6.

THE INTEGRAL

6. 1 Indefinite Integral
An antiderivative of the function f is a function F so that

F '( x) = f ( x) x I
Example

1 3 1 3 F ( x ) = x and F ( x ) = x + C are antiderivative of 3 3

f ( x) = x 2

because F(x) = f(x).

The antiderivative of the function f is not unique, but they are different by constant. The collection of antiderivatives of function f is called the indefinite integral of f with respect to x and denote by.

f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C
2

6.2 Some Integral Formulas A. Formulas are obtained by reversal of differentiation

x r +1 1 . x r dx = + C , r -1 r +1

2 . sin x dx = cos x + C
3. cos x dx = sin x + C

4. sec x dx = tan x + C
2

5. csc 2 x dx = cot x + C
3

B. Linearity

[ a f ( x ) + bg ( x )] dx = a f ( x ) dx + b g ( x ) dx

C. Integration by substitution

Let u = g(x) , du = g ' ( x ) dx , and F is an antiderivative of f , then

f ( g ( x )) g ' ( x ) dx = f (u ) du = F (u ) + c = F ( g ( x )) + c

sin ( 2 x + 1) dx

example : Find Let u = 2x + 1

du = 2 dx

dx = 1 du 2

1 sin(2 x + 1)dx = 2 sin u du

1 1 = cos u + C = cos (2 x + 1) + C 2 2
4

After substitution u = g(x), independent variable of function f (integrand) is only u

Example Find Solution: Let then
3 10 5

( x 3 + 1)10 x 5 dx

u = x +1
3

du = 3x 2 dx
10 5

du dx = 2 3x

Independent variable are u and x

du 1 10 3 ( x + 1) x dx = u x 3x 2 = 3 u x du
because thus

u = x3 + 1

then

x3 = u 1
1 36 1 u12 33 u11 + C

( x3 +1)10 x5dx = 1/ 3 u10 (u 1)du = 1/ 3 u11 u10du =

=
1 36 1 ( x 3 + 1)12 33 ( x 3 + 1)11 + C

Summation notation :

6.3 Summation Notation ( )

a
i =1

Formulas of summation
1.
2.

= a1 + a2 + ... + an and k = k +4 2 ... + k = nk 1 4k + 4 4 3 i =1

n term

(k a
i =1
n

+lbi ) = k a i +l bi
i =1 i =1

n i =1
n

i=

i =1

n ( n + 1) 2

3. i 2 =

n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 6
2

n ( n + 1) 4. i 3 = 2 i =1

Formula number 2, 3, and 4 can be proved by mathematic induction

6

6.4 The Definite Integral

Let a function f defined on [ a,b ]. We will construct definite integral as limit of Riemann sum Steps : 1. Divided [a,b] into n subinterval with point of cut off are a

x1

x k 1 x k
x k

ck

a = x0 < x1 < ... < xn = b

P = { a = x0 , x1 , x2 ,..., b = xn }
is called partition of [a,b].

2. Mesh size of partition P is

|| P ||= Max | x k |, x k = x k x k 1
1 k n

3. Choose

c k [ x k 1 , x k ] k = 1, 2, ..., n
7

4. Defined Riemann sum

f (c k )

x2

x k c1kx k
x k

f (c ) x
k =1 k

If || P || 0 , then we get limit of Riemann sum

|| P || 0

lim

f (ck ) xk k
=1

If this limit exists, then f is integrable on [a,b], denoted by

b n n f ( x) dx = lim f (ck ) xk = nlim f (ck )xk k =1 |P||0 k =1 a
8

Example : Use Riemann sum to evaluate x 2 dx

0

Solution (i) Divide interval [0,2] into n subinterval all of the same length
x
x

x =

2 n

0 thus

x1 x 2
x0 = 0 2 x1 = 0 + x = n

xi 1

xi

x n 1 2

. x 2 = 0 + 2x = 2n2 x i = 0 + i x = 2 i n
9

(ii) Choose ci = xi (iii) Defined Riemann sum

f (c )x = (
i =1 i i i =1

2i n

2)

2 n

=
i =1

4i n2

4 n

4 = 2 n

4 n i n 1 i =1 i =1

4 n( n + 1 ) 4 2 = n = 2 + 2 2 n n n
(iv) If
2 0

n
2 x 2dx = nlim ( 2 + n ) = 2

10

Remark: If function y=f(x) positive on interval [a,b] then definite integral = area of region under the graph of y=f(x) over the interval [a,b] Some properties of definite integral 1. Linear b

[ p f ( x ) + q g ( x )] dx = p f ( x ) dx + q g ( x) dx
a
c

b a

a 2. If a < b < c, then

c a b

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
a b
11

3. f ( x ) dx = 0
a

and

b a

f ( x) dx = f ( x ) dx
b

4. If f(x) is an odd function, then

f ( x)dx = 0
a a 0

5. If f(x) is an even function, then f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx

a

Example : Evaluate

Solution

x x 4 + x 2 + 7 dx
f(x) is a odd function

4 2 f ( x) = x ( x) 4 + ( x) 2 + 7 = x x + x + 7 = f ( x)

x x 4 + x 2 + 7 dx = 0
12

6.6 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 6.6.1 Theorem I

Let f(x) is a continuous function on [ a,b ] and F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x),then b

f ( x ) dx = F (b) F ( a )

Example Evaluate solution : Let u = 2x

thus

sin ( 2 x) dx

du = 2 dx
/2

sin 2 x dx =

1 cos 2 x 2

1 sin(2 x )dx = 2 cos2 x 2

1 (cos2 cos ) = 1 = 2
13

Example Evaluate

| x 2 | dx
1

solution
x 2, x 2 f ( x ) =| x 2 |= ( x 2 ) , x < 2
5 1

| x 2 | dx = ( x 2 )dx + ( x 2 )dx =
1 2

1 2

x + 2x + x 2x
2 1 1 2 2

5 2

= ( (-2 + 4) (-1/2+ 2 ) ) + ( (25/2 - 10 ) ( 2 4 ) ) = +9/2 = 5

14

6.6.2 Theorem II
If f is a continuous function on [a,b], and x is a point on [a,b], then

and

x D x f (t ) dt = f ( x ) a
u( x) Dx f (t )dt = f (u ( x))u ' ( x) a

v( x) D x f (t )dt = f (v( x))v ' ( x) f (u ( x))u ' ( x) u( x)

15

Example Evaluate G(x) of a. G ( x ) = Solution

.

x2

1 + t dt
3

b. G ( x ) =

1 + t 3 dt

a. f (t ) = 1 + t 3 b.

G ' ( x) = 1 + x 3
G ' ( x) = 1 + ( x 2 ) 3 Dx ( x 2 )

f (t ) = 1 + t 3
u ( x) = x 2

= 2x 1 + x 6

16

Problems A. In problems 1-5, find the antiderivative F(x) + C of f(x) 1. f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 10 x + 5

2 7 5 2. f ( x) = x ( 20 x 7 x + 6)

3. f ( x ) = 4. f ( x ) =

+ 7 x x
3
2 x 3 3x 2 + 1 x
2

5. f ( x ) = x

17

Evaluate the integral in problem 6 through 11

6. 7. 8. 9.

x 4 2 x dx

x 3x + 2 ( 2x 3) dx
2

3x 3x 2 + 7 dx
2 3 5x + 1 5x + 3x 2 dx

10. 11.

3y 2y + 5
2

dy

cos4 2 x ( 2 sin 2 x) dx
18

B. In problems 1 through 4, evaluate f ( x ) dx

0

x + 2 , 0 x < 2 1. f ( x ) = 6 x , 2 x 5
x , 0 x<1 2. f ( x ) = 1 , 1 x 3 x 4 , 3 < x 5
3. f(x) = |x -1| 4.

f ( x) = x 2 x

4 3

1 3

19

In problem 5 through 10, evaluate the definite integral below 5. 3x

1 3 0 2

x + 1 dx

8 10. x 2 6 x + 8 dx 0

6. 8t 7 + 2 t 2 dt
3
3 x2 + 1 3

7.

1 x + 3x

dx

8.

/2
0

2 sin 3x cos 3x dx

2 9. sin x dx 0
20

In problems 11 through 15 find G ' ( x ) from

1 G (x ) = 2 dt 11. 1 t +1
12. G ( x ) =
x
2

1
2

x t +1
2

dt

13. G ( x ) =

x +1 2

2 + sin t dt

x 14. G ( x) = tan( s 2 )ds

15. G ( x) =

x3

1 1+ t
3

dt
21

16. Find where f ( x) =

1+ t 1 + t 2 dt concave upward 0
x
x2

17. Let f is continuous on [0, ] and

f (t)dt = x(cos x 1), evaluate

0
x2

f(4).

18. Let f is continuous on [4, ] and f(x) =

1+
4

x2 3+t

dt, evaluate f ' (2) 2

t2 1 dt 19. Evaluate lim 3 4 x 0 6 x t +1 0 .

22