason: “The vitality of death of God theology is rooted in the fact
that it has faced more openly than any other contemporary theological
69
Ibid., 246. Rubenstein chooses to use this phrase instead of “God is dead.” His
reasoning: “It is more precise to assert that we live in the time of the death of God than to
declare “God is dead.” The death of God is a cultural fact. We shall never know whether it is
more than that.”
72
Ibid., 238.
movement the truth of the divine-human encounter in our times. The truth is
that it is totally nonexistent.”73 These are heavy words that are not spoken
words, but they exhibit his integrity in light of the Holocaust. His theology,
reveals about the theologian and his culture.”75 Post-Holocaust theology has
ground of being but also as the focus of ultimate concern.”76 It is through this
Moreover, in this view God is “the infinite measure against which we can see
to have integrity and remain authentic, even when it is the most unbearable
73
Ibid., 245.
74
Ibid., 246.
75
Ibid.
76
Ibid., 238.
77
Ibid.
task we have ever attempted in our lives. In talking about the work of Emil
Judaism arise out of the complex response to Auschwitz, out of the mystery,
CONCLUSION
question: “If you knew that you would find a truth/That brings up pain that
78
pain? Does one change? Elie Wiesel was changed, indeed. He had no choice
but to change. His faith in the God of his childhood was shattered forever. He
chose to express this change through silence in his Holocaust memoir Night.
Terrence Des Pres said rightly of Wiesel: “we cannot read him without the
desire to change, to lead better lives.”80 Wiesel explored silence literarily and
Lublin, Poland, “Do you love God?” Rubenstein replied: “I should. We are
enjoined to love God ‘with all thy heart, with all thy soul and with all thy
might.’ But I cannot. I am aware of His holiness. I am struck with wonder and
terror before His Nothingness, but I cannot love Him. I am affrighted before
Him. Perhaps, in the end, all I have is silence.”81 Silence was the only
silence invading Elie Wiesel’s life and his works was a must. For, the
80
Des Pres, Forward to Ellen S. Fine, Legacy of Night: The Literary Universe of Elie
Wiesel, xiv quoted in Cedars, “Speaking Through Silence.”
81
Rubenstein, After Auschwitz: Radical Theology and Contemporary Judaism, 263-4.
82
himself, the Holocaust, survivors, and the world, Elie Wiesel chose silence.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cedars, Marie M. “Silence and Against Silence: The Two Voices of Elie Wiesel”
(review of Irving
Abrahamson, ed., Against Silence: The Voice and Vision of Elie Wiesel).
Cross Currents (1986): 257-266.
----. “Speaking Through Silence: The Art of Elie Wiesel.” PhD diss., The
University of Texas at
Arlington, 1984.
Des Pres, Terrence. “The Authority of Silence in Elie Wiesel’s Art.” Pages 49-
57 in Confronting
the Holocaust: The Impact of Elie Wiesel. Edited by Alvin Rosenfeld and
Irving Greenberg. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978.
83
Ibid.
Donadio, Rachel. “The Story of ‘Night’” (review of Elie Wiesel’s Night). New
York Times Book
Review, Jan 20, 2008, 27.
Katz, Steven T., ed. The Impact of the Holocaust on Jewish Theology. New
York: New York
University Press, 2005.
Sibelman, Simon P. Silence in the Novels of Elie Wiesel. New York: St. Martin’s
Press, 1995.
Stern, Ellen Norman. Elie Wiesel: A Voice for Humanity. Philadelphia: The
Jewish Publication
Society, 1996.