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CHROMOSOMES

The chromosomes (Greek: chromos = coloured; soma = body) are named from their ability to take up certain stains. They are present in all nucleated cells and contain DNA with its hereditary information. Chromatin is divided into two types: Euchromatin regions are specific sections of chromosomes characterized by certain patterns of condensation and staining. Most known genes are located in the euchromatic regions of chromosomes. Heterochromatin regions are specific regions of the chromosomes characterized by heavier staining because their structure is more compact during certain stages of the cell cycle.

Number and Structure of the Chromosomes in Metaphase


Chromosomes are present in the cellular nucleus of all animals and superior plants. There are three important rules in what the stability of the chromosomal set is concerned in superior plants and animals:
1. Somatic cells comprise all the cells in the body, including primordial germ cells (unmature). Mature germ cells, also called sex cells or gametes, comprise the spermatozoa and the ovum. Both somatic and germ cells contain a fixed number of chromosomes. This number is typical and particular for each species. It is different from one species to the other and it has nothing to do with the complexity or the size of that organism. 2. Chromosomes are usually found in pairs in the nuclei of somatic cells. In each pair, one chromosome derives from the mother, and the other from the father. Cells who's nuclei contain 2 sets of identical chromosomes are called diploid cells. 3. Mature germ cells (gametes) that unite during fertilization possess nuclei with a single set of chromosomes containing one chromosome of each pair, and they are called haploid cells.

Organism Field horsetail Bracken fern Bread wheat Yeast(Saccharomy ces cerevisiae) Giant sequoia Corn (Zea mays) Garden pea Lily

Nr. of Chrom. 216 116 42 32 22 20 14 12

Organism Geometrid moth Dog Chicken Gorilla Man Common toad Fruit fly (Drosophyla) Scorpion Escherichia Coli

Nr. of Chrom. 224 78 78 48 46 22 8 4 1

Chromatin is a deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) fiber, i.e., deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) associated with histones and nonhistonic proteins. It is the basic unit of chromosomal structure. Chromatin obtained from metaphase chromosomes contains: ADN ARN Proteine 13-17% 8-15% 68-79%

95% histones 5% nonhistones 5 tipuri: H1 H2A H2B H3 H4

in strict equal proportion

Chromatin is divided into two types:

Euchromatin

regions are specific sections of chromosomes characterized by certain patterns of condensation and staining. Most known genes are located in the euchromatic regions of chromosomes.

Heterochromatin

regions are specific regions of the chromosomes characterized by heavier staining because their structure is more compact during certain stages of the cell cycle.

Structure of Chromosomes in Metaphase


Satelits Short arm (p) Centromer

Long arm (q) Telomere s Cromatides

Depending of the centormere position there are 3 different morphological types of chromosomes

Metacentric Submetacentric

Acrocentric

Clasification of human chromosomes


metacentric submetacentric acrocentric large

CROMOSOMES

middle small

44 - autosomes
CHROMOSOMES

2 - gonosomes
Small Group F (19-20) Group E (17-18) Group G (21-22, Y) 12 + Y TOTAL: 12 22 + X 10 + Y 44 + X, Y

Large Group A (1-3)

Middle Group E (16) Group C (6-12, X) Group D (13-15) 22 + X

Metacentric

Submetacentric Group B (4-5) Acrocentric TOTAL: 10

It is difficult to identify and differentiate chromosomes belonging to the same group when they are not banded. This becomes possible only by banding techniques or other modern techniques of identification.

Each species has a chromosome complement characteristic in number and form. This is referred to as the species karyotype and the name is also used for a photographic representation of stained chromosomes arranged in order of decreasing lenght. The act of producing a karyotype is called karyotyping. The Technique of Caryotyping using a Lymphocyte Culture

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