Catechism Timeline Details123

What will be the standard to separate devotional books from the Catechisms,without making them seem mutually exclusive or implying that the Catechism is not a devotional enterprise?

-Early Antecedents Enchiridon St. Augustine4 -Early Medieval Catechisms (or somethings like it):
Disputatio Puerorum5 Alcuin (d. 804) Council of Tours (813) On the Instruction of Clergy Rhabanus Maurus (d. 856) Wurzburg Catechism St. Bruno (1045) Introductio ad Theologiam Aberlard (c. 1118) De Sacramentis Christian Fidei" (c. 1134) Hugh of St. Victor De Quinque Septenis Seu Septenariis (d.1142) Hugh of St. Victor6 Elucidarium (d. 1136) Honorius of Autun7

-Late Medieval Catechisms:

Summae, Handbook on Theology Alexander Hales (d. 1245) Cathecismus Scolarium Novellorum (1338)8 Guiral Ot,

Roest, Bert. Franciscan Literature of Religious Instruction Before the Council of Trent. Leiden, , NLD: Brill, N.H.E.J., N.V. Koninklijke, Boekhandel en Drukkerij, 2004. p 254. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/gcclibrary/Doc?id=10171597&ppg=254 Note: Franciscan Catechism and notes come from this work. Others come from Shaff, Pelikan and the sources themselves. Copyright 2004. Brill, N.H.E.J., N.V. Koninklijke, Boekhandel en Drukkerij. Chapter 4 2 For an exhaustive list of Council of Trent Publications see Bibliographie des Catechismus Romanus ex Decreto Concilii Tridentini ad Parochos, 1566-1978. By GERHARD J. BELLINGER. 3 Note list trys to avoid the many popular devotion books and works during the middle ages. Though they certainly have much catechetical content, and are certainly a type of Catechism, this list will focus on the more organized attempts for systematic catechesis and its ancedents and successor. 4 Tripartate structure, but does not follow the creed. Rather organized in multiple chapters. 7 petitions of Lords prayer, seven beatitudes. (Malthaler pg. 10) See online with original divisions http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1302.htm 5 Disputatio Puerorum ascribed to Alcuin (d. 804) and the ninth-century Catechism from Weissenburg: Incerti monachi Weissenburgensis Catachesis teotisca seculo IX conscripta, nunc vero primum edita, ed. J.G. Eccard (Hanover, 1713). 6 See note about authorship in the Catholic Encyclopedia. 7 deadly sins, seven petitions of Lords prayer, seven gifts of Holy Spirit, seven Beatitudes (Malthaler 10)
7

First Q & A Form Catechism: Mustaciuolo, G. (1990). The Elucidarium: An inquiry into the first universal question and answer catechism. Thesis (M.A.).--St. Joseph's Seminary (Yonkers, N.Y.), 1990. 8 The first Franciscan catechism properly speaking (if we can believe the explicit of the fourteenth-century manuscript in which the text is found) is Guiral Ots Cathecismus Scolarium Novellorum (1338), dedicated to the Duke of Calabria and future King of Naples Andrew of Hungary. This text, which as yet has not received the scholarly attention it deserves, seems to be a proper rhyme catechism adapted to the religious needs and mnemonic capacities of young pupils. Pg 247

Opus Tripertitum (1395) Jean Gerson9 ABC des simple gens (?) Jean Gerson10 Tractatus de Fide sive Explication Symboli Niceni11 Bartolomeo da Colle (1461) Tabula de la Salute Humana (1486), Libro delli commandamenti di Dios, and Libro intitulado de la divina lege de esso omniponete Dio12. Marco de Montegallo Admonitoni13 14 Bernadino de Fossa (1491) Catechyzon, John Colet (1509)15 Dialogo de doctrina cristiana, Jaun de Valdes (1529)16 Christiani hominis institutum, Erasmus ( ???)17 Dilucida et pia explanatio symboli Erasmus (1536)18 Enchiridion Christianae Institutionis of Johannes Gropper, 1538 http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5325322240 (1558) Catholicus Catechismus of Frederick Nausea (1543)19 http://dfg-viewer.de/show/?set[mets]=http%3A%2F%2Fmdz10.bib-bvb.de %2F~db%2Fmets%2Fbsb00018769_mets.xml
9

4 groups: simple of illiterate priests who hear confessions, unlearned people who are unable to participate regularly in Church instruction, children youth in need of basic instruction, and individuals who visit hospitals. (Malthaler 14) 10 Addressed to laity in tradition of the spetenaria. 5 Bodily senses, 7 deadly sins, 7 contrary virtues, 7 pet. Our Father, Hail Mary, Creed, 10 Commandments, 7 virtues, 7 gifts of HS, 7 beatitudes, 7 spiritual works, 7 corporal works, the 7 orders, 7 sacraments, 7 offshots of penance, 7 privleges of the glory of paradise, 4 counsels of Christ, the principle joys of paradise, the pains of hell. (Malthaler 15) 11 This substantial and rather bleak work is a mixture between a theology handbook and a catechetical manual, shaped as a series of sermon-like thematic explanations of Gods nature and His attributes in relation to the creed, the predestination doctrine, the condemnation of the damned, the sins by which good men can be tempted, the spread of evil in the world, divine mercy and justice, the nature and goal of creation (replete with descriptions of heaven, earth, the visible reality and the realm of the angels), the fall of Lucifer, the nature of temptation in general, and the place of free will in the rational soul. It would have been suitable for teaching and preaching purposes, but the organisation of the work (which does not strictly follow the explanatory grid of the seven virtues and vices or the commandments) would have hampered its function as a basic text of catechetical instruction. 250-251. 12 The Libro intitulato de la divina lege de esso omnipotente Dio probably is the most genuine catechistic text of Marcos hand, and as such it was highly appreciated by the early Capuchins (who incorporated it in their libraries). Pg. 252 13 Admonitioni del beato Bernardino Aquilano da Fossa nllanno 1491 composte, ed. Antonio DAmici (Venice: Jacomo di Vidali et compagni, 1572). This short catechism, written in the Italian vernacular, deals with the articles of faith, the Pater Noster, the divine and ecclesiastical precepts and a guide towards proper confession. 14 On late and early sixteenth-century catechistic instruction in Italy see R. Rusconi, Dal pulpito alla confessione. Modelli di comportamento religioso in Italia tra 1470 circa e 1520 circa, in: Strutture ecclesiastiche in Italia e in Germania prima della Riforma, ed. Paolo Prodi & Peter Johanek (Bologna, 1984), 259 315; M. Turrini, Riformare il mondo a vera vita christiana: le scuole di catechismo nellItalia del Cinquecento, in: Annali dellIstituto Storico Italo-germanico in Trento 8 (1982), 407 489; L. Guglielmini, Il sacramento della Penitenza nei catechismi dei fanciulli del secolo XVI, Ricerca storico-teologica, Corona Lateranensia, 32 (Rome, 1983); For additional non-Franciscan works, see also Anne Jacobson Schutte, Printed Italian Vernacular Religious Books, 1465 1550: A Finding List (Genve, 1983). Pg. 250. 15 Apostles Creed, 7 sacraments, brief explanation of charity, need for penance, holy communion, and extreme unction. + 50 short precepts (Malthaler 17)
16

Got negative reaction of humanist tendancies of Erasmus. Later printed Alfabeto Cristiano in 1549. (Malthaler 18)
17 18 19

Paraphrase of Colets Catechyzon. Creed, Commandments and Lords Prayer (Malthaler 17).

Creed, commandments, prayer Both included the 7 sacraments in the section of the creed!!! Note they actually follow the creed in Gropper. (Gropper published in 1538 as appendix in the Canones Concilii Provincialis Coloniensis

-Catechisms specific to implantation of pastoral provisions of councils:

Robert Grosseteste OSF, Bishop of Lincoln20: -Lincoln Statutes21 -Templum Dei22 John Pecham OSF, Archbishop of Cantebury23 -1281 Council of Lambeth24. Lead indirectly to Ignorantia Sacerdotum25 which lead to Lay Folks Catechism26 (1352) Oculus Sacerdotis (1320) William Pagula to carry out reforms of Lateran IV? (seem late, Lateran IV was 1215)27
20 21

Robert Grossteteste was also Chancellor of Oxford 1208-1231. and in his Lincoln statutes ordered parish priests to teach their parishioners the articles of the creed, the ten commandments, the seven sacraments, the seven works of mercy, the seven virtues and the seven vices. This should prepare the faithful for proper confession, and help them to internalise the basic elements of Christianity.
22

Most famous, no doubt, is the Templum Dei, in which Grosseteste combines a treatment of the articles of the creed, the theological and cardinal virtues, the Gospel commandments and the decalogue, with a treatment of the seven deadly sins, the petitions of the Pater Noster, the mercies found in the Gospel, the gifts of the Holy Spirit, the heavenly beatitudes, the seven sacraments and relevant information on penance and excommunication. Robert Grosseteste, Templum Dei, ed. J. Goering & F.A.C. Mantello, Toronto Medieval Latin Texts (Toronto, 1984). More directly designed for the confessional is Grossetestes Deus Est, edited as Robert Grossetestes Treatise on Confession, Deus Est, ed. Siegfried Wenzel, FS 30 (1970), 218 293 (239 293). Note any similarities with Jean Gerson who wrote in 1400s. 23 Many elements of Pechams Lambeth constitutions, and particularly those found in the section known as the Ignorantia Sacerdotum which lambasted the ignorance of priests and hammered on the necessity of their engagement in catechistic activities 10 found their way into the famous Oculus Sacerdotis, compiled in the 1320s by (the secular priest or Dominican?) William of Pagula. This work itself thereafter was reworked by the Cambridge chancellor Johannes de Burgo (into the Pupilla Oculi ) and by the Augustinian canon John Mirk (into the vernacular Instructions for Parish Priests). All these works combine catechistic information for the instruction of priests (so that they could pass on the elementary elements of Christianity to their flock) with rather detailed guidelines concerning the treatment of sin and confession, showing the overflow between these pastoral manuals and full-blown confessional writings. 11 Indirectly, Pechams Lambeth constitutions and notably the Ignorantia Sacerdotum became a major source of inspiration for the Lay Folks Catechism, produced in the York diocese around 1357 by the English monk John Gaitrik, on the basis of a Latin example text drafted at the Council of York (under leadership of Archbishop John Thoresby). 12 As is shown in the many texts surrounding the pastoral activities of Grosseteste and Pecham, the implementation of synodal legislation went hand in hand with the production of a plethora of instructory materials. Some of these aimed at ameliorating the homiletic prowess of the parish priest, so that he more successfully could teach 24 At an ecclesiastical council held at Lambeth in 1281, Peckham ordered the clergy to instruct their congregations in doctrine at least four times a year. They were to explain and teach the Articles of Faith, the Ten Commandments, the Works of Mercy, the Seven Deadly Sins, the Seven Virtues and the Sacraments.[29] This command was issued as a canon, or law, of the council, and the group is known as the Lambeth Constitutions.[30] Even later these constitutions were collected as the Ignorantia sacerdotum.[29] The six doctrines comprised the minimum theological knowledge the archbishop considered necessary for the laity to know.[31] The constitutions, which were originally in Latin, were the basis and inspiration for pastoral and devotional works throughout the remainder of the Middle Ages, and were eventually translated into English in the 15th century. See also IGNORANCIA SACERDOTUM: A FIFTEENTH-CENTURY DISCOURSE ON THE LAMBETH CONSTITUTIONS1 HODGSON Review of English Studies.1948; os-XXIV: 1-11. For actual texts Powicke, M., & Cheney, C. R. (1964). Councils and synods, with other documents relating to the English church. II, A. D. 1205-1313. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 25 Actually titled De Informacione Simplicium 26 14 points of creed, 10 commandments, 7 sacraments, seven works of mercy, 7 virtues, 7 deadly sins. (Malthaler 13) 27 Included parts of Ignorantia Sacerdotum. A Cambridge history of Medieval Literature. http://books.google.co.uk/books? id=aUr31ZoNGuAC&pg=PA548&lpg=PA548&dq=oculus+sacerdotis&source=bl&ots=3iv8u0Ybuj&sig=lPt6 ktdsqBajgEKGSbM2PC2uXQA&hl=en&ei=ZFECTJe0FI_u0wTu8qDMAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&re snum=10&ved=0CDYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=oculus%20sacerdotis&f=false lead to English work Instructions for Parish priest http://books.google.co.uk/books? id=X9RQm2MkddQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=john+myrc+instructions+for+parish+priests&source=bl&o

Manipulus Curatorum (1498) Guido28 Doctrinal of Sapyence (1489)29 Stella Clericorum (1490) France Exonoratorium Curatorium (1534) Thomas Godfrey, revisit of Ignorantia Cura Clericus (1532) Compendivm Doctrinae Catholicae In Vsvm Plebis Christianae recte instituendae (1554) Pedro de Soto30 Catechismus Romanus31 (1566) Council of Trent32 De arte de bene moriendi (1621) Bellarmine33
ts=b0ocZsC3Q8&sig=ooIPWeWyBNb5eyawuvNMS3wNgjA&hl=en&ei=6nMCTJrJIYn40wT55j3Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
28 29

See note in Duffy pg 56. Online here. PDF in file See note in Duffy pg. 56

30

Soto, Pedro de: Compendivm Doctrinae Catholicae In Vsvm Plebis Christianae recte instituendae [Dillingen] 1554 http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00018815/image_21 Given as potential source in Florovsky. His compendium is here: http://daten.digitalesammlungen.de/0001/bsb00018780/images/index.html?fip=193.174.98.30&id=00018780&seite=23 Q & A Form
31

The earliest editions of the Roman Catechism are: "Romae apud Paulum Manutium", 1566; "Venetiis, apud Dominicum de Farris, 1567; "Coloniae", 1567 (by Henricus Aquensis); "Parisuis, in aedibus. Jac. Kerver", 1568; "Venetiis, apud Aldum", 1575; Ingolstadt, 1577 (Sartorius). In 1596 appeared at Antwerp "Cat. Romanus . . . quaestionibus distinctus, brevibusque exhortatiunculis studio Andreae Fabricii, Leodiensis". (This editor, A. LeFevre, died in 1581. He probably made this division of the Roman Catechism into questions and answers in 1570). George Eder, in 1569, arranged the Catechism for the use of schools. He distributed the main doctrines into sections and subsections, and added perspicuous tables of contents. This useful work bears the title: "Methodus Catechismi Catholici". The first knownEnglish translation is by Jeremy Donovan, a professor at Maynooth, published by Richard Coyne, Capel Street, Dublin, and by Keating & Brown, London, and printed for the translator by W. Folds & Son, Great Shand Street, 1829. An American edition appeared in the same year. Donovan's translation was reprinted at Rome by the Propaganda Press, in two volumes (1839); it is dedicated to Cardinal Fransoni, and signed: "Jeremias Donovan, sacerdos hibernus, cubicularius Gregorii XVI, P. M." There is another English translation by R.A. Buckley (London, 1852), which is more elegant than Donovan's and claims to be more correct but is spoiled by the doctrinal notes of the Anglican translator. The first German translation, by Paul Hoffaeus, is dated Dillingen, 1568. A LeFevre edition is on pdf,
32

Dec 1545-Dec 1563. Catechism first recommended in 5 April 1546 as response to ignorance of scripture. Two proposals. 1) A theological treatise Methodus for priests. 2) A Catechism for children and uneducated adults. November 1546, bishops voted unanimously in favor of a libellus catechismi everything the priest needed to know for celebrating the sacraments. 6 man commission appointed by faded away. 1562 topic resurfaced. 3 proposals. 1) a compendium of Catholic doctrine. 2) a postilla, that is homilaria, 3) agenda, director for liturgical practice, 4) two catechisms, one small for children, one large for teachers and pastors. Ferdinand I of Austria, instructed the legate to insist that the council compile a corpus doctrinae christianae . 1563 theologians assigned to draft texts on the creed, sacraments, commandments, and the Lords prayer. Submitted to disputatio committee, edited and sent completed draft for formal approval. Approved Nov 11th 1563. Final session Dec 4th 1563, catechism project handed to Pope Pius IV to complete and publish. Cardinal Borromeo, nephew of Pius IV, compiled the text with 3 bishops and 1 theologia. Draft finished in 1564, translated into Latin. Paul IV died Dec 10 1565, his successor Pius V published it in Sept 1566. Not exhaustive, meant to Priest with matieral calculated to assist them in instructing the faithful. (Malthaler 35-38). The Catechism relies little on the council Bradley, R. The Roman Catechism (pg 96). Sources included for part 2 Commentary of the IV Books of the Sentances (Domingo De Soto OP d 1560), Comentatios sobre el catechism christiano, Bartoleme de Carranza (D. 1576) which was based on Enchiridion Christianae Institutionis of Johannes Gropper, 1538 and Catholicus Catechismus of Frederick Nausea (1543). 1672 Version here http://daten.digitalesammlungen.de/bsb00019313/image_21
33

Also in Mogilas collection. http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/ib/texts/ars/intro.html

-Lay Catechisms34
Lay Folks Catechism: Cardinal Thoresbys, John Gaitrik, York Diocese 135735 Catechism of Fr. Lawrence (1562) 36 Ordinayre of Crysten Men (1502)

34

It would seem that all such texts and foremost were directed towards the vicars and religious teachers themselves, to strengthen their own doctrinal knowledge and to provide them with ready-cut materials for religious instruction. The same was true, as we will see in another chapter, for the genre of confession manuals. 31 The compilation of catechetical-like works for the laity, however, was not absent from the mind of religious instructors. Pg 240 Some scholars have assumed that, before the spread of the printing press, the large-scale production of catechistic pieces for the laity was hampered by the cost and labour of manuscript making: . . . vor Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst, die zuerst eine massenhafte Verbreitung von Schriften ermglichte, konnten solche Anleitungen berhaupt ein Gemeingut des Volkes kaum werden, mussten vielmehr Predigten, geistliche Schauspiele, Bilder und Bildwerke in den Kirchen, Bilderbibeln und Bilderkatechismen, sowie in den Kirchen oder an ffentliche Orten angebrachte Tafeln mit den katechetischen hauptstcken den religisen Unterricht in Haus und Schule erganzen. Paul Bahlmann, Deutschlands katholische Katechismen bis zum Ende des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts (Mnster, 1894), 5 6. 32 As can be gathered from the existing literature on medieval and early modern catechistic instruction. See especially the work of Bahlmann mentioned in the previous note, as well as Bernd Adam, Katechetische Vaterunserauslegungen. Texte und Untersuchungen zu deutschsprachigen Auslegungen des 14. Und 15. Jahrhunderts, Mnchener Texte und Untersuchungen zur deutschen Literatur des Mittelalters, 55 (Munich, 1976); Robert James Bast, Honor your Fathers. Catechisms and the Emergence of a Patriarchical Ideology in Germany 1400 1600, Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought, LXIII (Leiden-New York-Kln, 1997); Gerhard Bellinger, Der Catechismus Romanus und die Reformation: Die katechetische Antwort des Trienter Konzils auf die Hauptkatechismen der Reformation (Paderborn, 1970); Catherine D. Brown, Pastor and Laity in the Theology of Jean Gerson (Cambridge, 1987); Cl. Brouillette, rasme. le Symbolum sive Catechismus, thse Univ. Laval (1969); W. Brckner, Bildkatechese und Seelentraining. Geistliche Hnde in der religisen Unterweisungspraxis seit dem Sptmittelalter, Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums (Nurernberg, 1978), 35 70; A.C. Cawley, Middle English Metrical versions of the Decalogue with Reference to the English Corpus Christi Cycles, in: Leeds Studies in English N.N. 8 (1975), 129 145; J.-C. Dhotel, Les origines du cathchisme moderne daprs les premiers manuels imprims en France (Paris, 1967); Peter Dinzelbacher, Das Fegefeuer in der schriftlichen und bildlichen Katechese des Mittelalters, Studi medievali ser. 3, 38:1 (1998 for 1997), 1 66; F. Falk, Die deutschen Meauslegungen von der Mitte des 5. Jahrhunderts bis zum Jahre 1525 (Kln, 1889/Amsterdam, 1969); Idem, Die deutschen Sterbebchlein von der ltesten Zeit des Buchdruckes bis zum Jahre 1520 (Kln, 1890/Amsterdam, 1969); Idem, Der Unterricht des Volkes in den katechetischen Hauptstcken am Ende des Mittelalters, Historisch-politische-Bltter fr das katholische Deutschland 108/2 (1891), 553 560, 682 694; Idem, Drei Beichtbchlein nach den Zehn Geboten aus der Frhzeit der Buchdruckerkunst, Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte, ed, J. Greving, H. 2 (Mnster, 1970); M. McGatch, Basic Christian education from the decline of catechesis to the rise of catechisms, in: Idem, Eschatology and Christian Nurture. Themes in Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Religious Life, Variorum Collected Studies Series, 681 (Aldershot, 2000), 79 108; J. Geffcken, Der Bildercatechismus des funfzehnten Jahrhunderts und die catechetischen Hauptstcke in dieser Zeit bis auf Luther (Leipzig, 1855); J.R. Guerrero, Catecismos de Autores Espaoles de la primera mitad del siglo XVI (1500 1559), in: Repertorio de Historia de las Ciencias Eclesisticas en Espaa 2: Siglos XIV XVI (Salamanca, 1971), 235 260; Bertrand-Georges Guyot, Quelques aspects de la typologie du commentaires sur le Credo et le Decalogue, in: Les genres littraires dans les sources theologiques et philosophiques mdivales. Dfinition, critique et exploition. Actes du colloque internationale de Louvain-la-Neuve, 1981, ed. R. Bultot (Louvainla-Neuve, 1982), 239 248; Ch. Moefang, Katholische Katechismen des 16. Jahrhunderts in deutscher Sprache (Mainz, 1881); Dieter Harmening, Bildkatechese, LMA II (1983), 153ff; Dieter Harmening, Katechismusliteratur. Grundlagen religiser Laienbildung im Sptmittelalter, in: Wissensorganisierende und wissensvermittelnde Literatur im Mittelalter. Perspektiven ihrer Erforschung. Kolloquium 5.7. Dezember 1985, ed. Norbert Richard Wold, Wissensliteratur im Mittelalter. Schriften des Sonderforschungsbereichs 226 Wrzburg/Eichsttt, Band 1 (Wiesbaden, 1987), 91 102; Jose Sanchez Herrero, La litteratura catequtica en la Pennsula Ibrica, 1236 1553, in: La Espaa Medieval V (Madrid: Universidad Complutense, 1986) II, 1051 1115; Idem, Alfabetizacion y catequesis franciscana en America durante el siglo XVI, in: Actas del II Congreso Internacional sobre Los Franciscanos en el Nuevo Mundo (siglo XVI), La Rbida, 21 26 de septiembre de 1987 (Madrid, 1988), 589 648; Luis Resines, Historia de la catequesis en Espaa, Colleccin de Estudios

Floure of the Commandments (1510)

-Books for University Instruction geared towards formation of sound catechesis

Sentences Lombard (1141-1145)37 Summae, Alain de Lille (1160-1165)38 Speculum Laicorum39(1280s?) Speculum Artis Bone Moreindi40 (1415) Summa doctrin christian . . . in usum Christian pueriti (1555) Blessed Peter Casinus41
Catequticos, 13 (Madrid, 1995); R. Rudolf, Ars Moriendi. Von der Kunst des heils. Lebens und Sterbens, Forschungen zur Volkskunde, 39 (Kln-Graz, 1957); J.A. Slattery, The catechetical use of the Decalogue from the end of the catechumenat through the late medieval period, Diss. (Washington, 1979: Univ. Microfilms Intern.: 80/10943); Silvana Vecchio, Il decalogo nella predicazione del XIII secolo, CrSt 10 (1989), 41 56; Egino Weidenhiller, Untersuchungen zur deutsprachigen katechetischen Literatur des spten Mittelalters. Nach den Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, Mnchener Texte und Untersuchungen zur deutschen Literatur des Mittelalters, 10 (Mnchen, 1965).
35

Fr. Albert Clark in his article Medieval Catechetics brings into question whether the Lay Folks Catechism was intended for Laity. Cf line 50 and 59. Note that John Safford Bishop of Bath and Wells had it translated into English and put in every parish (cf Duffy 54) 36 Fr. Lawrence Vaux wrote Catechism at his own prerogative, as the local bishops were in prison. Titled Catechisme of Christian Doctrine for Children and Ignorante People (1562) Available in Oscott College 37 4 books covering Doctrine & theology. Online version available here: http://www.franciscanarchive.org/lombardus/I-Sent.html 38 the summa Quoniam homines (116065), an incomplete work discussing God and the Trinity, angels and humanity, according to the rules of logic. Some themes are repeated in the brief De virtutibus et vitiis et de donis Spiritus Sancti. His shorter theological works include numerous Sermones diversi, commentaries on the Lords Prayer and the Apostles and Nicene creeds, several short pieces on angels, including De sex alis cherubim (sometimes accompanied by a drawing), and the rules of celestial law, which made use of geometrical principles in its discussion of the heavens. A few hymns are also ascribed to Alain of which the best known is Omnis mundi creatura. 39 The Speculum Laicorum, ed. J.Th. Welter (Paris, 1914) was produced during the closing decades of the thirteenth century. It probably is the work of a Franciscan from East Anglia. It was used extensively until the seventeenth century, and still survives in at least 18 manuscripts. It was dedicated to a curate and meant to facilitate the catechistic instruction of the people. 40 On Dying a Good Death: Written by anonymous Dominican during plague. Available here: http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/ib/texts/ars/intro.html 41 University of Vienne asked St. Peter Casinus to publish a teaching on Christian Doctrine. Wrote 3 books, one for children http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11756c.htm In 1555, Peter Canisius published his famous catechism. It was a large, in modern additions, two-volume catechism. It was the first real catechism by Catholics ever printed. The Protestants had had catechisms for over thirty years. Canisius then proceeded to write a shorter catechism and because some people needed something still more, he went on to publish a shorter catechism. Note the shorter catechism is in Q and A form (see 1884 eg http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00019986/images/index.html? fip=193.174.98.30&id=00019986&seite=54 ) Then he was made provincial of three countries, Austria, Bohemia, and South Germany who had headquarters in Prague. See 1556 version here: http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0002/bsb00020040/images/index.html? fip=193.174.98.30&id=00020040&seite=18 See original 1555 version here http://daten.digitalesammlungen.de/0002/bsb00020003/images/index.html?fip=193.174.98.30&id=00020003&seite=18 Greek version, with lots of pictures and reduced text. http://daten.digitalesammlungen.de/~db/bsb00006626/images/index.html? id=00006626&fip=xsxdsydxdsydeneayaxdsydxsxsen&no=27&seite=37 1613.

-Preaching Manuals with Catechetical Handbooks

Speculum Christiani42

-Books for formation of Adolescents

Jean Gerson (Chancellor of University of Paris) On Leading Little Ones to Christ, Instruction for the Children of Parish43 Doctrina Pueril Ramon Llull (d. 1316) Doming Llull, son of Roman. Doctrina44 Marquard von Lindau (d. 1392), Die zehe Gebot45 (Note it was dialogical in nature) De Fide/Der Glob46 Francesc Eiximenis (d 1409), Cercapou (Not as popular as El Crestia) El Crestia De La Maniere dInrtuire les enfants en la foi cateholique (1492)47 Catechism of St. Toribius (1583) Hortus Pastorum Belgian Jacques Marchand (1626)
42

The Speculum Christiani, ed. Holmstedt (on the basis of MS Harley 6580) aims to furnish materials that the priest, in accordance with Pechams Lambeth statutes, could use each quarter of the year to instruct the people in the knowledge necessary for the salvation of their souls: the articles of faith, the ten commandments, the Gospel precepts, the seven works of mercy, the seven deadly sins and their offshoots, the seven principal virtues, and the seven sacraments of grace. The Speculum also uses poems to illustrate or expound doctrinal and credal points and several long prayers to bring about devotion and contrition. Jeffrey, The Early English Lyric and Franciscan Spirituality, 199f. 43 the emergence of catechisms for the laity in the later fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, with as major turning point the catechistic programme unfolded by Jean Gerson (chancellor of the University of Paris) in his letters De Reformatione Theologiae (1400), and in his Opusculum Tripartitum de Praeceptis Decalogi, de Confessioni et de Arte Moriendi (1408), all of which were envisaged to function in the context of religious instruction to adolescents. 263 (Note that these were translated in German and became popular and are believe to be a springboard to later Lutheran Catechisms.) 44 It contains no less than 100 chapters, of which the 67 are devoted to issues of catechistic religious instruction, dealing with the 14 articles (analysed in 12 chapters), the ten commandments (10 chapters), the seven sacraments (7 chapters), the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit (7 chapters), the eight benedictions (8 chapters), the seven joys of Mary (7 chapters), the seven virtues (8 chapters), and the seven deadly sins (8 chapters) respectively. Pg 246 45 Marquards decalogue explanation was probably the most widely disseminated elucidation of the ten commandments throughout the late medieval period. Its main source was the De Decem Preceptis by the Augustinian Hermit Heinrich von Friemar, showing Marquards connections with the Augustinians of the Vienna circle, who were famous for their catechistic endeavours. Pg. 248 46 Nowadays it can be found in seven manuscripts and two early editions. 57 It consists of four parts: three short pieces on the properties of faith (its truth, nobility and clarity), and a longer piece containing an explication of the Symbolon Apostolorum. 58 In his explanation of each article, Marquard mentions in passing the heretical and erroneous ideas by which believers have been waylaid in the past, to proceed with an explanation of the correct meaning of the article in question (was lernen wir nu bi disem artikel? Die antwrt: Wir lernen . . .), in accordance with Tommaso dAquinos De Articulis Fidei et Ecclesiae Sacramentis. Pg. 249 47 Cf. Fr. Albert Clark pg 106.

Manipulus curatorum:paso culi sacerdotis Abridgement of Christian Doctrine (1649) Henry Tuberville Bishop Challoners Penny Catechism (1772)

Eastern Catechisms (or something like it)

The Confession of Faith by Gennadius (1455)48 Lossius, Lucas: Katechesis Christianon Hellenikos Una Cum Examine in eandem Grammatico, pro incipientibus Graecae linguae tyronibus Franc. 1579 49 The reply of Ecumenical Patriarch Jeremias II( of Constaninople to the Augsburg Confession (1576) The Confession of Faith by Metrophanes Critopoulos (1625)50 Orthodox Confession of the Catholic and Apostolic Eastern Church Peter Mogila (1638) Ratified by Council of Jassy in 166251 The Confession of Dositheus, or the Eighteen Decrees of the Synod of Jerusalem (1672)52
48 49 50

Against Muslim influence

Protestant in Latin and Greek. http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00018332/image_2

Probably written in English contra the Anglicans. See note at http://www.unexpectedjoy.org/Confessions/08PostByzantine/1625-Metrophanes.html Available online in Greek & Latin http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=7MUHAAAAQAAJ&dq= %22Monumenta+Fidei+Ecclesiae+Orientalis %22&printsec=frontcover&source=web#v=onepage&q&f=false 51 It was his work Orthodox Confession of the Catholic and Apostolic Eastern Church, which he produced in reaction to the efforts of the Jesuits and western reformers in the Polish dominated areas of Old Rus, for which he is most remembered. The Confession, originally published in 1645, was published throughout Europe in Greek, Latin, German, as well as in Russian. His Confession was given standing over the following years, first by the local Council of Jassy in 1642, and subsequently by the patriarchs of the Churches of Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch in 1643. In 1672, the Synod of the Church of Jerusalem adopted his Confession as the Orthodox Standard Catechism. Also see note of Chariprovas article Peter Mohyla and the IC pg. 254 Thomson, 'Peter Mogila's ecclesiastical reforms', pp. 93-6; Zhukoxs'kyi, Petro AMohyla, p. I54. A single major work dedicated to the 'Confession' is A. Malvy et M. Viller, La coifession Orthodoxe de Pierre Mloghila, Aletropolite de liev (Paris, I927). It has been well established that among the principal sources used by Mohyla and his collaborator Isaiah TrofimovichKozlovskii were the Catechismus Romanus compiled at the Council of Trent (first published in Rome in I566) and the Summa doctrinae Christianlae by theJesuit Peter Canisius (first published in Vienna in 1554): Malxy et Viller, La Confession Orthodoxe, pp. xc\-l (c:v; Thomson, 'Peter Mogila's', p. 97. The Russian historian and theologian Evstafii Cherviakovskii dedicated a xvery detailed study to the comparison of the 'Confession' with the Catechismus Romanus: E. Cherviakoxskii, Rimskii katekhizis i pravoslavnoe ispovedanie Petra AIohyly: Opyt kri- tiko-bibliograficheskogo issledovaniia (Warsaw, I889). I found a Polish edition of the Catechismus Romanus among the surxiving books from Mohyla's library: Katechizin Rzymnski, To iest, a\'auka Ch'lze.sciaraska, za 1roskazaniiemn C(ocilium7 Tiydentskiego, y Papieza Piusa V ... teraz nos\o na Polskie pytania y odpowsied2i przelo2ona. Za roskazaniem ... Stanislawa Karnkowxskiego (Kalisz, I603).
52

Jerusalem council of 1672. 6 Patriarchs gathered by Dositheos Notaras to correct the Calvinistic overtures of Cyril Lucaris 18 point confession written in 1629. The 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica called the Synod of Jerusalem "the most vital statement of faith made in the Greek Church during the past

Peace of God Metropalitan Kiev Innocent Lavra Gizel (1669) Crown of Faith Metropolitan Kiev Simeon Polotsk (1670)53 Translation of Hortus Pastorum Simeon Polotsk A Holy Catechism, or Explanation of the Divine and Holy Liturgy, and Examination of Candidates for Ordination. 1st printed Venice, Bulgaris, Patriarch Nicolas (1681) The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church Philaret (1830)54 The Sacred Catechism of Vernardakis (1872)55 . Catechesis of the Orthodox Church: As Taught by the Holy Spirit and His Solemn Instruments from the Day of Pentecost to the Last Ecumenical Council, Expounded in Comparison and Contrast with the Antechesis (Contradictions) and Parechesis (Misinterpretations) of the Devil. Makrakis, Apostolos Athens (1885)

Protestant Catechisms
Unitas Fratum, Bohemian Bretheren (c. 1500)56 Poster of 10 Commandments to prepare penitents (1516, Martin Luther) Wittenburg Catechism (1529, Martin Luther)
Small and Large Catechisms (1529); 57
thousand years." Protestant scholar Philip Schaff wrote "This Synod is the most important in the modern history of the Eastern Church, and may be compared to the Council of Trent."[5] However, modern Eastern or Greek Orthodoxy is much more reserved about the abiding dogmatic authority of this synod. The fact that the Greek bishops often received their training at Latin schools (notably in Venice) accounts for what the late Georges Florovsky termed the "pseudomorphosis" of Orthodox theology. Subsequent regional synods have certainly felt free to revisit the issues addressed in Jerusalem. Hence, on the issue of the Old Testament canon, a different position was adopted in the Longer Catechism of Philaret of Moscow.
53 54

See MA Korzo for complete article. http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm 55 The Sacred Catechism of Vernardakis (1833-1907), a distinguished Professor of the University of Athens, was selected in 1872 by the Oecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople as the best of all catechisms in existence. And it was highly recommended by the Patriarchate for use in the schools.
56 57

Q and A style influenced Luther (Malthaler 24) April 1529 large Catechism Deutsch Catechismus. May 1529 Enchiridion: De kleine Catechismus. He explained the creed in 3 sections.(Malthaler 21). Note that unlike the Calvin Catechisms, Luther included confession and absolution. In the articles of Smalcald (1537) True absolution or the power of the keys, instituted in the Gospel by Christ, affords the comfort and support against sin and an evil conscience. Confession shall by no means be abolished in the Church, but be retained on account of weak and timid consciences, and also on account of untutored youth, in order that they may be examined and instructed in Christian doctrine. But the enumeration of sins should be free to everyone. Schaff, Creeds 1:249.

Martin Bucer, Strasbourg Catechism (1534); Geneva Catechism of John Calvin (1541, 1545); Heinrich Bullinger Christianae religionis instituto, John Calvin 58 Catechism Written for Adults (1559).

Heidelberg Catechism (1563)59 Summa Theologicae, Ursinus60 Catechesis Minor, Ursinus61

58

33 brief chapters outlining the reformed faith. Revised in 1541 to include Questions in the French edition (Malthaler 25-26). His questions were long, and from the teacher to the student. Covered The Faith (Creed), The Law (Commandments), Prayer and Sacraments. 59 Commission by Frederick I of the Palatinate. Standard of doctrine that while Calvinistic, did not alienate Lutherans. Written perhaps by Ursinus. See : http://daten.digitalesammlungen.de/0002/bsb00021604/images/index.html?fip=193.174.98.30&id=00021604&seite=18 Organized as Creed, Commandments and Prayer, under titles Misery, Redemption, Gratitude. 60 323 questions (Malthaler 29) 61 108 questions (Malthaer 29)