Endre Dobó

anatomical features:
> Kerkring s valves (plicae circulares Kerkringi)
> approx. 1-cm-tall circular folds
(cf. gastric rugae [folds], semilunar folds)
histological features:
> intestinal villi (villi intestinales)
> approx. 1-mm-tall finger-like projections of the
mucous membrane into the lumen
Remarks: the microvilli are not considered to be specific feature, because
microvilli are present in another organs as well: e.g. ductus epididymidis,
gallblader, kidney
functions
> molecular breakdown of food
> absorptions of small molecules

surface enlargement of small intestine

> Kerkring s folds / valves (~ 1 cm)
> intestinal villi (~ 1 mm)
> microvilli (~ 1 µm)
> tunica mucosa (mucous membrane)
> lamina epithelialis mucosae
> lamina propria mucosae
> lamina muscularis mucosae
> tela submucosa
> tunica muscularis
> stratum circulare
> stratum longitudinale
> tela subserosa
> tunica serosa (serous membrane)
> lamina propria serosae
> lamina epithelialis serosae
in the retroperitoneal duodenum the serousa
is replaced with adventia (!)
 > the Kerkring s valve is formed
by the relatively short longitudinal
m. layer of the tunica muscularis

> in its core there is tela

submucosa

lamina muscularis mucosae

tela submucosa
tunica muscularis
tunica serosa
 lamina
muscularis
mucosae
lamina
propria
mucosae
intestinal villi
intestinal
glands
(crypts of
Lieberkuhn)
 enterocytes sloughing off

lymphatic capillary (lacteal)

smooth muscle
enterocytes
striated border blood capillary

smooth muscle
goblet cells
intraepithelial lymphocytes
 goblet cells
smooth muscle

enteroendocrine cells
mitotic figures

lymphocytes
Paneth cells
duodenum jejunum ileum

intestinal villi

intestinal glands
(crypts of
Lieberkühn)
lamina propria lamina propria

lamina muscularis mucosae

duodenal
glands

folliculi lymphatici aggregati

(Peyer s patches)
intestinal villi

enterocytes

M cells
Lieberkühn
crypts of

lymphatic follicle
 stomach small intestine large intestine

intestinal villi
gastric

intestinal glands

intestinal gland
pit

lamina propria
gastric
gland

lamina muscularis mucosae

enterocyte

enteroendo-
crine cell

goblet cell
anatomical (macroscopic) features
> taeniae coli
> longitudinal layer of muscularis is split into 3 bands
> absent from the appendix and rectum
> haustra coli (colic sacculations)
> outpocketings between two semilunar folds
> appendices epiploicae / appendices omentales
> serosa-covered appendages contatining adipose tissue
general histological (microscopic) features
> (1) concomitant special properties:
> has intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn)
> lacks intestinal villi
> (2) ratio of goblet cells to enterocytes is much larger in the large
intestine than in the small intestine

histological (microscopic) feature of appendix

> aggregated lymphatic follicles (folliculi lymphatici aggregati)
> are found as a complete ring in the wall of the appendix
(tela subserosa and / or lamina propria mucosae)
 appendix
ileum
vermiformis

mesentery meso-appendix
the last segment of the rectum
> proximal boundary
> beginning of anal / rectal column of Morgagni
(anorectal line)
(> pelvic diaphragm; levator ani muscle)
> distal boundary
> anus
> portions of anal canal (different covering epithelia)
> zona columnaris
> zona intermedia / haemorrhoidalis
> zona cutanea
 circular layer (smooth m.) middle rectal v.
longitudinal layer (smooth m.)
venous plexus in the submucosa
levator ani m. (striated m.)
adipose tissue
anal column
anal sinus
columnaris-haemorrhoidalis boundary
internal anal sphincter (smooth m.)
external anal sphincter (striated m.) inferior rectal v.

perineal skin

haemorrhoidalis-cutanea boundary anus, skin